奶牛体况评分BCS在饲养管理上的应用

CONTENTSPage 2: Page 3: Page 4: Page 5: Page 6:BCS scoring guide.BCS worksheet.Labelled illustration of a Dairy Cow.Cross section of the loin area.Overview of all the body condition scores for a Dairy Cow. Each body condition score will have an illustration to match and describe what you should be looking for in determining the body condition score of your animals.C ONDITION S CORE 1SHORT RIBS: The ends of the short ribs are sharp to the touch and together give a prominent shelf-like appearance to the loin. Scalloping over the top and ends of the short ribs is very obvious.BACKBONE: the vertebrae in the chine, loin and rump area are prominent and easily seen as individual bonesHOOK AND PIN BONES: the hook and pin bones are sharply defined and very angular in appearance with no discernable fat pad.THURL: the area over the pelvis, between the hook and pin bones, forms a severe “V shaped” depression without fat coverTAIL HEAD: the area on either side of the tail headis sunken and hollow with obvious folds of skin. The ligaments connecting the pin bones to the spine are sharply defined. The vulva is prominent.C ONDITION S CORE 2SHORT RIBS: The ends of the short ribs can be felt but are not as prominent as in condition score 1 cows. The edges of the short ribs can be easily felt but have a slight amount of fat cover giving them a slightly more rounded appearance. The over hanging shelf effect is less apparent.BACKBONE: the vertebrae in the chine, loin and rump area are less visually distinct but are easily felt.HOOK AND PIN BONES: the hook and pin bones are still prominent, angular with no fat pad palpable.THURL: the area over the pelvis forms a less severe but still “V shaped” depression with little tissue coverTAIL HEAD: the area on either side of the tail head is sunken and hollow. The ligaments connecting the pin bones to the spine are sharply defined.C ONDITION S CORE 3SHORT RIBS: The ends of the short ribs can be felt with moderate pressure. Taken together, the short ribs appear smooth without noticeable scalloping. The over hanging shelf effect is much less apparent.BACKBONE: the vertebrae in the chine, loin and rump area HOOK AND PIN BONES: the hook and pin bones can be easily seen but are smooth with a more rounded appearance with some palpable fat pad.THURL: the area over the pelvis forms more of a “U shaped” depressionTAIL HEAD: the area on either side of the tail head is somewhat hollow but the folds of skin are not distinct. The ligaments connecting the pin bones to the spine are more rounded in appearance.C ONDITION S CORE 4SHORT RIBS: The ends of the short ribs cannot be seen as individual bones and can only be felt with firm pressure. The over hanging shelf effect is slight and is just visible.BACKBONE: the vertebrae in the chine rounded and smooth. The area over the loin and rump appear flat.HOOK AND PIN BONES: the hook and pin bones are rounded with an obvious fat covering.THURL: the area over the pelvis, between the hooks and pins is almost flat. The pelvic bone can be felt only withfirm pressureTAIL HEAD: the area on either side of the tail head is not hollow and there are no skin folds. Some fat deposit can be felt.C ONDITION S CORE 5SHORT RIBS: The ends of the short ribs cannot be seen or felt. There is no overhanging shelf.BACKBONE: the vertebrae in the chine loin and rump cannot be seen and only felt with difficulty.HOOK AND PIN BONES: the hook and pin bones are very round and buried in fatty tissue, almost disappearing. THURL: the area over the pelvis, between the hooks and pins has filled in and appears to be flat.TAIL HEAD: the hollow is filled in and the area on either side of the tail head is buried in fatty tissue.B ODYC ONDITION S CORING G UIDE FORD AIRY C OWS This table can be used to score Dairy Cows in the field.B ODYC ONDITION S CORING W ORKSHEET FORD AIRY C OWSAssign a score to each body area and then average the numbers for an overall score.DATE:TAG #SHORT RIBS BACK BONE HOOK BONE THURL TAIL HEAD OVERALLL ABELLED I LLUSTRATIONOF A D AIRY C OWIllustration of a Dairy Cow with a BCS score of 3.C ROSS S ECTION OF THE L OIN A REA Generic Cross Section of the Loin Area.BCS 1BCS 2BCS 3BCS 4BCS 5BCS 1:SHORT RIBS:• Ends sharp to touch• Loin prominent, shelf-like appearance • Obvious scalloping over top and endsBACKBONE:• Vertebrae prominent in chine, loin and rump area • Individual bones easily visibleHOOK AND PIN BONES:• Sharply defined, very angular in appearance • No discernable fat pad THURL (area over pelvis):• Severe “V shaped” depression without fat coverTAIL HEAD:• Sunken and hollow on either side of tail head with obvious folds of skin• Ligaments connecting pin bones to spine are sharply defined• Vulva prominent.BCS 2SHORT RIBS:• Ends not as prominent as BCS 1, but can be felt• Edges easily felt, with slight fat cover, and slightly more rounded appearance• Overhanging shelf effect less apparentBACKBONE:• Vertebrae in chine, loin and rump area, less visually distinct• Easily feel individual vertebrae HOOK AND PIN BONES:• Bones still prominent, angular • No fat pad palpable THURL (area over pelvis):• Less severe “V shaped” depression • Little tissue coverTAIL HEAD:• Both sides of the tail head are sunken and hollow• Sharply defined ligaments connecting pin bones to spineB ODYC ONDITIONS CORESFOR D AIRY C OWSOverview of all the body condition scores for Dairy CowsSHORT RIBS:• Ends can be felt with moderate pressure• Ribs appear smooth without noticeable scalloping• Overhanging shelf effect much less apparent BACKBONE:• Vertebrae in chine, loin and rump area appear rounded • Backbone visible, but individual vertebrae not distinct HOOK AND PIN BONES:• Visible, but smooth, with rounded appearance• Fat pad palpableTHURL (area over pelvis):• Forms “U shaped” depressionTAIL HEAD:• Both sides of tail head somewhat hollow, but skin folds not distinct• Ligaments connecting pin bones to spine are rounded in appearanceBCS 4SHORT RIBS:• Individual rib ends not visible, only felt with firmpressure• Overhanging shelf effect slight, barely visible BACKBONE:• Vertebrae in chine rounded, smooth• Loin and rump areas appear flatHOOK AND PIN BONES:• Rounded, with obvious fat coveringTHURL (area over pelvis):• Area between hooks and pins almost flat• Pelvic bone only felt with firm pressureTAIL HEAD:• Sides of tail head not hollow, no skin folds• Some fat deposit palpableSHORT RIBS:• Ends can’t be seen or felt• No overhanging shelf effectBACKBONE:• Vertebrae in chine, loin and rump not visible• Difficult to feel individual vertebraeHOOK AND PIN BONES:• Very round, buried (almost disappearing) in fat tissue THURL (area over pelvis):• Appears flat• Filled in between the hooks and pinsTAIL HEAD:• Hollow filled in• Areas on both sides of tail head buried in fat tissue。

