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生物化学英汉词汇A癌基因oncogene艾滋病acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome，AIDS氨喋呤anminopterin氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅰcarbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ⅰ, CPS-Ⅰ氨基末端amino terminal氨基酸amino acid氨基酸接纳茎acceptor stem氨基酸序列amino acid sequenceδ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸δ—aminolevulinic acid，ALA氨基酰-tRNA合成酶aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨基酰位aminoacyl site氨基转移酶aminotransferase氨甲喋呤methotrexate, MTX氨肽酶,氨基肽酶aminopeptidase胺氧化酶amine oxidaseB巴士德Pastuer靶细胞target cell白化病albinism白三烯leukotrienes，LTs摆动性wobble斑点印迹bot blotting半保留复制semi-conservative replication半不连续复制semi-discontinuous replication半胱氨酸cysteine半乳糖galactose, Gal伴侣素chaperonins包涵体inclusion body胞苷cytidine胞嘧啶cytosine，C胞质小RNAsmall cytoplasmic RNA，scRNA保守性转座conservative transposition苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylalanine hydroxylase苯酮酸尿症phenyl ketonuria, PKU吡哆胺pyridoxamine吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal必需氨基酸essential amino acid必需基团essential group必需激活剂essential activator编码链coding strand变构部位allosteric site变构调节allosteric regulation变构激活剂allosteric activator变构酶allosteric enzyme变构效应allosteric effect变构效应剂allosteric effector变构抑制剂allosteric inhibitor变性denaturation变性梯度胶电泳denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE 辨认位点recognition site标志补救marker rescue表达载体expression vector表构酶epimerase表观Km值apparent Km表面效应surface effect别嘌呤醇allopurinol丙氨酸－葡萄糖循环alanine-glucose cycle丙酮acetone丙酮酸pyruvate丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase病毒癌基因virus oncogene，v-onc卟啉症porphyria补救合成途径salvage pathway不对称转录asymmetric transcription不可逆性抑制作用irreversible inhibitionC参入incorporation残基residue残粒remnant操纵序列operator操纵子operon侧翼区flanking region层析chromatography层粘连蛋白laminin,Ln插入insertion插入序列insertion sequences, IS长末端重复序列long terminal repeat, LTR长萜醇dolichol肠肝循环bilinogen enterohepatic circulation,enterohepaticcirculation超螺旋结构superhelix, supercoil超敏位点hypersensitive site超速离心ultra-centrifuge超速离心法ultracentrifugation超氧物歧化酶superoxide dismutase, SOD沉降系数sedimentation coefficient,S成肽peptide bond formation初级胆汁酸primary bile acids初级转录产物primary transcripts储脂细胞lipocyte串联酶tandem enzyme锤头结构hammerbead structure醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH次黄核苷inosine，I次黄嘌呤inosine次黄嘌呤核苷酸inosine monphosphate, IMP次黄嘌呤核苷酸转移酶adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, APRT 次级胆汁酸secondary bile acids从头合成途径de novo synthesis促红细胞生成素erythropoietin，EPO催化基团catalytic group催化型受体catalytic receptor催化性DNA DNAzyme催化性RNA catalytic RNA催化性小RNA small catalytic RNA脆性X综合征fragile X syndrome脆性位点fragile site错配mismatchD大沟major groove代谢库metabolic pool单胺氧化酶monoamine oxidase, MAO单纯酶simple enzyme单核苷酸多态性single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs单链DNA结合蛋白single stranded DNA binding protein, SSB单链构象多态性single strand conformation polymorphism, SSCP 单顺反子monocistron单体酶monomeric enzyme胆chole胆钙化醇cholecalciferol胆固醇cholesterol胆固醇7a-羟化酶cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase胆固醇流出调节蛋白cholesterol-efflux regulatory protein, CERP胆固醇酯酶cholesteryl esterase胆红素bilirubin胆红素脑病bilirubin encephalopathy胆碱choline胆碱酯酶choline esterase胆绿素biliverdin胆绿素还原酶biliverdin reductase胆囊胆汁gallbladder bile胆色素bile pigment胆色素原prophobilinogen，PBG胆素bilin胆素原bilinogen胆酸cholic acid胆盐bile salts胆汁bile胆汁酸bile acids弹性蛋白酶elastase蛋白二硫键异构酶protein disulfide isomerase，PDI蛋白激酶C protein kinase C，PKC蛋白聚糖proteoglycan蛋白聚糖聚合物aggrecan蛋白磷酸酶protein phophatase蛋白酶protease蛋白酶体proteasome，proteosome蛋白质protein蛋白质表达protein expression蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用protein-protein interaction蛋白质的靶向输送protein targeting蛋白质的凝固作用protein coagulation蛋白质数据库protein databasesDNA-蛋白质相互作用DNA-protein interaction蛋白质芯片protein chip蛋白质印迹技术Western blotting蛋白质转换protein turnover蛋白质组proteome蛋白质组学Proteomics氮平衡nitrogen balance倒位酶invertase等电点isoelectric point，pI等位基因特异寡核苷酸allele-specific ologonucleotide，ASO低血糖diabetes mellitus低血糖症hypoglycemia底物水平磷酸化substrate-level phosphorylation底物循环substrate cycle地心引力gravity第二信使secondary messenger点突变point mutation电穿孔electroporation电喷雾质谱electrospray ionization massspectrometry，ESI-MS电泳electrophoresis电子传递链electron transfer chain淀粉starchα-淀粉酶α-amylase凋亡apoptosis调节部位regulatory site调节酶regulatory enzymes调节子regulon定位候选基因克隆策略positional candidate gene approaches定位克隆positional cloning定向排列orientation arrange杜氏肌营养不良症duchenne muscular dystrophy，DMD端粒telomere端粒酶RNA human telomerase RNA，hTR端粒酶逆转录酶human telomerase reverse transcriptase，hTRT端粒酶协同蛋白1 human telomerase associated protein 1，hTP1短串联重复序列short tandem repeat断裂基因splite gene钝性未端blunt end多胺polyamines多巴胺dopamine多不饱和脂酸polyunsaturated fatty acid多功能酶multifunctional enzyme多核糖体polyribosome多接头克隆位点polylinker cloning sites多聚核蛋白体polysome多聚核苷酸polynucleotides多聚体polymer多聚脱氧核苷酸polydeoxynucleotides多酶体系multienzyme system多顺反子polycistron多顺反子mRNA polycistronic mRNA多态性polymorphism多肽链polypeptide chain多样性片段diversity segment多元催化multielement catalysisE鹅膏蕈碱amanitin鹅脱氧胆酸chenodeoxycholic acid儿茶酚胺catecholamine二次转酯反应twice transesterification二级结构secondary structure二甲基丙烯焦磷酸3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DPP二聚化dimerization二聚体dimer二氢叶酸合成酶dihydrofolic acid synthetase二氢叶酸还原酶dihydrofolate reductase二巯基丙醇British anti-Lewisite,proteosome，BAL二十二碳六烯酸docosahexaenoic acid, DHA二十碳五烯酸eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA二肽酶dipeptidase二硝基苯酚dinitrophenol,DNP共8页。
