从翻译能力到译者能力
摘要：翻译是个复杂的认知过程，也是一门复杂的跨学科研究领域。翻译领域硕果累累，越来越高深。本文试图从浅显的翻译教学出发谈翻译能力与译者能力，并对教学中如何调控翻译学习与语言学习进行了思考，指出翻译教学中应有意识地区分翻译能力与译者能力，并应循序渐进地将对翻译能力的提高扩充到对译者能力的认识与培养。
关键词：翻译能力；译者能力；翻译教学
中图分类号：h059文献标识码：a文章编号：1009-0118（2013）02-0363-02
普遍认为翻译教学从属于外语教学，或者直接认为翻译就是外语教学。不论是专业英语还是英语专业，不论是高年级还是低年级水平，只要是翻译便采取传统的教学方法，传授常用的翻译技巧，增减法、拆合法、倒置法等等。区分翻译教学与教学翻译是培养翻译能力与译者能力的前提条件。翻译实践中由于人们对这两个概念的认识不够，关注程度存在差别，在教学中不分主次地位，而造成对学生翻译能力培养的影响。如何提高学习者的翻译能力应从明确翻译教学与教学翻译以及翻译能力与译者能力的区别开始。
一、翻译教学与教学翻译
人们常很自然地把教学翻译和翻译教学混为一谈，而其实两者有明显区别。翻译活动作为表达和交流活动，已经超越了语言的界限。从语言的角度来说，掌握一种语言就是要把这个语言的词汇和
翻译三级笔译实务模拟27 Section Ⅰ English Chinese Translation 1、As the importance of recycling becomes more apparent, questions about it linger. Is it worth the effort? How does it work? Is recycling waste just going into a landfill in China? Here are some answers. It is an awful lot of rubbish. Since 1960 the amount of municipal waste being collected in America has nearly tripled, reaching 245m tonnes in 2005. According to European Union statistics, the amount of municipal waste produced in western Europe increased by 23% between 1995 and 2003, to reach 577kg per person. (So much for the plan to reduce waste per person to 300kg by 2000.) As the volume of waste has increased, so have recycling efforts. In 1980 America recycled only 9.6% of its municipal rubbish ; today the rate stands at 32%. A similar trend can be seen in Europe, where some countries, such as Austria and the Netherlands, now recycle 60% or more of their municipal waste. Britain's recycling rate, at 27%, is low, but it is improving fast, having nearly doubled in the past three years. Even so, when a city introduces a kerbside recycling programme, the sight of all those recycling lorries trundling around can raise doubts about whether the collection and transportation of waste materials requires more energy than it saves. "We are constantly being asked: Is recycling worth doing on environmental grounds?" says Julian Parfitt, principal analyst at Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP), a non-profit British company that encourages recycling and develops markets for recycled materials. Studies that look at the entire life cycle of a particular material can shed light on this question in a particular case, but WRAP decided to take a broader look. It asked the Technical University of Denmark and the Danish Topic Centre on Waste to conduct a review of 55 life-cycle analyses, all of which were selected because of their rigorous methodology. The researchers then looked at more than 200 scenarios, comparing the impact of recycling with that of burying or burning particular types of waste material. They found that in 83% of all scenarios that included recycling, it was indeed better for the environment. Based on this study, WRAP calculated that Britain's recycling efforts reduce its carbon-dioxide emissions by 10m-15m tonnes per year. That is equivalent to a 10% reduction in Britain's annual carbon-dioxide emissions from transport, or roughly equivalent to taking 3.5m cars off the roads. Similarly, America's Environmental Protection Agency estimates that recycling reduced the country's
精心整理进阶四雅思句子翻译 练习册 班级：1707A 姓名： 7.城市的发展已经威胁到历史遗迹，但是政府还没有办法是否去保护还是毁坏这些建筑。 8.在家遭受虐待或者忽视的孩子可能会有行为问题。 9.人口的扩大是大量垃圾产生的原因，这些垃圾需要几十年才能降解。 10.网络能够丰富我们的生活，但是我们不应该忽视面对面的交流因为它对社会关系有直接影响。 胁DAY3 1.随着年龄的增加，人们发现保持与亲人和朋友的联系变得困难，因为他们被工作和其他任务占 据。 2.严厉的处罚是减少犯罪的有效方法，因为犯罪者害怕被抓而不太可能犯罪。 3.政府应该支持对太空科技的投资因为这些科技的商业化会带来更多的商业机会,提高人们的生 活水平。 4.一些公共服务很难收支平衡，需要政府资金。