一、从牛奶说起原奶的品质关系到食品的安全，牛奶的味道是品质和安全性最直接的反映，或者说原奶的内在成分决定了牛奶的味道。

原奶的内在成分应该包括乳质成分、体细胞数量和细菌数量。

原奶的内在成分既对牛奶的品质和价格有影响，又是衡量奶牛健康水平的重要指标。

乳质成分主要由三部分组成：乳脂肪（FAT）、非脂固形物(SNF: solids of no fat)、水。

其中各种成分的含有量按标准荷斯坦奶牛来计算，应该是乳脂肪率3.6%-4.0%，非脂固形物率8.2%-8.7%，其余约85%是水。

牛奶中85%是水，那么饮水对奶牛的健康和产奶非常重要。

我们看到很多养牛户和奶牛场对奶牛饮水采取定时定量供应，奶牛不能饮到足量的水，给奶牛的健康和产奶量产生了很大的影响。

其实水是奶牛饲料的一部分，奶牛的产奶量与饮水量有着非常密切的关系，请参考[表1] 给出了日产奶量与奶牛日饮水量的关系。

表1 奶牛日产奶量与日饮水量的关系日产奶量日饮水量泌乳牛13kg～14kg68升～84升22kg～23kg87升～102升35kg～36kg114升～137升44kg～46kg133升～156升干奶牛27升～50升（Adams, 1995）夏季奶牛热应激，饮水增加1.2～2倍。