癌基因oncogene艾滋病acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome,AIDS 氨喋呤anminopterin carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ⅰ, CPS-Ⅰ氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶Ⅰ氨基末端amino terminal氨基酸amino acid氨基酸接纳茎acceptor stem氨基酸序列amino acid sequenceδ-氨基-γ-酮戊酸δ—aminolevulinic acid,ALA氨基酰-tRNA合成酶aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨基酰位aminoacyl site氨基转移酶aminotransferase氨甲喋呤methotrexate, MTX氨肽酶,氨基肽酶aminopeptidase胺氧化酶amine oxidase巴士德Pastuer靶细胞target cell白化病albinism白三烯leukotrienes,LTs摆动性wobble斑点印迹bot blotting半保留复制semi-conservative replication半不连续复制semi-discontinuous replication 半胱氨酸cysteine半乳糖galactose, Gal伴侣素chaperonins包涵体inclusion body胞苷cytidine胞嘧啶cytosine,C胞质小RNA small cytoplasmic RNA,scRNA 保守性转座conservative transposition苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylalanine hydroxylase 苯酮酸尿症phenyl ketonuria, PKU吡哆胺pyridoxamine吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal必需氨基酸essential amino acid必需基团essential group必需激活剂essential activator编码链coding strand变构部位allosteric site变构调节allosteric regulation变构激活剂allosteric activator变构酶allosteric enzyme变构效应allosteric effect变构效应剂allosteric effector变构抑制剂allosteric inhibitor变性denaturation变性梯度胶电泳denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE 辨认位点recognition site标志补救marker rescue表达载体expression vector表构酶epimerase表观Km值apparent Km表面效应surface effect别嘌呤醇allopurinol丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环alanine-glucose cycle 丙酮acetone丙酮酸pyruvate丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase病毒癌基因virus oncogene,v-onc卟啉症porphyria补救合成途径salvage pathway不对称转录asymmetric transcription不可逆性抑制作用irreversible inhibition 参入incorporation残基residue残粒remnant操纵序列operator操纵子operon侧翼区flanking region层析chromatography层粘连蛋白laminin,Ln插入insertion插入序列insertion sequences, IS长末端重复序列long terminal repeat, LTR长萜醇dolichol肠肝循环bilinogen enterohepatic circulation,enterohepatic circulation超螺旋结构superhelix, supercoil超敏位点hypersensitive site超速离心ultra-centrifuge超速离心法ultracentrifugation超氧物歧化酶superoxide dismutase, SOD沉降系数sedimentation coefficient,S成肽peptide bond formation初级胆汁酸primary bile acids初级转录产物primary transcripts储脂细胞lipocyte串联酶tandem enzyme锤头结构hammerbead structure醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH次黄核苷inosine,I次黄嘌呤inosine次黄嘌呤核苷酸inosine monphosphate, IMP次黄嘌呤核苷酸转移酶adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, APRT 次级胆汁酸secondary bile acids从头合成途径de novo synthesis促红细胞生成素erythropoietin,EPO催化基团catalytic group催化型受体catalytic receptor催化性DNA DNAzyme催化性RNA catalytic RNA催化性小RNA small catalytic RNA脆性X综合征fragile X syndrome脆性位点fragile site错配mismatch大沟major groove代谢库metabolic pool单胺氧化酶monoamine oxidase, MAO单纯酶simple enzyme单核苷酸多态性single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs单链DNA结合蛋白single stranded DNA binding protein, SSB单链构象多态性single strand conformation polymorphism, SSCP 单顺反子monocistron单体酶monomeric enzyme胆chole胆钙化醇cholecalciferol胆固醇cholesterol胆固醇7a-羟化酶cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase胆固醇流出调节蛋白cholesterol-efflux regulatory protein, CERP胆固醇酯酶cholesteryl esterase胆红素bilirubin胆红素脑病bilirubin encephalopathy胆碱choline胆碱酯酶choline esterase胆绿素biliverdin胆绿素还原酶biliverdin reductase胆囊胆汁gallbladder bile胆色素bile pigment胆色素原prophobilinogen,PBG胆素bilin胆素原bilinogen胆酸cholic acid胆盐bile salts胆汁bile胆汁酸bile acids弹性蛋白酶elastase蛋白二硫键异构酶protein disulfide isomerase,PDI 蛋白激酶C protein kinase C,PKC蛋白聚糖proteoglycan蛋白聚糖聚合物aggrecan蛋白磷酸酶protein phophatase蛋白酶protease蛋白酶体proteasome,proteosome蛋白质protein蛋白质表达protein expression蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用protein-protein interaction蛋白质的靶向输送protein targeting蛋白质的凝固作用protein coagulation蛋白质数据库protein databasesDNA-蛋白质相互作用DNA-protein interaction蛋白质芯片protein chip蛋白质印迹技术Western blotting蛋白质转换protein turnover蛋白质组proteome蛋白质组学Proteomics氮平衡nitrogen balance倒位酶invertase等电点isoelectric point,pI等位基因特异寡核苷酸allele-specific ologonucleotide,ASO 低血糖diabetes mellitus低血糖症hypoglycemia底物substrate底物水平磷酸化substrate-level phosphorylation底物循环substrate cycle地心引力gravity第二信使secondary messenger点突变point mutation电穿孔electroporation电喷雾质谱electrospray ionization mass spectrometry,ESI-MS电泳electrophoresis电子传递链electron transfer chain淀粉starchα-淀粉酶α-amylase凋亡apoptosis调节部位regulatory site调节酶regulatory enzymes调节子regulon定位候选基因克隆策略positional candidate gene approaches 定位克隆positional cloning定向排列orientation arrange杜氏肌营养不良症duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD端粒telomere端粒酶RNA human telomerase RNA,hTR端粒酶逆转录酶human telomerase reverse transcriptase,hTRT 端粒酶协同蛋白1human telomerase associated protein 1,hTP1 短串联重复序列short tandem repeat断裂基因splite gene钝性未端blunt end多胺polyamines多巴胺dopamine多不饱和脂酸polyunsaturated fatty acid多功能酶multifunctional enzyme多核糖体polyribosome多接头克隆位点polylinker cloning sites多聚核蛋白体polysome多聚核苷酸polynucleotides多聚体polymer多聚脱氧核苷酸polydeoxynucleotides多酶体系multienzyme system多顺反子polycistron多顺反子mRNA polycistronic mRNA多态性polymorphism多肽polypeptide多肽链polypeptide chain多样性片段diversity segment多元催化multielement catalysis鹅膏蕈碱amanitin鹅脱氧胆酸chenodeoxycholic acid儿茶酚胺catecholamine二次转酯反应twice transesterification二级结构secondary structure二甲基丙烯焦磷酸3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DPP 二聚化dimerization二聚体dimer二氢叶酸合成酶dihydrofolic acid synthetase二氢叶酸还原酶dihydrofolate reductase二巯基丙醇British anti-Lewisite,proteosome,BAL二十二碳六烯酸docosahexaenoic