miRBase tools for microRNA genomics
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D154–D158NucleicAcidsResearch,2008,Vol.36,DatabaseissuePublishedonline8November2007
doi:10.1093/nar/gkm952
miRBase:toolsformicroRNAgenomics
SamGriffiths-Jones1,*,HarpreetKaurSaini2,StijnvanDongen2andAntonJ.Enright2
1FacultyofLifeSciences,UniversityofManchester,MichaelSmithBuilding,OxfordRoad,Manchester,
M139PTand2TheWellcomeTrustSangerInstitute,WellcomeTrustGenomeCampus,Hinxton,
Cambridge,CB101SA,Hinxton,UK
ReceivedSeptember14,2007;RevisedOctober10,2007;AcceptedOctober16,2007
ABSTRACT
miRBaseisthecentralonlinerepositoryfor
microRNA(miRNA)nomenclature,sequencedata,
annotationandtargetprediction.Thecurrent
release(10.0)contains5071miRNAlocifrom58
species,expressing5922distinctmaturemiRNA
sequences:agrowthofover2000sequencesinthe
past2years.miRBaseprovidesarangeofdatato
facilitatestudiesofmiRNAgenomics:allmiRNAs
aremappedtotheirgenomiccoordinates.Clusters
ofmiRNAsequencesinthegenomearehighlighted,
andcanbedefinedandretrievedwithanyinter-
miRNAdistance.TheoverlapofmiRNAsequences
withannotatedtranscripts,bothprotein-andnon-
coding,aredescribed.Finally,graphicalviewsof
thelocationsofawiderangeofgenomicfeatures
inmodelorganismsallowforthefirsttimethe
predictionofthelikelyboundariesofmanymiRNA
primarytranscripts.miRBaseisavailableathttp://
microrna.sanger.ac.uk/.
INTRODUCTION
MicroRNAs(miRNAs)areshortRNAsequences
expressedfromlongertranscriptsencodedinanimal,
plantandvirusgenomes,andrecentlydiscoveredina
single-celledeukaryote(1,2).miRNAsregulatethe
expressionoftargetgenesbybindingtocomplemen-
tarysitesintheirtranscriptstocausetranslational
repressionortranscriptdegradation(3).Translational
repressionisthoughttobetheprimarymechanismfor
imperfecttargetduplexesinanimals,withtranscript
degradationthedominantmechanismforlargelyperfect
matchesfoundthroughoutplanttargettranscripts.
miRNAshavebeenimplicatedinprocessesand
pathwayssuchasdevelopment,cellproliferation,
apoptosis,metabolismandmorphogenesis,andindiseases
includingcancer(4,5).miRBaseistheprimaryrepositoryanddatabase
resourceformiRNAdata.Thedatabasehasthreemain
functions:
(i)miRBase::Registryprovidesaconfidentialservice
fortheindependentassignmentofnamestonovel
miRNAgenespriortotheirpublicationinpeer-
reviewedjournals.Over70publicationsdescribing
novelmiRNAgeneshavemadeuseofthisservice,
andregistrationisarequirementofmanyjournals.
(ii)miRBase::SequencesprovidesmiRNAsequencedata,
annotation,referencesandlinkstootherresourcesfor
allpublishedmiRNAs.Thedatabase(release10.0)
containsover5000sequencesfrom58species.
(iii)miRBase::Targetsprovidesanautomatedpipelinefor
thepredictionoftargetsforallpublishedanimal
miRNAs.Thecurrentreleaseofthedatabase(v5)
predictstargetsinover500000transcriptsfor
allmiRNAsin24species.Thetargetprediction
pipelineandalgorithmshavebeendescribedelsewhere
(6,7).
ThemiRNAnomenclatureschemehasbeenpresented
anddiscussedpreviously(6,8,9).NovelmiRNAsrequire
cloningorexpressionevidence,andshouldbesubmitted
onlyafteramanuscriptdescribingtheiridentification
isacceptedforpublication.Assignednamesshouldthen
beincorporatedintothefinalversionofthemanuscript
priortopublication.ObvioushomologuesofmiRNAs
validatedincloselyrelatedspeciesneednotbeexperi-
mentallyverifiedandmaybesubmittedatanytime.
Primaryfeaturesofthenomenclatureschemeare:
(i)ThemiRNAnamecontainsathreeorfourletter
speciesprefixandanumericsuffix(e.g.hsa-mir-212).
(ii)AmaturemiRNAsequencemaybepredictedto
beexpressedfrommorethanonehairpinprecursor
locus,denotedwithfurthernumericsuffixes
(e.g.dme-mir-6-1anddme-mir-6-2).
(iii)Relatedhairpinlociexpressingrelatedmature
miRNAsequenceshaveletteredsuffixes(e.g.
mmu-mir-181aandmmu-mir-181b).
*Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Tel:+441612755673;Fax:+441612755082;Email:sam.griffiths-jones@manchester.ac.uk
ß2007TheAuthor(s)ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionNon-CommercialLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/)whichpermitsunrestrictednon-commercialuse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. by guest on September 5, 2011nar.oxfordjournals.orgDownloaded from (iv)PlantmiRNAgenesaregivennamesoftheform
ath-MIR166a.Letteredsuffixesdescribedistinctloci
expressingallrelatedmaturemiRNAs;numeric
suffixesarenotused.
(v)ViralmiRNAnamesconventionallyrelatetothe
locusfromwhichthemiRNAderives(e.g.ebv-mir-
BART1fromtheEpsteinBarrvirusBARTlocus).
However,itisimportanttonotethatashortname
cannotalwaysencodecomplexinformationsuchas
orthologyandparalogyrelationships.Insomecases,the
shortnameisapragmaticchoicethatisthemost
consistentofconflictingrepresentationsofthesesequence
relationships.Whilethenamesprovideaguideoffamily
andfunction,theyshouldnotthereforeberelieduponto
conferanycomplexmeaning.Instead,dedicatedfieldsin