Delay-dependent stability of symmetric schemes in Boundary Value

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Delay-dependentstabilityofsymmetricschemesinBoundaryValueMethodsforDDEsq

WenhaoLia,*,ShifengWub,SiqingGanaaSchoolofMathematicalSciencesandComputingTechnology,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410075,PRChina

bDepartmentofComputerSciences,GuangdongPolytechnicNormalUniversity,Guangzhou510665,PRChina

articleinfoKeywords:DelaydifferentialequationsBVMsSymmetricschemesETRsETR2s

TOMsDelay-dependentstabilityregionsk1;k2

ð0Þ-stability

abstractWeconsiderthesymmetricschemesinBoundaryValueMethods(BVMs)appliedtodelaydifferentialequationsy0ðtÞ¼ayðtÞþbyðtÀsÞwithrealcoefficientsaandb.Ifthenumeri-

calsolutiontendstozerowhenevertheexactsolutiondoes,thesymmetricschemewithðk1þm;k2Þ-boundaryconditionsiscalledsk1;k2ð0Þ-stable.Threefamiliesofsymmetric

schemes,namelytheExtendedTrapezoidalRulesoffirst(ETRs)andsecond(ETR2s)kind,

andtheTopOrderMethods(TOMs),areconsideredinthispaper.Byusingtheboundarylocustechnology,thedelay-dependentstabilityregionofthesymmetricschemesareanalyzedandtheirboundariesarefound.Thenbyusinganeces-saryandsufficientcondition,theconsideredsymmetricschemesareprovedtobesm;mÀ1

ð0Þ-stable.

Ó2009ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.

1.IntroductionDelaydifferentialequationsprovideapowerfulmeansofmodelingmanyphenomenainappliedsciences.Whenconsid-eringtheapplicabilityofnumericalmethodsforthesolutionofDDEs,itisnecessarytoanalyzethestabilityofthemethods.Inthelastthreedecades,manyworkshavedealtwiththestabilitypropertiesofInitialValueMethods(IVMs)forlinearscaleDDEs.Oneoftheinterestingproblemsinstabilityanalysisistheinvestigationofthedelay-dependentstabilityofnumericalmethods.BellenandZennaro[1]pointedoutthat,comparedtothedelay-independentstabilityanalysis,theasymptoticsta-bilityanalysisforafixedvalueofthedelayismuchmoredifficult.Oneofthereasonsisthatthedelay-dependentstabilityregionislargerandmorecomplicatedtodescribe.Someearlyliteratureaboutdelay-dependentstabilitymainlyfocusedonpuredelayequationsoronthenumericalinvestigationofstabilityregionfordiscretizationmethods.Later,GuglielmiandHairersystematicallystudiedthedelay-dependentstabilityofh-methodsandRunge–Kuttamethods,twoprincipalkindsofIVMs,formodelEq.(1.1)andmanyinterestingresultshavebeenobtained[2–5].Inparticular,theirresearchesshowthattrapeziumrule,symmetricschemeinLinearMultistepMethods(LMMs),andallGaussmethods,symmetricschemesinRunge–Kuttamethods,aresð0Þ-

stable.Andthenmanyotherworksdealtwiththedelay-dependentstabilityoftrapeziumruleforvariousmodelequations(see[6–9]).Theseexperienceindicatethatthesymmetricschemeshavebetterpropertyindelay-dependentstabilityresearch.Recently,Huang[10]consideredthedelay-dependentstabilityofhighorderRunge–Kuttamethodswithanewidea.

0096-3003/$-seefrontmatterÓ2009ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.amc.2009.08.043

qThisworkwassupportedbytheNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(Grant10871207)andtheScientificResearchFoundationfortheReturned

OverseasChineseScholars,StateEducationMinistry.*Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:li_wenhao@yahoo.cn(W.Li).

AppliedMathematicsandComputation215(2009)2445–2455ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectAppliedMathematicsandComputation

journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/amcBVMs,basedontheLinearMultistepFormulae(LMF),areusedforsolvingODEs,DDEs,andmanyothermodelsinrecentyears(see[11–14]).TheadvantageinusingBVMsoverIVMscomesfromthestabilitypropertiesofBVMs.Itisimportantthatlotsofstable,high-ordersymmetricschemesarefoundinBVMs.Therearethreemainfamiliesofsymmetricschemes,namelytheExtendedTrapezoidalRulesoffirst(ETRs)andsecond(ETR2s)kind,andtheTopOrderMethods(TOMs).Each

ofthemmayberegardedasasuitablegeneralizationofthebasictrapeziumrule.TostudythestabilitypropertiesofBVMsforDDEs,thedefinitionofPk1;k2

-stabilityareintroducedbyBrugnanoandTrigiante[11].Recently,thedelay-dependentsta-

bilityofGeneralizedBackwardDifferentiationFormulae(GBDF),oneclassofBVMs,isconsideredbyLietal.[15]andanewstabilityconcept,calledsk1;k2

ð0Þ,isintroduced.AndWuetal.[16]studiedthedelay-dependentstabilityofETR2sforrealand

complexcoefficientstestequation.However,otherfamiliesofsymmetricschemes(ETRsandTOMs)arenotconsidered.Therefore,theauthorsofthispaperwanttoproveallsymmetricschemesaresm;mÀ1

ð0Þ-stableinauniformway.

InthispaperweconcentrateontheDDEtestmodel

y0ðtÞ¼ayðtÞþbyðtÀ1Þ;t2ð0;T󰀃;yðtÞ¼uðtÞ;À16t60;

&

ð1:1Þ

wherea;b2R,anduðtÞ2C1½À1;0󰀃.Withoutlossofgenerality,wesetthedelays󰀄1andT2Zþhere.InSection2,someinformationofbackgroundofthispaperareintroduced.InSection3theboundarylocusofsymmetricschemesisdeterminedanditspropertiesarestudied.InSection4,weobtainthestabilityregionofsymmetricschemesandcompareitwiththestabilityregionofcontinuouscase.Anecessaryandsufficientconditionisobtainedtotestthesm;mÀ1