acid, DHA二十碳五烯酸eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA二肽酶dipeptidase二硝基苯酚dinitrophenol,DNP发夹hairpin翻译起始复合物translational initiation complex反基因策略antigene strategy反竞争性抑制作用uncompetitive inhibition反密码子anticodon反式trans反式作用因子trans-acting factor反烯酰CoA异构酶trans enoyl-CoA isomerase反义寡核苷酸antioligonucleotide反转录PCR reverse transcription PCR,RT-PCR反转重复序列inverted repeat泛醌ubiquinone泛素ubiquitin泛素化ubiquuitination泛酸pantothenic acid非mRNA小RNA small non-messenger RNA,snmRNAs 非必需氨基酸non-essencial amino acid非必需激活剂non-essential activator非蛋白氮non-protein nitrogen, NPN非定位候选基因克隆策略position-independent candidate gene approaches 非竞争性抑制作用non-competitive inhibitionRNA分化加工differential RNA processing分节基因segmentation genes分解代谢阻遏catabolic repression分解物基因激活蛋白catabolite gene activation protein, CAP分支酶debranching enzyme分支移动branch migration分子伴侣chaperon,molecular chaperon分子克隆molecular clone分子医学molecular medicine粉蝶霉素A piericidin A粉液化芽苞杆菌bacillus amyloliguefaciens粪卟啉原III coproporphyrinogen III,CPGIII粪胆素stercobilin,l-urobilin粪胆素原stercobilinogen,l-urobilinogen丰富基因redundant gene佛波酯phorbol ester5-氟尿嘧啶5-fluorouracil, 5-fu脯氨酸富含域proline-rich domain辅基prosthetic group辅酶coenzyme辅酶I NAD+辅酶II NADP+辅酶Q coenzyme Q,CoQ辅脂酶colipase辅助因子cofactor辅助因子Fis factor for inversion stimulation 辅阻遏剂corepressor 腐败作用putrefaction负超螺旋negative supercoil负碳离子carbanion复合体complex复合体Ⅴcomplex V复性renaturation复制replication复制酶replicase复制体replisome复制性转座duplicative transposition复制因子replication factor,RF复制子replicon富含AT AT rich钙调蛋白calmodulin CaM干扰RNA interference RNA,RNAi RNA干涉RNA interference,RNAi 甘氨胆酸glycocholic acid甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸glycochenodeoxycholic acid 甘露糖mannose, Man 甘油激酶glycerokinase甘油磷脂phosphoglycerides甘油三酯triglyceride2-甘油一酯2-monoglyceride肝胆红素hepatobilirubin肝胆汁hepatic bile肝素heparin肝细胞性黄疸hepatocellular jaundice感染infection感受态细胞competent cell岡崎片段Okazaki fragment高保真性high fidelity高脂蛋白血症hyperlipoproteinemia高脂血症hyperlipidemia功能互补实验functional complementation assay功能基因组学functional genomics功能克隆functional cloning共价修饰covalent modification共同的偶配体SMADs common-partner-SMAD,Co-SMADs共有序列consensus sequence谷氨酰胺合成酶glutamine synthetase谷氨酰胺酶glutaminase谷丙转氨酶glutamic pyruvic transaminase, GPT, ALT谷草转氨酶glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT, AST β-谷固醇β-sitosterol 谷胱甘肽glutathione, GSH谷胱甘肽S-环氧化物转移酶glutathione S-epoxidetransferase骨形态发生蛋白bone morphogenetic protein,BMPs钴胺素cobalamin钴胺素I transcobalamin I, TC I固醇sterol固醇载体蛋白sterol carrier protein, SCP固定化酶immobilized enzyme寡核苷酸点阵oligonucleotide arrays寡核苷酸微芯片oligonucleotide micro-chip寡核苷酸杂交分析oligonucleotide hybridization analysis 寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme寡霉素oligomycin寡肽oligopeptide寡肽酶oligopeptidase关键酶key enzymes管家基因housekeeping gene光修复light repairing光修复酶photolyase胱甘肽S-转移酶glutathione S-transferase滚环复制rolling circle replication6-果糖双磷酸酶-26-phosphofructokinase-2果糖双磷酸酶-2fructose biphosphatase-2过渡态transition state过氧化酶体peroxisomes过氧化氢酶catalase,peroxidaseALA合酶ALA synthaseATP合酶ATP snthase核磁共振技术nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR核蛋白nuclear protein核蛋白体RNA ribosomal RNA,rRNA核蛋白体蛋白质ribosomal protein,rp核蛋白体结合位点ribosomal binding site, RBS核蛋白体循环ribosomal cycle核定位信号nuclear localization signal, NLS核定位序列nuclear localization sequence,NLS核苷ribonucleoside核苷二磷酸nucleoside diphosphate,NDP核苷三磷酸nucleoside triphosphate,NTP核苷酸nucleotide核苷一磷酸nucleoside monophosphate,NMP核黄素riboflavin核酶ribozyme核内不均一RNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA,hnRNA 核内小分子RNA small nuclear RNA,snRNA核仁小分子RNA small nucleolar RNA,snoRNA核输入因子nuclear importin核酸nucleic acid核酸内切酶endonuclease核酸外切酶exonuclease核糖核苷酸ribonucleotide核糖核酸ribonucleic acid,RNA核糖体ribosome核小体nucleosome核心颗粒core particle核心酶core enzyme核因子κB nuclear factor-κB,NF-κ B Pribnow盒Pribnow box黑色素melanin亨丁顿舞蹈病Huntington disease恒定片段constant segment后基因组计划post-Human Genome Project, PHGP 呼吸控制率respiratory control ratio, RCR呼吸链respiratory chainb-胡萝卜素b-carotene琥珀酸CoA succinyl CoA琥珀酸CoA合成酶succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenasea互补alpha complementation互补complementary互补的单链DNA complementary DNA花生四烯酸arachidonic acid化学渗透假说chemiosmotic hypothesis化学修饰chemical modificationHMG CoA还原酶HMG CoA reductase环loop环丁基环cyclobutane ringD-环复制D-loop replication缓激肽bradykinin黄疸jaundice黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthosine oxidase黄素单核苷酸flavin mononucleotide, FMN黄素蛋白flavoprotein黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD恢复rescue回文结构palindrome混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase 混合微团mixed micelles活化能activation energy活化素activin活性部位active site活性区activation domain,AD活性中心active center获得性突变gain-of-function mutation肌酸creatine肌酸酐creatinine肌酸激酶creatine kinase, CK肌营养不良蛋白dystrophin基本重组general recombination基本转录因子general transcription factors 基底层bacal laminae基膜baxal lamina基因gene基因靶向gene targeting基因沉默因子silencing factor基因工程genetic engineering基因间隔gene spacer基因矫正gene correction基因克隆gene cloning基因疗法gene therapeutics基因敲除gene knock-out基因失活gene inactivation,loss-of-function mutations 基因文库gene library 基因芯片gene chip基因芯片点阵genechip arrays基因增补gene augmentation基因诊断gene diagnosis基因治疗gene therapy基因置换gene replacement基因重组genetic recombination基因转移gene transfer基因族gene family基因组genome,genomics基因组DNA genomic DNA基因组DNA文库genomic DNA library基因作图genetic mapping激动型G蛋白stimulatory G protein,Gs激活蛋白activator激活功能activation function激活剂activator激素反应元件hormone