5.除非我们的现代生活方式有深远改变，否则我们的环境还是会很糟。 6.因为失业率高升，大学生感到有压力去努力学习 7.同意免费大学教育的人们认为该措施会使那些家境不好的学生有同等上大学的机会。 8.当分析青少年犯罪的根本原因的时候，我们应该考虑社会和经济环境。 9.基因工程使人们能培育出抗旱的农作物品种，因此可以提高土地利用率。 10.密集种植对野生植物有巨大影响，对物种多样性有巨大威胁。 DAY4 1.一个取得广泛共识的概念是没有大学文凭的年轻人通常只能找低技术含量的工作，这也危害到 他们的生活质量。 2.尽管学术表现被高度重视，但我们不应该忽视学生的身体健康的重要性。 3.历史文物因为它的历史重要性而被保存 4.学校活动的设置要能让孩子体会到成就感和提升他们的幸福 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.贫穷国家的首要问题是满足人们基本生存需求，这是维持国家稳定一个有效方法。 6.很多每天接触暴力内容的孩子容易用暴力，因为他们把暴力当作日常生活的一部分。 7.因为全球化，人们需要和来自不同背景的人工作。 8.家庭环境被认为是小孩成长最重要的影响。 9.在大城市有一些贫困的社区。 10.奖学金可以鼓励更多的学生去学习研究生课程。 DAY7 1.我们需要采取措施去解决一些棘手的问题。 2.经费削减让很多年轻人很难接受大学教育。 3.按照能力分班和学生的成绩没有明显的联系。 4.随着越来越多的年轻人参加志愿者工作，社区的凝聚力（cohesion）会加强 5.基因食物对健康的影响仍然未知，所以清楚的食物标签被强烈提倡。
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef4955208.html, 浅谈外事翻译的特点及对外事翻译人员的要求 作者：张梦婕 来源：《青年文学家》2013年第05期 摘要：随着中国国际地位的益提高，社会经济的发展，中国的外事活动越来越多，与世 界各国在政治、经济、文化等领域的联系日益密切。在对外宣传工作中英语翻译担负着重要的责任，受到人们的重视。要做好外宣翻译，应充分了解有关社会经济和政治背景，同时注意翻译策略。本文将对外宣翻译的特点及要求进行分析。 关键词：外事翻译；翻译特点；翻译要求 [中图分类号]：H059 [文献标识码]：A [文章编号]：1002-2139（2013）-5--01 随着全球化的迅猛发展、科技进步日新月异，各国互相依赖程度日益加深，不同国家之间的交流，不同民族之间的沟通合作日益成为当今世界的一种常态，而翻译则架起了一座人类思想交流和沟通的桥梁。随着中国国际地位的提高，社会的变化也时时刻刻影响着翻译活动。作为一项具有专业性的翻译领域，外事翻译日益显其重要性。由于外事翻译中处处彰显我国的外交态度和政治立场，因此外事翻译不同于其他普通翻译活动，带有很强的政治敏锐性。外事翻译中的一个小小的失误就会给国家带来不良后果，有损我国的国家尊严。 一、外事翻译的特点 外宣翻译，顾名思义，是要完成那些对外宣传材料的翻译任务。在我国，外宣翻译的主要任务就是要将中文译成英文，或者是其他外文，向世界传播来自中国的声音。外事翻译的特殊性在于它是传达国家和政府的政治观点，立场和方针的桥梁。 1.政治性：外事活动无论大小，都涉及本国政府的立场，地位和政治态度。在翻译过程中，要注意本国政府的政治立场，避免出现歧义现象。外事翻译首先要具有政治上严肃性，这就意味着在翻译活动中，要特别注意和政治有关的细节，以严谨的态度对待外宣翻译。我国的政治主权及领土完整，以及国家统一等一系列重大政治问题常常会在外事活动中提及。如果翻译人员政治敏锐性不强，一个小的疏忽就会造成国家利益的损失，损害国家尊严。 2.时事性：外宣翻译的另一个特点就是对时事政治的及时掌握。翻译要做到精准，就要及时掌握本国政府的立场和观点。在我国外交部发言人的讲话中，一些细节也要关注。如中方要根据对待其他国家的观点立场在发表言论时注意用表示不同感情的词汇。
C A T T I三级笔译综合能力真题及答案解析
CATTI三级笔译综合能力考试试题及答案解析(一) 一、Vocabulary Selection（本大题15小题．每题1.0分，共15.0分。In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four words or phrases respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only one right answer. ） 第1题 Since writing home to their parents for money, they had lived ________hope. A in B for C on D through 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 固定搭配。live in hope生活在希望中；live for为……而生活，盼望；live on继续生活，以……为主食，靠……生活；live through度过，经受过；根据句意应填A。 第2题 ________get older, the games they play become increasingly complex. A Children B Children, when they C As children D For children to
[模拟] 翻译三级笔译实务模拟25 Section ⅠEnglish Chinese Translation Translate the following two passages into Chinese . 第1题： Acid rain, is a form of air pollution, currently a subject of great controversy because of widespread environmental damage for which it has been blamed. It forms when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen combine with atmospheric moisture to yield sulfuric and nitric acids, which may then be carded long distances from their source before they are deposited by rain. The pollution many also take the form of snow or fog or be precipitated in dry forms. In fact, although the term "acid rain" has been in use for more than a century — it is derived from atmospheric studies that were made in the region of Manchester, England — the more accurate scientific term would be "acid deposition." The dry form of such precipitation is just as damaging as the liquid form, especially to trees and structures. Furthermore, some of the pollutants also associated with acid rain are not themselves acidic. The problem of acid rain may be said to have originated with the Industrial Revolution, and it has been growing