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中医药科研思路跟方法

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中医药科研思路与方法

（讲义）

天津中医药大学 ： 徐宗佩 博士，博导、教授、研究员

目 录

第一篇 概 论····································································································· 7

一、进入研究生学习阶段的几个转变 ··································································· 7

二、科学研究·································································································· 7

三、科学研究的方法与过程 ··············································································· 7

四、医学科学研究 ··························································································· 7

1．特点： ································································································ 7

2．类型 ··································································································· 8

3．要 求································································································ 14

五、中医科研的特点 ······················································································ 14

六、中医科研的注意事项 ················································································ 14

第二篇 医学研究层次的基本方法 ·········································································· 15

一、观察法··································································································· 15

1.科学观察的任务 ···················································································· 15

2.科学观察的研究方法 ·············································································· 15

3.直接观察常常是科学发现的源泉 ······························································· 15

二、实验法··································································································· 15

1.比较实验 ····························································································· 16

2.预初实验 ····························································································· 16

3.断决实验 ····························································································· 16

4.正式实验 ····························································································· 16

5.模型实验： ·························································································· 16

第三篇 医学科学研究选题的种类 ·········································································· 17

一、调查研究性质 ························································································· 17

二、实验观察性质 ························································································· 17

三、实验研究性质 ························································································· 17

四、资料分析性质 ························································································· 17

五、经验体会性质 ························································································· 17

第四篇 选 题··································································································· 18

一． 选题的产生与来源 ·················································································· 18

1． 来自自身实践的课题 ·········································································· 18

2． 来自他人实践的课题 ·········································································· 18

3． 来自客观要求的课题 ·········································································· 18

4． 来自协作要求的课题 ·········································································· 18

5． 来自上级指定的课题 ·········································································· 18

6． 来自公开招标的课题 ·········································································· 18

二． 选题的途径 ··························································································· 19

三． 选题的方法 ··························································································· 19

1.假说形成法 ·························································································· 19

２.移植法 ······························································································· 19

３.旧题发挥法 ························································································· 19

四． 初选、筛选 ··························································································· 19

１.指导思想 ···························································································· 19

２.方法适当 ···························································································· 19

五．定题 ······································································································ 19

六． 选题的注意事项 ····················································································· 20

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科研思路与方法试题

科研思路与方法试题

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知识改变命运 级 研究生“中医药科研思路与方法”考试题目

及答卷

姓名_________ 成绩_________

一、名词解释:(每题1分,共6分)

将以下六个名词的正确的标号填写在此后的括号内

1、基础研究：认清或理解所要研究的对象,发现其内在规律,旨在增加科学、技术知识和发现新的探索领域,不考虑任何实际目的的创造性活动。

2、科研假说：研究者根据已知的科学原理与事实,对欲研究的事物、现象的本质和发生发展规律所作出的推测性的说明或假定性的理论解释。

3、一次文献：以作者本人的研究成果为依据写成的文献。

凡是以作者本人的研究或研究成果为依据而创作的原始文献,称为一次文献。

4、对 照：就是“齐同对比”的原则,指除被试因素外,实验组与对照组其他条件尽量相同。

5、四次文献：机读文献及其产生的磁带、磁盘形式的书目、索引。

6、前瞻性研究：有计划有步骤地观察某一因素可能导致事件发生的频度,以明确其因果关系,亦即从原因追踪结果。

二、填空:(每空1分,共14分)

1. 开题报告应突出的要点有_______ ___和__ _____。

2. 科研设计的三要素______ _、__ ____、__ ____,五个原则

____ __、 __ ____、__ ____、__ ____、___ ___。

3. 科研假说的性质有____ __性、__ ____性和__ ____性。

4．实验组和对照组样本数_ _____时,显著性检验效果最佳。

三、简答题:(共40分)

1.两种中药,预实验可知HBsAg转阴率分别为30%和50%,拟取α=0.05,1-β=0.9,(双侧),问正式实验时每组样本数n应为多少？(5分)