response element激素敏感性甘油三酯脂肪酶hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase, HSL 级联系统cascade system即刻早期反应基因immediate-early gene,IEG急性时相蛋白质acute phase protein APP急性时相反应物acute phase reactant APR己糖激酶hexokinase加单氧酶monooxygenase甲基化methylation甲基化酶methylase甲基转移酶methyl transferase甲硫氨酸循环methionine cycle甲羟戊酸mevalonic acid, MVA甲胎蛋白α-fetoproteinN-甲酰甲硫氨酸N-formyl methionine,fMet 假尿嘧啶ψ,pseudouridine假神经递质false neurotransmitter间接胆红素indirect reacting bilirubin间接体内疗法ex vivomRNA剪接mRNA splcing剪接splicing剪接接口splicing junction剪接体splicesome检查点check point简并性degeneracy碱基base碱基对base pairs, bp碱性亮氨酸拉链basic eucine zipper碱性螺旋-环-螺旋basic helix-loop-helix降解degradation交联对话cross talk胶原collagen胶原微纤维collagen fibril胶原纤维collagen fiber焦谷氨酸pyroglutamic acid焦磷酸法尼酯farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPPUDPG焦磷酸化酶UDPG pyrophosphorylase焦磷酸硫胺素thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP酵解途径glycolytic pathway酵母yeast酵母基因剔除yeast knockout project酵母人工染色体载体yeast artificial chromosome vector, YAC 酵母双杂交系统yeast two-hybrid-system阶段特异性stage specificity接合作用conjugation接受体acceptor结构基因structural gene结构基因组学structural genomicsSH2结构域Scr homology 2 domainSH3结构域Scr homology 3 domain结构域domain结合胆汁酸conjugated bile acidpoly(A结合蛋白poly(A-binding protein,PABP结合反应conjugation reactionATP结合盒转运蛋白AI ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, ABCA1 结合基团binding group结合酶conjugated enzyme结合区binding domain,BD结合体adaptorDNA结合域DNA binding domain解缠酶untwisting enzyme解毒作用detoxication解磷定pyridine aldoxime methyliodide,PAM解螺旋酶helicase解偶联蛋白uncoupling protein解偶联剂uncoupler金属激活酶metal-activated enzyme金属酶metalloenzyme紧张态tense state进位entrance茎stem茎环stem-loop精胺spermine精脒spermidine竞争性抑制作用competitive inhibition矩形双曲线rectangular hyperbola巨幼红细胞性贫血megaloblastic anemia RNA聚合酶RNA-pol聚合酶链反应polymerase chain reaction, PCR 聚糖glycan绝对特异性absolute specificity癞皮病pellagra劳氏肉瘤病毒Rous sarcoma virus,RSV酪氨酸蛋白激酶tyrosine-protein kinase,TPK 酪氨酸酶tyrosinase类核nucleoid厘摩centimorgen, cM立体异构特异性stereospecificity立早基因immediate-early gene利福平rifampicinN-连接聚糖N-linked glycanO-连接聚糖O-linked glycanDNA连接酶DNA ligase连接酶类ligases连接片段joining segment连接物蛋白adaptor protein连锁分析likage analysis连锁图genetic map,linkage map连续性commaless猎物prey,target protein裂解酶类lyases邻近效应proximity effect林-贝氏Lineweaver- Burk磷酸丙糖异构酶triose phosphate isomerase磷酸二酯键phosphodiester linkage4’-磷酸泛酰氨基乙硫醇4’-phosphopantetheine 磷酸钙转染calcium phosphate transfectionα-磷酸甘油穿梭α-glycerophosphate shuttle3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglycerate mutase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase6-磷酸果糖fructose-6-phosphate , F-6-P6-磷酸果糖激酶-16-phosphofructokinase-1磷酸肌酸creatine phosphate, CP6-磷酸葡萄糖glucose-6-phosphate,G-6-P磷酸戊糖旁路pentose phosphate pathway,pentose phosphate shunt 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase,phopho-enolpyruvate,PEP3'-磷酸腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, PAPS磷脂交换蛋白phospholipid exchange proteins磷脂酶A2phospholipase A2磷脂酶类phospholipase磷脂酸phosphatidic acid领头链leading strand另一类激酶just another kinases硫胺素thiamine硫解酶thiolase硫酸角质素keratan sulfate硫酸类肝素heparan sulfate硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate硫酸软骨素类chordroitin sulfates硫酸转移酶sulfate transferase硫辛酸lipoic acid硫氧化还原蛋白thioredoxin硫氧化还原蛋白还原酶thioredoxin reductase路易士气Lewisite卵母细胞oocyte伦理、法律及社会问题ethical, legal and social issues, ELSI α-螺旋α-helix螺旋反稳定蛋白helix destabilizing protein,HDP麦角钙化醇ergocalciferol麦角固醇ergosterol麦芽糖maltose慢反应物质slow reacting substances of analphylaxis锚蛋白ankynin帽结构cap sequence帽结合蛋白cap binding proteins,CBPsDNA酶deoxyribonuclease,DNaseRNA酶ribonuclease, RNase酶enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reaction酶蛋白poenzyme酶联免疫测定法enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA 酶免检测分析enzyme immunodetection assay酶偶联测定法enzyme coupled assays酶原zymogen门管周带periportal zone靡蛋白chymotrypsin米氏方程式Michaelis equation密度梯度离心density gradient centrifugation密码子codon嘧啶pyrimidine免疫印迹immunoblotting模板template模板理论piecing theory模板链template strand模体motif末端转移酶terminal transferase母亲效应基因maternal effect genes目的基因target DNA内分泌endocrine内分泌信号endocrine signal内含子intron内化internalization内皮生长抑制蛋白vastatin内皮抑素Endostatin内肽酶endopeptidase内因子intrinsic factor, IF内在序列同源结构internal seguence homology 内酯酶lactonase内质网endoplasmic reticulum,ER尼克酸nicotinic acid逆向转运reverse cholesterol transport, RCT逆转录reverse transcription逆转录病毒retro-virus, RV逆转录酶reverse transciptase鸟氨酸脱羧酶orinithine decarboxylase鸟氨酸循环orinithine cycle鸟苷guanosine鸟苷酸结合蛋白,G蛋白guanylate binding protein鸟嘌呤guanine,G鸟嘌呤环化酶guanylyl cyclase,GC尿卟啉原I同合酶UPG I cosynthased-尿胆素d-urobilini-尿胆素i-urobilind-尿胆素原d-urobilinogen尿苷uridine尿苷二磷酸葡糖醛酸uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, UDPGA 尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖uridine diphophate glucose, UDPG尿嘧啶uracil,U尿嘧啶核苷酸uridine monophosphate, UMP尿素循环urea cycle柠檬酸citrate柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环citrate pyruvate cycle柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase柠檬酸裂合酶citrate lyase凝集素样受体lectin-like receptor凝胶过滤gel filtration牛磺胆酸taurocholic acid牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸taurochenodeoxycholic acid 偶氮还原酶类azoreductase偶氮还原酶类azoreductase爬行模型inchworn model排出位exit site旁分泌paracrine旁分泌信号paracrine signal胚胎干细胞embryonic stem cell配体ligand配体蛋白ligandin配伍未端compatible endH片段H segmentKlenow片段Klenow fragment片段重组体patch recombinant嘌呤purine嘌呤核苷酸循环purine nucleotide