一．词语修辞格
(1) simile 明喻
它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物
I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。
They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。
His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。
①The oratorial（雄辩的）storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools…
②I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish （粗野的）masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走）on like a swarm（群）of crawling locusts（蝗虫）.
（2）metaphor 暗喻
暗含的比喻。A是B或B就是A。
All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。
Education is not the filling of a pail桶, but the lighting of a fire. ( William B. Y eats ) 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。
①It is a vast（巨大的）, sombre（忧郁的）cavern（洞穴）of a room,…
②Mark Twain --- Mirror of America
③main artery（干线）of transportation in the young nation's heart
④We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke（枷锁）.
⑤The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A
⑥the last this intermezzo came to an end…
⑦...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...
⑧Twain began digging his way to regional fame...
⑨Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...
（3）metonymy 借代，转喻
用一事物的名称来代替另一事物，当然这一事物与另一事物是有关联的。
The White House has denied the report that more troops will be sent to Iraq.
He lives by the pen. (=writing). 他以写作为生。
He is too fond of the bottle (=drinking). 他太贪杯了。
以部分指代整体
1.We are lack of hands. （hands 指代人手，劳动力）
2.The case had erupted round my head. （head指代整个人）
（5）personification 拟人
把物比喻成人。在修辞学上，拟人法是指把非人的东西(如动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等)当作人来描写，并赋予它们以人的特性、外表及活动方式等。
①Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully（轻蔑的傲慢的）chewing their hay（干草）…
②...to literature's enduring gratitude...（文学的持续感激）
③The grave world smiles as usual...
④Bitterness fed on the man...（痛苦为人类提供食物）
（6）transferred epithet 移就修饰转移
把本应该用来描述甲事物状态的定语去形容乙事物，而乙事物却根本不具备这种性质或功能。(转移描述词; 移就修辞格）
①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder
②The obese（极为肥胖的）body shook in an appreciative chuckle.
③