中医证候学研究的思路和方法

中医证候学研究的思路和方法

证候是疾病某一 发展 阶段病因、病理、病位、病势的综合表现，辨证是中医学所独特的认识疾病，诊断 治疗 疾病的途径和 方法 。因此，对证候进行深入 研究 ，具有十分重要的 理论 意义和实用价值。1992年以来，我们在原来工作的基础上，承担并完成了“八五”国家 科技 攻关项目“中风病证候学与临床诊断的研究”，现就工作中的体会以及对中医证候学研究的思路和方法，提出以下意见。

1 建立规范化、定量化证候诊断标准是证候深入研究和多中心协作研究的基础

近年来，我国十分重视中医证候诊断规范化的研究，探讨了一些疾病证候量化诊断的方法，对指导临床，促进科研工作和学术交流起到了积极的作用。1986年全国中医内 科学 会制订了《中风病中医证候诊断与疗效评定标准》［1］(简称《标准》)，使证候诊断有了一个基本的框架和大家共同遵守的基本原则。但是《标准》还存在着一些不足：①《标准》是非定量化的，可重复性、可交流性较差。受到医者水平、学术流派等因素的 影响 ，同一病人在不同单位、个人处理时，辨证可能随个人主观倾向而偏倚，使多中心协作研究缺乏共同的基础。②《标准》把中风病中经络分为5个证类，中脏腑分为4个证类，基本上是2个证候和3个证候的组合，如气虚血瘀证、风火痰上扰清窍证等。受证类诊断术语的约束，临床工作中对有些病人难于进行证类的归属。1988年1月～1991年6月我们曾 应用 电子 计算

机中风病证候诊断软件对210例中风病人进行了追踪调查［2］，平均每个病人进入调查时发生3.16个基本证候，急性期平均每例变化4.9个证次，共出现58种组合形态。说明不可能用少数固定的证类概括多数中风病人，也不可能用一个证类概括一个病人的全过程。③《标准》缺乏等级可分辨性，不可能客观地记述证候的增减、进退，难以进行证候动态演变的研究 分析 。因此对中风病证候进行深入研究亟待解决的 问题 是建立规范化、定量化的证候诊断标准。

中药研究思路范文

中药研究思路范文

中药研究思路范文

中药研究是一个复杂而广阔的领域，涉及到中药的药材、药效、药理、方剂等多个方面。为了系统地开展中药研究，下面提出几个研究思路。

1.药材鉴定与药效验证：中药研究的第一步是对药材进行鉴定，确保所使用的药材的质量和纯度。同时，对药材中所含的有效成分进行提取和分离，并验证其药效，通过动物实验或体外实验评估其对疾病的治疗作用。

2.药理研究：中药的药理作用是中药研究的关键。通过对中药的药理学研究，可以深入了解中药对人体的作用机制，揭示其治疗特定疾病的药理途径。这可以通过体外实验和体内实验来实现，例如药物代谢动力学研究、药物与受体的结合实验等。

3.方剂研究：中药的应用往往是以方剂为基础的，因此对于中药方剂的研究是重要的。方剂研究包括方剂的组方原则、方剂中各药物的配伍关系以及他们的药效互补作用等方面。可以通过药理学研究、药代动力学研究和临床实验来验证方剂的疗效及其作用机制。

4.中药与现代医学结合研究：中药的研究也要与现代医学结合，探索中药治疗现代疾病的机制和方法。以“中西医结合”为出发点，开展中药与现代药物相互作用的研究，寻找中药与现代药物联用的合理配伍方案，既发挥中药的特点，又提高治疗效果，减少不良反应。

5.中药质量控制研究：中药的质量控制是中药研究的必要环节。中药质量控制的研究旨在确保中药质量的稳定性和可靠性，包括对药材的质量、化学成分的检测方法和质量标准的建立。