cycle拼接重组体splice recombinant平行分子遗传学分析parallel molecular genetic analysis苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭malate-asparate shuttle苹果酸脱氢酶fumarate hydratase,malate dehydrogenase DEAE葡聚糖介导转染DEAE dextran-mediated transfection葡糖醛酸胆红素bilirubin glucuronideUDP-葡糖醛酸基转移酶UDP-glucuronyl transferases, UGT葡萄糖glucose,Glc葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶glucose-6-phophatase葡萄糖激酶glucokinase葡萄糖耐量glucose tolerence葡萄糖转运体glucose transporter,GLUT栖热水生菌thermus aquaticus启动元件initiator启动子promoter起点origin起始tRNA initiator-tRNA起始密码initiation coden起始因子initiation factor,IF前病毒provirus前导片段leader segment前列腺环素prostacyclin前列腺素prostaglandin, PG前脑forebrain前清蛋白prealbumin, PAβ-羟丁酸β-hydroxybutyrate羟化酶hydroxylase3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA, HMG CoA3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA, HMG CoA3-羟甲基戊二酸单酰3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase, HMG CoA CoA合酶synthase鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘脂sphingolipids切除修复excision repairing切口-封闭酶nicking-closing enzyme5-氢过氧化廿碳四烯酸5-hydroperoxy-eicotetraenoic acid, 5-HPETE 清蛋白albumin清道夫受体scavenger receptor, SR球蛋白globulin区带zone去饱和酶desaturase去甲肾上腺素norepinephrine全酶holoenzyme醛缩酶aldolase醛脱氢酶aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH缺口nick缺失deletion染色体chromosome染色体步移chromosome walking染色体畸形chromosomal abnormality染色质chromatin热休克蛋白heat shock proteins, Hsp人类白细胞抗原human leucocyte antigen,HLA人类基因组计划human genome project, HGP人类免疫缺陷病毒human immuno-deficiency virus,HIV 溶菌生长途径lysis pathway溶血性黄疸hemolytic jaundice溶源菌生长途径lysogenic pathway融解温度elting temperature, Tm肉碱carnitine肉碱-脂酰肉碱转位酶carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase 肉碱脂酰转移酶I carnitine acyl transferase I乳酸lactate乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase乳糖操纵子lac operon朊病毒蛋白prion protein, PrP三级结构tertiary structure三联体密码triplet codetriplex-forming oligonucleotide, TFO三链DNA形成脱氧寡核苷酸三链技术triplex approach三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle三叶草形cloverleaf patternB沙门氏菌 B Salmonella鲨烯squalene鲨烯合酶squalene synthase筛选screening上调up regulation上游因子upstream factors射线radiation,RADX射线衍射法X-ray diffraction神经鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经肽neuropeptide肾上腺素epinephrine生长因子growth factor生糖氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生酮氨基酸ketogenic amino acid生物胞素biocytin生物催化剂biocatalyst生物大分子biomacromolecule生物化学biochemistry生物素biotin生物信息学bioinformatics生物氧化biological oxidation生物转化biotransformationa-生育酚当量a-tocophenol equivalents, a-TE 生殖细胞germ line cell石胆酸lithocholic acid时间特异性temporal specificity视蛋白opsin视黄醇retinol视黄醇结合蛋白retinol binding protein, RBP 视黄醇磷酸retinyl phosphate视黄醛retinal视黄酸retinoic acid视网膜母细胞瘤retinoblastoma饰胶蛋白decorin释放因子release factor,RFHDL受体HDL recepter受体receptor受体调节的SMADs receptor-regulated-SMAD,R-SMADs LDL受体相关蛋白LDL receptor related protein, LRP6-疏基嘌呤6-mercaptopurine,6MP鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌salmonella typhimurium衰减attenuation衰减区域attenuator region衰减子attenuator双倒数作图法double reciprocal plot双链duplex1,6-双磷酸果糖1,6-fructose-biphosphate,F-1,6-2P双螺旋double helix双色荧光探针杂交系统wo-color fluorescent probe hybridization 双缩脲反应biuret reaction双向复制bidirectional replication双性α-螺旋amphipathicαhelix水解酶类hydrolases水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin顺反子cistron顺式cis顺式作用元件cis-acting element瞬时转染transient transfection丝氨酸磷脂phosphatidyl serine丝甘蛋白聚糖serglycin四级结构quaternary structure四膜虫tetrahymena四氢叶酸tetrahydrofolic acid, FH4 or THFA松弛酶relaxing enzyme松弛态relaxed state酸性激活域acidic activation domain随从链lagging strandDNA损伤DNA damage羧基末端carboxyl terminal羧基末端结构域carboxyl terminal domain, CTD羧基肽酶A carboxypeptidase A肽peptide肽单元peptide unit肽-脯氨酰顺反异构酶peptide prolyl cis-trans isomerase,PPI肽核酸peptide nucleic acid, PNA肽酶peptidase肽酰位peptidyl site肽转位复合物peptide translocation complex 糖蛋白glycoprotein糖复合物glycoconjugates糖苷键glycosidic bondDNA糖苷酶DNA glyclsidase糖酵解glycolysis糖尿病hyperglycemia and glucosuria糖型glycoform糖异生gluconeogenesis糖异生途径gluconeogenic pathway糖原glycogen糖原储存疾病glycogen storage disease糖原分解branching enzyme,glycogenolysis 糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原累积症Calmodulin套索RNA lariat RNA特异位点重组site-specific recombination特异转录因子special transcription factors体内试验,直接体内疗法in vivo体外试验,试管内in vitro体细胞somatic cell体细胞基因治疗somatic cell gene therapy 天冬酰胺asparagine铁硫簇iron-sulfur cluster, Fe-S铁硫蛋白iron-sulfur protein通用性universal同二聚体homodimer同工酶isoenzyme同型半胱氨酸homocysteine同源homolog同源重组homologous recombination3-酮基二氢鞘氨醇3-ketodihydrosphingosine 酮体ketone bodiesα-酮戊二酸α- ketoglutatrateα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex体透明质酸hyaluronic acid透析dialysis突变mutation推荐名称recommended name退火anneal,annealing脱水酶dehydrase脱羧基作用decarboxylation脱羧酶decarboxyase脱氧胞苷deoxycytidine脱氧胞苷酸deoxycytidine monophosphate, dCMP脱氧单磷酸核苷deoxynucleotide monophosphate,dNMP脱氧胆酸deoxycholic acid脱氧核苷deoxyribonucleoside脱氧核苷酸deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, dNMP 脱氧核酶deoxyribozyme脱氧核糖核苷酸deoxynucleotide脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA脱氧鸟苷deoxyguanosine脱氧鸟苷酸deoxyguanosine monophosphate, dGMP脱氧三磷酸核苷deoxynucleotide triphosphate,dNTP脱氧腺苷deoxyadenosine脱氧腺苷酸deoxyadenosine monophosphate, dAMP脱支酶glycogen phosphorylaseDNA拓扑异构酶DNA topoisomerase唾液酸酶neuraminidase外肽酶exopeptidase外显子exon网络系统networkDNA微点阵DNA microarray微粒体乙醇氧化系统microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, MEOS 