miRBase tools for microRNA genomics

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D154–D158NucleicAcidsResearch,2008,Vol.36,DatabaseissuePublishedonline8November2007

doi:10.1093/nar/gkm952

miRBase:toolsformicroRNAgenomics

SamGriffiths-Jones1,*,HarpreetKaurSaini2,StijnvanDongen2andAntonJ.Enright2

1FacultyofLifeSciences,UniversityofManchester,MichaelSmithBuilding,OxfordRoad,Manchester,

M139PTand2TheWellcomeTrustSangerInstitute,WellcomeTrustGenomeCampus,Hinxton,

Cambridge,CB101SA,Hinxton,UK

ReceivedSeptember14,2007;RevisedOctober10,2007;AcceptedOctober16,2007

ABSTRACT

miRBaseisthecentralonlinerepositoryfor

microRNA(miRNA)nomenclature,sequencedata,

annotationandtargetprediction.Thecurrent

release(10.0)contains5071miRNAlocifrom58

species,expressing5922distinctmaturemiRNA

sequences:agrowthofover2000sequencesinthe

past2years.miRBaseprovidesarangeofdatato

facilitatestudiesofmiRNAgenomics:allmiRNAs

aremappedtotheirgenomiccoordinates.Clusters

ofmiRNAsequencesinthegenomearehighlighted,

andcanbedefinedandretrievedwithanyinter-

miRNAdistance.TheoverlapofmiRNAsequences

withannotatedtranscripts,bothprotein-andnon-

coding,aredescribed.Finally,graphicalviewsof

thelocationsofawiderangeofgenomicfeatures

inmodelorganismsallowforthefirsttimethe

predictionofthelikelyboundariesofmanymiRNA

primarytranscripts.miRBaseisavailableathttp://

microrna.sanger.ac.uk/.

INTRODUCTION

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)areshortRNAsequences

expressedfromlongertranscriptsencodedinanimal,

plantandvirusgenomes,andrecentlydiscoveredina

single-celledeukaryote(1,2).miRNAsregulatethe

expressionoftargetgenesbybindingtocomplemen-

tarysitesintheirtranscriptstocausetranslational

repressionortranscriptdegradation(3).Translational

repressionisthoughttobetheprimarymechanismfor

imperfecttargetduplexesinanimals,withtranscript

degradationthedominantmechanismforlargelyperfect

matchesfoundthroughoutplanttargettranscripts.

miRNAshavebeenimplicatedinprocessesand

pathwayssuchasdevelopment,cellproliferation,

apoptosis,metabolismandmorphogenesis,andindiseases

includingcancer(4,5).miRBaseistheprimaryrepositoryanddatabase

resourceformiRNAdata.Thedatabasehasthreemain

functions:

(i)miRBase::Registryprovidesaconfidentialservice

fortheindependentassignmentofnamestonovel

miRNAgenespriortotheirpublicationinpeer-

reviewedjournals.Over70publicationsdescribing

novelmiRNAgeneshavemadeuseofthisservice,

andregistrationisarequirementofmanyjournals.

(ii)miRBase::SequencesprovidesmiRNAsequencedata,

annotation,referencesandlinkstootherresourcesfor

allpublishedmiRNAs.Thedatabase(release10.0)

containsover5000sequencesfrom58species.

(iii)miRBase::Targetsprovidesanautomatedpipelinefor

thepredictionoftargetsforallpublishedanimal

miRNAs.Thecurrentreleaseofthedatabase(v5)

predictstargetsinover500000transcriptsfor

allmiRNAsin24species.Thetargetprediction

pipelineandalgorithmshavebeendescribedelsewhere

(6,7).

ThemiRNAnomenclatureschemehasbeenpresented

anddiscussedpreviously(6,8,9).NovelmiRNAsrequire

cloningorexpressionevidence,andshouldbesubmitted

onlyafteramanuscriptdescribingtheiridentification

isacceptedforpublication.Assignednamesshouldthen

beincorporatedintothefinalversionofthemanuscript

priortopublication.ObvioushomologuesofmiRNAs

validatedincloselyrelatedspeciesneednotbeexperi-

mentallyverifiedandmaybesubmittedatanytime.

Primaryfeaturesofthenomenclatureschemeare:

(i)ThemiRNAnamecontainsathreeorfourletter

speciesprefixandanumericsuffix(e.g.hsa-mir-212).

(ii)AmaturemiRNAsequencemaybepredictedto

beexpressedfrommorethanonehairpinprecursor

locus,denotedwithfurthernumericsuffixes

(e.g.dme-mir-6-1anddme-mir-6-2).

(iii)Relatedhairpinlociexpressingrelatedmature

miRNAsequenceshaveletteredsuffixes(e.g.

mmu-mir-181aandmmu-mir-181b).

*Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Tel:+441612755673;Fax:+441612755082;Email:sam.griffiths-jones@manchester.ac.uk

ß2007TheAuthor(s)ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionNon-CommercialLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/)whichpermitsunrestrictednon-commercialuse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. by guest on September 5, 2011nar.oxfordjournals.orgDownloaded from (iv)PlantmiRNAgenesaregivennamesoftheform

ath-MIR166a.Letteredsuffixesdescribedistinctloci

expressingallrelatedmaturemiRNAs;numeric

suffixesarenotused.

(v)ViralmiRNAnamesconventionallyrelatetothe

locusfromwhichthemiRNAderives(e.g.ebv-mir-

BART1fromtheEpsteinBarrvirusBARTlocus).

However,itisimportanttonotethatashortname

cannotalwaysencodecomplexinformationsuchas

orthologyandparalogyrelationships.Insomecases,the

shortnameisapragmaticchoicethatisthemost

consistentofconflictingrepresentationsofthesesequence

relationships.Whilethenamesprovideaguideoffamily

andfunction,theyshouldnotthereforeberelieduponto

conferanycomplexmeaning.Instead,dedicatedfieldsin