6.中药临床研究：中药的临床研究是将中药研究应用到实际临床中去。通过对中药的治疗效果、副作用以及安全性的验证，进一步探讨中药的临床适应症和治疗方案。可以开展临床试验、病例对照研究等方法来评估中药的临床价值。

以上是对中药研究的几个思路，希望能够为中药研究提供一些启示。中药研究需要多学科的合作，才能更好地推动中药的临床应用和发展。

中药现代化研究的思路与方法

中药现代化研究的思路与方法

中药现代化研究的思路与方法

中医中药是我国人民长期与疾病作斗争所创造的宝贵财富。它博大精深、源远流长。在漫长的历史岁月中,它不仅为中华民族的繁荣昌盛做出了巨大的贡献,也 对整个人类健康和进步产生了积极的影响。近年来在化学合成药品研制日渐困难和化学药品药源性疾病及不良反应日益增多的情况下，人们普遍呼吁回归大自然，崇 尚天然产品，而绝大多数中药来源于自然界的动植物属于无毒害的天然产品，因而得到了国际医药界有识之士的青睐，很多国家都对草药进行了统一立法，开始接受 天然药物的复方制剂作为治疗药物，这些都为中药作为治疗药品进入国际市场提供了良好的机遇。国家科技部、国家中医药管理局在深入调研的基础上，高瞻远瞩、 审时度势，适时地提出了“中药现代化”战略口号。在此之后，许多专家学者从不同角度就如何推进中药现代化研究提出了许多宝贵的看法和意见。本人现择其要， 综述如下，以供参考。

一、中药现代化的含义

中药现代化是指将传统中药的特色和优势与现代科学技术相结合，建立和完善中药标准 规范体系，研究开发具有自主知识产权的创新中药，使中药以规范安全、高效方便的新形象进入国际医药市场，造福全人类，并适应社会发展的要求。这是在继承中 医药传统理论、技术及应用经验上的发展。

二、中药现代化研究的主要工作 中药现代化是一项多学科参与的系统工程。在现代化过程中，中药的研究呈现出一种多角度多层次的特征。

（一）中药应用基础研究与中药现代化

中药应用基础研究是实现中药现代化的关键环节中药应用基础研究包括中药药性理论的研究.及中药复方药效物质基础与作用机理的现代研究。

1. 中药药性理论是中医药理论体系中一个重要组成部分，对指导临床用药有重要的意义，其内容主要包括四气、五味、升降浮沉、归经、毒性。

四 气，是指药物有寒热温凉四种不同的药性，它反映了药物对人体阴阳盛衰、寒热变化的作用倾向，是药性理论的重要组成部分，是说明药物作用的主要理论依据之 一。许多年来，人们致力于探讨四气与机体病理生理的联系，探讨药物不同药性与疗效之间的联系，已取得一些进展。这些研究成果从不同层面、不同角度阐述药性 之寒热对人体的作用特征。①从植物神经系统和内分泌系统功能观察寒热药物作用特性：寒凉药能使热症患者交感-肾上腺素系统功能偏亢的生理，生化指标降低；温热药能使寒症患者交感-肾上腺素系统功能偏低的生理，生化指标升高。②药物的寒热作用还通过能量代谢的变化来发挥疗效：寒凉药可以降低动物的代谢功能；温热药可以增加动物的代谢功能。③Na+ , K+-ATP酶活性变化似乎也是寒热药性表达的一个环节：寒凉药可以抑制Na+ , K+-ATP酶活性；温热药可以提升Na+ , K+-ATP酶 活性。④中枢神经系统功能变化也是寒热药性调节作用的一个重要环节：四性影响中枢神经递质的含量。寒凉药使动物中枢处于抑制增强状态；温热药使动物中枢处 于兴奋增强状态。⑤从寒凉药的临床效应来归纳：许多中药，特别是清热解毒药、清热燥湿药、辛凉解表药药性多寒凉，大都具有一定的抗感染疗效，能用于治疗细 菌、病毒等病原体引起的急性感染。研究中发现对肿瘤细胞有抑制活性的中药大部分是寒凉药。