微团micelles 微纤维fibrilDNA微阵列DNA microarray维生素vitamin胃蛋白酶pepsin胃蛋白酶原pepsinogencDNA文库cDNA library稳定转染stable transfection无规卷曲random coil无嘌呤/嘧啶核苷酸apurinic/apyuimidinic acids,AP 物理图physical map物理作图physical mapping吸光率absorbance,A稀有碱基rare bases系统名称systematic name细胞癌基因cellular-oncogene,c-onc细胞色素cytochrome, Cyt细胞色素C cytochrome C细胞色素P450Cytochrome P450,Cyt P450细胞特异性cell specificity细胞外基质extracellular matrixc,ECM细胞周期cell cycle细胞周期蛋白cyclin细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶cyclin dependent kinase,CDK 下调down regulation纤连蛋白fibronectin, Fn纤维蛋白fibrin纤维蛋白溶酶原plasminogen纤维蛋白原fibrinogen酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein, ACP显微注射microinjection线粒体DNA mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA线粒体孔蛋白mitochondrial porin限速酶limiting velocity enzymes限制性内切核酸酶restriction endonuclease限制性片段长度多态性restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP 限制–修饰体系restriction-modification system腺病毒adeno-virus, AV腺病毒相关病毒adeno-associated virus, AAV腺苷adenosineS-腺苷甲硫氨酸S-adenosyl methionine, SAM腺苷酸环化酶adenyl cyclase,adenylate cyclase,AC腺苷酸转运蛋白adenine nucleotide transporter腺苷脱氨酶adenosine deaminase,ADA腺嘌呤adenine,A相变异phase variation相对特异性relative specificityTBP相关因子TBP-associated factor, TAF相似性similarity相转变phase variation硝基还原酶类nitroreductase硝酸纤维素nitrocellulose , NC小分子核糖核蛋白体small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, snRNP 小沟minor groove小片段干涉RNA small interfering RNA,siRNA小叶中心带centrolobular zone校读proofread协调表达coordinate expression协调调节coordinate regulation心磷脂cardiolipin心钠素arrionatriuretic peptide, ANPcDNA芯片cDNA chipDNA芯片DNA chip锌指结构zinc finger。
生化英文名词解析这是旭哥整理的〜一.糖代谢1.glycolysis:糖酵解，在缺氧条件下，葡萄糖分解成乳酸并释放能量的过程。
称糖酵解。
2.gluconeogenesise:糖界牛，从非糖物质形成葡萄糖称为糖界牛作用。
3.pentose phosphate pathway:磷酸戊糖途径，是除糖酵解生成丙酮酸进入TCA循环氧化供能的糖代谢主要途径外的另一主要途径。
这条途径产生磷酸戊糖和NADPH O（书上我自己总结的话。
）葡萄糖在动物组织中降解代谢的重要途径之一。
其循环过程中，磷酸己糖先氧化脱竣形成磷酸戊糖及NADPH,磷酸戊糖又可重排转变为多种磷酸糖酯；NADPH则参与脂质等的合成，磷酸戊糖是核糖来源，参与核苜酸等合成。
（another百度百科）4.glycogenolysis:®原分解，糖原先分解成6■磷酸葡萄糖，在肌肉中进入酵解途径，在肝中经6■磷酸葡萄糖磷酸酶催化水解为葡萄糖，释放至血液的过程称为糖原分解。
（表信我==）5.glycogenesis:糖原合成，由很多磷酸化的葡萄糖经过一步步酶促反应最后生成糖原的过程叫糖原合成。
（一定表信我二二）6.Oxidative Phosphorylation:氧化磷酸化，代谢物氧化脱氢，经呼吸链传递给氧牛成水，同时释放能量，使ADP磷酸化生成ATP,氧化与磷酸化偶联。
7.aerobic oxidation：糖的有氧氧化，葡萄糖或糖原在有氧条件下彻底氧化成出0和C02,同时释放出能量的过程，这是糖氧化的主要方式。
8.tricarboxylic acid cycle：三竣酸循环，又称柠檬酸循环或Kreb循环，rti—系列反应组成。
因反应途径以生成三个竣基的柠檬酸开始，故名三竣酸循环。
ctate cycle （Cori cycle）：乳酸循环，肌肉收缩通过糖酵解主成乳酸，乳酸经血液入肝，在肝内异生为葡萄糖，葡萄糖进入血液后又可被肌肉摄取,此循坏称为乳酸循坏（Cori循环）。
Metabolism 新陈代谢assimilation 同化作用catabolism 异化作用metabolite 代谢产物In vitro 活体外实验in vivo 活体内实验antimetabolite 抗代谢物enzyme inhibitor 酶的抑制剂energy metabolism 能量代谢free energy 自由能first law thermodynamics 热力学第一定律entropy 熵energy bond 键能adenosine triphosphate ATP P anhydride bond 磷酸酐键creatine phosphate 肌酸磷酸creatine kinase 肌酸激酶coenzyme A 辅酶 A biological oxidation 生物氧化respiratory chain 呼吸链coenzyme-Q 辅酶Q cytochrome Cyt 细胞色素standard oxidation-reduction potential 标准氧化还原电位rotenone 鱼藤酮amytal 安密妥antimycin 抗霉素A cyanide 氰化物carbon monoxide CO carboxin 萎锈灵oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化作用chemical coupling hypothesis 化学偶联学说conformational hypothesis 构象变化学说chemiosmotic hypothesis 化学渗透学说debranching enzyme 脱支酶glycolysis 糖酵解pyruvic acid 丙酮酸acetyl-coenzyme A 乙酰辅酶A glucose-6-phosphate 葡糖-6-磷酸glucokinase 己糖激酶phosphofructokinase 果糖磷酸激酶fructose-1，6-bisphosphate 果糖-1，6-二磷酸aldolase 醛缩酶dihydroxyacetone phosphate 二羟丙酮磷酸glyceraldaldehyde-3-phosphate 甘油醛-3-磷酸triose phosphate isomerase 丙糖磷酸异构酶1，3-bisphosphoglycerate 1，3-BPG ：甘油-1，3-二磷酸glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-PG：甘油酸-3-磷酸2-phosphoglycerate 2-PG：甘油酸-2-磷酸phosphoenolpyruvate 烯醇丙酮酸磷酸pyruvate kinase 丙酮酸激酶latctic acid 乳酸alchohol dehydrogenase 乙醇脱氢酶acetalde hyde 乙醛pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 丙酮酸脱氢酶系pyruvate decarboxylase E1：丙酮酸脱氢酶lipoic acid acetyltransferase E2：二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydro lipoic acid cycle dehydrogenase E3：二硫辛酸脱氢酶系oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸tricarboxylic acid cycle TCA：三羧酸循环citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环citrate 柠檬酸cis-aconitase 顺乌头酸isocitrate 异柠檬酸isocitrate dehydrogenase 异柠檬酸脱氢酶α-ketoglutarateα-酮戊二酸succinyl CoA 琥珀酰CoA succinyl thiokionase 琥珀酸硫激酶succinic acid 琥珀酸fumarate 延胡索酸succinate dehydrogenase 琥珀酸脱氢酶malate 苹果酸pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 丙酮酸脱氢酶系citrate synthase 柠檬酸合酶isocitrate dehydrogenase 异柠檬酸脱氢酶α-ketoglutarte dehydrogenase complexα-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系glyoxylate cycle 乙醛酸循环malate synthase 苹果酸合酶pentose phosphate pathway 戊糖磷酸途径transketolase 转酮醇酶transaldolase 转醛醇酶glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶ribose-5-phosphate 核糖-5-磷酸erythrose-4-phosphate 赤藓糖-4-磷酸glucuronic acid cycle 葡糖醛酸途径Glycogen synthase 糖原合酶Uridine triphosphate UTP Pyruvate carboxylase 丙酮酸羧化酶Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 烯醇丙酮酸磷酸羧激酶Phosphoenolpyruvate 烯醇丙酮酸磷酸Triglyceride 脂肪、三酰甘油、甘油三酯B-oxidation B-氧化Fatty acid 脂肪酸acyl CoA synthetase 脂酰辅酶A fatty acid thiokinase 脂肪酸硫激酶inorganic pyrophosphatase 无机焦磷酸酶carnitine 肉碱carnitine acyltransferase 肉碱脂酰转移酶methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase 甲基丙二酰辅酶A差向异构酶cricarboxylate transport system 三羧酸转运系统acetyl CoAcarboxylase 乙酰辅酶A羧化酶acyl carrier protein 酰基载体蛋白phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸essential fatty acid 必需脂肪酸base-exchange enzyme 碱基交换酶cholesterol 胆固醇essential amino acid 必需氨基酸ubiquitin 泛素UPS 泛素系统Proteasome 蛋白酶体N-end rule N-末端规则Deamination 脱氨基作用Oxidative deaminotion 氧化脱氨基作用Transamination 转氨基作用GOT 谷草转氨酶GPT 谷丙转氨酶AST 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶ALT 丙氨酸氨基转移酶Pyridoxal-5’-phosphate 吡哆醛-5’-磷酸Pyridoxamine-5’-phosphate 吡哆胺-5’-磷酸L-glutamate dehydrogenase L-谷氨酸脱氢酶Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Purine nucleotide 嘌呤核苷酸循环Decarboxylation 脱羧作用Glucose alanine cycle 葡萄糖-丙氨酸循环Orinithine cycle 鸟氨酸循环Urea cycle 尿素循环Krebs bicycle 尿素-柠檬酸双循环Glucogenic amino acids 生糖氨基酸Ketogenic amino acids 生酮氨基酸Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids 生糖兼生酮氨基酸PRPP 5’-磷酸核糖焦磷酸One carbon unit 一碳单位。