（Beede,1991）让奶牛饮到清洁足量的水关系到奶牛的健康和奶牛生产性能的发挥。

所以奶牛的饮水与饲料同等重要，如果不能让奶牛饮到一天中所需求的清洁足量的水，那么期待奶牛的产奶量增加也是很难的。

例如一头日产35kg奶的奶牛一天需要114～137公升的饮水，夏季热应激期饮水会增加1.2～2倍，一天可能会饮到200公升的水，供应奶牛充足清洁的饮水也是解决奶牛热应激的一个有效方法。

近年来国外的养牛技术改造中，奶牛的饮水改善是其中一项很受重视的技术，比如在日本近年来非常重视增粗奶牛饮水碗供水管的管径，和改善奶牛饮水槽周围环境，使奶牛更容易接近和饮到清洁的水。

据美国密执安州报道，该州一个300头散栏饲养的奶牛牧场，在奶牛从挤奶厅回牛舍的通路旁加设了一组16.8米的饮水槽后，使该牧场的泌乳牛平均日产奶量增加了1.4～1.8kg。

目录中文摘要 (2)英文摘要 (2)1 文献综述 (2)1.1 体况评分 (2)1.1.1 奶牛体况评分方法 (3)1.1.2 体况评分对产奶量的影响 (4)1.1.3 关于理想体况 (4)1.2本研究的目的和意义 (4)2. 材料与方法 (5)2.1 数据 (5)2.2 统计方法 (5)3. 结果与分析 (5)3.1 体况评分和运动评分的整体分布情况 (5)3.2不同因素下体况评分、测定日平均日产奶量的变化 (6)3．2．1胎次对体况评分的影响 (7)3．2．2泌乳阶段对体况评分的影响 (8)3．2．3当前妊娠状态对体况评分的影响 (8)3．2．4当前泌乳状态对体况评分的影响 (9)3．2．5胎次对测定日平均产奶量的影响 (9)3． 2．6 泌乳阶段对测定日平均产奶量的影响 (10)3.3体况评分对测定日平均日产奶量的影响 (10)4. 讨论 (11)5. 结论 (12)参考文献 (12)中国荷斯坦牛体况评分与产奶量的相关性分析摘要:体况评分在奶牛的生产中起到很重要的作用，同时它们也受到很多因素的影响。

本文旨在研究胎次、当前泌乳状态、泌乳阶段、当前妊娠状态对体况评分的影响以及胎次、泌乳阶段对产奶量的影响。

通过对扬州大学实验农牧场77头中国荷斯坦牛体况评分进行测定，采用单因子方差分析模型，分析上述因素对体况评分的影响，泌乳阶段影响达到显著水平。

此结果为提高奶牛生产性能提供了一定的参考依据。

关键词：中国荷斯坦牛；体况评分;产奶量Correlationship between Body Condition Score of Chinese Holsteinand Milking YieldAbstract:Body condition score played a very important role in the production of dairy cattle. They are also affected by many factors. This article aim to study the impact of Birth rank ,Current secretes the young condition, Secretes the young stage ，Current pregnancy condition on body condition score and the impact of Birth rank , Secretes the young stage on milking yield. The body condition score of 77Chinese Holstein from Experimental Dairy Farm of Yangzhou University were measured and the effects of above factors on body condition score were analysised by the least-squares method. The results showed that Current secretes the young condition has significant effect on body condition score. These results provided valuable bases for production of dairy cattle.Key words:China Holstein; Body condition score；Milking yield1. 文献综述1.1 体况评分奶牛的体况是指其体内所贮备的脂肪量或能量的水平，它是奶牛饲养效果及营养代谢正常与否的反映，也是奶牛健康与否的标志之一。