英汉互译：1.肽：Peptide2.结构域：domain3.变性：denaturation4.碱基：base5.双螺旋：double helix6.酶：enzyme7.核酶：ribozyme8.酶原：zymogen9.同工酶：isoenzyme10.变构调节：allosteric regulation11.共价修饰调节：covalent modification12.呼吸链：respiratory chain13.氧化磷酸化：oxidative phosphorylation14.葡萄糖：glucose15.糖酵解：glycolysis16.有氧氧化：aerobic oxidation17.三羧酸循环：tricarboxylic acid cycl18.柠檬酸循环：citrate cycle19.磷酸戊糖途径：pentose phosphate pathway20.糖原：glycogen21.糖异生：gluconeogenesis22.血糖：blood sugar23.脂类：lipid24.甘油三酯：triglyceride25.磷脂：phospholipid26.胆固醇: cholesterol27.脂蛋白：lipoprotein28.脂肪酸：fatty acid29.酮体：ketone bodies30.乳糜微粒：chylomicra, CM31.极低密度脂蛋白：very low density lipoprotein, VLDL32.低密度脂蛋白：low density lipoprotein, LDL33.高密度脂蛋白：high density lipoprotein, HDL34.转氨基作用：Transamination35.关键酶：key enzyme36.半保留复制：semiconservative replication37.端粒：telomere38.逆转录酶：reverse transcriptase39.编码链：coding strand40.外显子：exon41.内含子：intron42.剪接：splicing43.启动子：promoter44.反密码子：anticodon45.信号肽：signal peptide46.翻译：translation47.遗传密码：genetic code48.生物转化：biotransformation49.胆汁酸：bile acid50.蛋白激酶：protein kinase名词解释（50个）1.结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。
生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总第一部分：糖类1.糖（Saccharide）：糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
2.单糖（monosaccharide）：也称简单糖，不能被水解成更小分子的糖类，是多羟醛或多羟酮。
常见的单糖有葡萄糖（Glucose）、果糖（Fructose）、半乳糖（galactose）。
3.寡糖（oligosaccharide）：又称低聚糖，是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。
可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。
4.二糖（disaccharide）：又称双糖，是最简单的寡糖，由2个分子单糖缩合而成。
常见的二糖有蔗糖（sucrose）、乳糖（lactose）、麦芽糖（maltose）。
5.多糖（polysaccharide）：由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。
6.同多糖（homopolysaccharide）由同一种单糖聚合而成，如淀粉（starch）、糖原（glycogen）、纤维素（cellulose）。
7.杂多糖（heteropolysaccharide）有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成，如透明质酸（hyaluronic acid,HA）、肝素（heparin,Hp）等。
8.糖胺聚糖（glycosaminoglycan,GAG）又称粘多糖，氨基多糖和酸性多糖。
是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。
例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。
9.蛋白聚糖（proteoglycan）：由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成，糖含量可超过95%。
主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织，构成细胞间质。
由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷，在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性，具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。
10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein)：短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物，其总体性质更接近蛋白质。
糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。
11.糖脂（glycolipid）12.脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide）第二部分脂质1.脂质：lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。
供学生使用的《生物化学》重要术语中英语对照碳水化合物（carbohydrate）单糖（monosaccharide）寡糖（oligosaccharide）多糖（polysaccharide）醛糖（aldose）酮糖（ketose）蔗糖（sucrose）乳糖（lactose）麦芽糖（maltose）纤维二糖（cellobiose）多糖（polysaccharides）淀粉（starch）直链淀粉（amylose）支链淀粉（amylopectin）纤维素（cellulose）半纤维素（hemicellulose）糖原（glycogen）几丁质（chitin）糖胺聚糖（glycosaminolgycan）脂类（lipids）脂肪酸（fatty acid）甘油三酯（glycerol triester）亲水脂类（amphipathic lipids）蜡（wax）磷酸甘油脂（phosphoglyceride）甘油磷脂（glycerophospholipid）磷脂酰胆碱（phosphatidylcholine）磷脂酰乙醇胺（phosphatidylethanolamine）磷脂酰丝氨酸（phoshatidylserine）磷脂酰肌醇（phosphatidylinositol, PI）肌醇三磷酸（inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate，IP3）二脂酰甘油（diacylglycerol，DAG）磷脂酸（phosphatidic acid，PA）磷脂酶A2（phospholipase A2，PLA2）磷脂酶C（phospholipase C，PLC）磷脂酶D（phospholipase D，PLD）溶血磷脂(1ysophospholipid)鞘磷脂（sphingomyelin）神经酰胺（ceramide）类固醇（steroids）萜类（terpenes）胆固醇（cholesterol）麦角固醇（ergosterol）蛋白质protein简单蛋白质simple protein氨基酸amino acid结合蛋白质conjugated protein多肽polypeptide肽peptide肽键peptide bond介电常数dielectric constant范德华力van der waals force层析法chromatography吸附层析法adsorption chromatography分配系数partition or distribution confficient活性肽active peptide二硫键disulfide bond兼性离子zwitterion一级结构primary structure疏水效应hydrophobic effectSDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE毛细管电泳（capillary eletrophoresis, CE）离子交换层析ion exchange chromatography 同源蛋白homologous protein构象conformation构象角conformatiomal angle糖脂（glycolipid）糖基甘油酯（glycosylglyceride）鞘糖脂（glycosphingolipid）脑苷脂（cerebroside）N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid）神经节苷脂（ganglioside）硫酸脑苷脂（cerebroside sulfate）糖蛋白（glycoproteins）蛋白聚糖（proteoglycans）生物膜（biomembrane）膜脂（membrane lipids）膜蛋白（membrane proteins）脂质双层分子（lipid bilayers）外周蛋白（peripheral protein）外源性（extrinsic protein）内在蛋白（integral protein）内源性蛋白（intrinsic protein）跨膜蛋白（transmembrane proteins）流动镶嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）简单扩散（simple diffusion）协助扩散（facilitated diffusion）被动运输（passive transport）主动运输（active transport）介导性运输（mediated transport）非介导性运输（nonmediated transport）载体蛋白（carrier protein）通道蛋白（channel protein）离子通道（ionic channel）离子载体（ionophore）内吞作用（endocytosis）胞饮作用”（pinocytosis）外排作用（exocytosis）基团转移（group translocation）脂蛋白（lipoprotein）染色体（chromosome）染色质（chromatin）组蛋白（histone）核小体（nucleosome）病毒（virus）噬菌体（bacteriophage或简称phage）变性denaturation沉降系数（S）Svedberg(S)抗体antibody亲和层析法affinity chromatography盐溶salting in盐析salting out二级结构secondary structure三级结构tertiary structureα-螺旋α-helix超二级结构super-secondaery structure 结构域structure domain氢键hydrogen bend疏水相互作用hydrophoblic interaction 肌红蛋白myoglobin寡聚蛋白质oligomeric protein无规则卷曲randon coil复性renaturation镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anermia 酶（enzyme）酶的专一性（specificity）单体酶（monomeric enzyme）寡聚酶（oligomeric enzyme）多酶复合体系（multienzyme system）酶活性中心（active center of enzyme）催化基团（catalytic site）酶原（zymogen or proenzyme）诱导契合（induced-fit theory）抗体酶（abzyme）酸碱催化（acid-base catalysis）共价催化(covalent catalysis)激活剂（activator）抑制剂（inhibitor）可逆抑制（reversible inhibition）竞争性抑制作用（competitive inhibition）非竞争性抑制作用（noncompetitive inhibition）调节酶（modulator）别构酶（allosteric enzyme）同配位效应（isosteric effect）变构效应（allosteric effect）变构激活（allosteric activation ）正协同效应（positive cooperative effect）负协同效应（negative cooperative effect）效应物（effector）维生素（vitamin）维生素缺少症（avitaminosis）调节中心（regulatory center）催化亚基（catalytic subunit）调节亚基（regulatory subunit）诱导酶（induced enzyme）结构酶（structural enzyme）核酶（ribozyme）辅酶（coenzyme）比活力（specific activity）脱氧核酶（deoxyribozyme）酶工程（enzyme engineering）酶纯度（purity of enzyme）酶活力（enzyme activity）α-淀粉酶（α-amylase）β-淀粉酶（β-amylase）脱支酶（debranching enzyme）淀粉的磷酸化酶（amylophosphorylase）糖酵解（glycolysis）三羧酸循环（tricarboxylic acid cycle，TCA）磷酸戊糖途径（pentose phosphate pathway，PPP）生物氧化（biological oxidation）烟酰胺脱氢酶类（nicotinamide dehydrogenase）黄素脱氢酶类（flavin dehydrogenase）铁硫蛋白类（iron-sulfur protein）泛醌（ubiquinone）细胞色素类（cytochromes）细胞色素氧化酶（cytochromeoxidase）鱼藤酮（rotenone）安密妥（amytal）杀粉蝶菌素（piericidine）抗霉素A（antimycin A）底物水平磷酸化（substrate-level phosphorylation）氧化磷酸化（oxidative phosphorylation）化学渗透假说（chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis）化学偶联假说（chemical coupling hypothesis）构象偶联假说（conformational coupling hypothesis）甘油-磷酸穿梭途径（glycerophosphate shuttle）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭途径（malate- aspartate shuttle）异柠檬酸穿梭途径（isocitrate shuttle）能荷（energy charge）肉碱（肉毒碱，carnitine）乙醛酸体（乙醛酸循环体，glyoxysome）乙醛酸循环（glyoxylate cycle）酮体（ketone bodies）饱和脂肪酸的从头合成（de novo synthesis）谷氨酸脱氢酶（glutamate dehydrogenase, GDH）转氨基作用（transamination）转氨酶（transaminase）磷酸吡哆醛（pyridoxal phosphate，PLP）谷丙转氨酶（glutamic pyruvic transaminase，GPT或alanine transaminase，ALT）谷草转氨酶（glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase，GOT或aspartate transaminase，AST）γ-谷氨酰-半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-glutamyl systeine synthetase，γ-ECS）谷胱甘肽（glutathione）谷胱甘肽合成酶（glutathione synthetase）生物固氮（biological nitrogen fixation）固氮酶（nitrogenase）自身固氮微生物（diazatrophs）共生固氮微生物（symbiotic microorganism）硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase，NR）亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase，NiR）谷氨酸合酶（glutamate: oxo-glutarate aminotransferase，GOGA T）谷氨酰胺合成酶（glutamine synthetase，GS）腺苷-5'-磷酸硫酸酐（adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，APS）3'-磷酸腺酐-5'-磷酰硫酸（3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate，PAPS）5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸（phosphoribosyl pyrophosphaet，PRPP）天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶（aspartate trsnscarbamoy lase）腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（adenine phosphoribosyl fransferase，APRT）黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase，HGPRT）谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase，GR）谷氧还蛋白（glutaredoxin）谷氧还蛋白还原酶（glutaredoxin reductase）胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合酶（thymidylate synthase）DNA复制（DNA replication）中心法则（central dogma）冈崎片段（Okazaki fragement）前导链（leading strand）滞后链（lagging strand）引物（primer）复制叉（replication fork）半保留式复制（semiconservative replication）模板（template）反转录（reverse transcription）转换（transition）颠换（transversion）错配修复（mismatch repair）核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair）碱基切除修复（base excision repair）同源重组（homologous recombination）特异性重组（site-specific recombination）转座子（transposon）启动子（promoter）限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease ）修饰（modification）单链结合蛋白（single stranded binding proteins, SSB）遗传密码（genetic code）读码框架（reading frame）移码突变（frame-shift mutation）简并性（degeneracy）同义密码子（synonymous codon）起始密码子（initiatlon codon）终止密码子（termination codon）摆动假说（wobble hypothesis)同功受体tRNA（isoaccepting tRNA）反密码子（anticodon）多核糖体（polyribisome）氨酰-tRNA合成酶（aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase）Shine –Dalgarno序列（Shine –Dalgarno sequence）起始因子（initiation factor）延伸因子（elongation factor）释放因子（release factor）转肽（transpeptidation）移位（translocation）分子伴侣（molecular chapeones）共翻译转移（co-translational translocation）翻译后转移（post-translational translocation）信号肽（signal sequence）信号识别颗粒（signal recognition particle SPR）代谢（metabolism）代谢调节（metabolic regulation）共价修饰（covalent modification）反馈抑制（feedback inhibition）操纵子模型（operon model）衰减作用（attenuation）级联放大作用（amplification cascade）变（别）构效应（allosteric effect）诱导和阻遏（induction and repression）蛋白激酶C （protein kinase C，PKC）第二信使（second messenger）受体（receptor）G 蛋白（guanosine triphosphate-binding protein）信号转导（signal transduction）钙调素（calmodulin，CaM）磷酯酶（phospholipase C，PLC）。