ever since. The severity of its effects has long been recognized in local settings, as exemplified by the spells of acid smog in heavily industrialized areas. The wide destructiveness of acid rain, however, has come to be realized only in recent decades. One large area that has been studied extensively is northern Europe, where acid rain has eroded structures, injured crops and forests, and threatened or depleted life in freshwater lakes. In 1983, for example, published reports indicated that 34 percent of the forested areas of West Germany had been damaged by acid rain. The northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada have also been affected by this form of pollution, and other areas of the two countries are also showing increasing signs of damages, as are other regions of the world. Industrial emissions have been blamed as the major cause of acid rain. Because the chemical reactions involved in the production of acid rain in the atmosphere are complex and as yet little understood, industries have tended to challenge such assessments and to stress the need for further studies; and because of the cost of pollution reduction, governments have tended to support this attitude. Studies released by the U.S. government in the early 1980s, however, strongly implicated industries as the main source of acid rain._____________
英语翻译三级笔译综合能力模拟试题及答案解析（13） (1/20)SECTION 1 Vocabulary Selection In the section, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A,B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentences. There is only ONE right answer. 第1题 It discusses the major economic, institutional social and geographical ______ that need to be addressed in the appropriate introduction and use of this technology. A.fronts https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef4955208.html,ments C.facts D.aspects 下一题 (2/20)SECTION 1 Vocabulary Selection In the section, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A,B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentences. There is only ONE right answer. 第2题 The three largest Japanese banks are ______ into the world's largest banking group. A.assimilated B.incorporated C.embodied https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef4955208.html,bined 上一题下一题 (3/20)SECTION 1 Vocabulary Selection In the section, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A,B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentences. There is only ONE right answer. 第3题 In addition, government has acted as the provider of pump ______ funds for new applications, but this role is increasingly being called into question. A.priming B.breaking C.emerging D.omitting 上一题下一题 (4/20)SECTION 1 Vocabulary Selection In the section, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A,B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentences. There is only ONE right answer. 第4题 The role played by supranational entities, such as the WTO, ITU and telecoms MOU bodies ______ in and regulating this environment will be examined. A.following
翻译专业本科人才培养方案 一、培养目标 立足湖南，面向全国，将翻译专业与英语专业、翻译专业硕士有机结合，坚持翻译理论与技巧教学与实践应用并重，培养面向全球一体化、适应中国国情与区域人才市场需要的“基础厚，口径宽，能力强，素质高”的应用型翻译专门人才。 二、专业特色及实现途径 专业特色： 英语翻译专业本着“厚基础、宽口径、强能力、高素质”的培养原则，将通识教育与专业教育相结合，在“通识”中突出“专才”，打造真正适合社会的高级英语人才。本专业学生除受到基础语言技能训练外，系统地学习口译与笔译的技巧，掌握林业、工程机械、经贸等工程领域翻译的基本技巧，掌握基本的翻译理论知识；同时，学生进一步学习汉语文学知识，提高汉语应用能力；广泛了解中国文化与英语国家的文化，从而获得作为职业译员的基本素养，工作能力和研究能力。 实现途径： （1）科学合理、与时俱进的课程体系； （2）英汉双语优良师资； （3）依托我院多年来积累的高水平实践、实习基地，多年来翻译口译大赛的承办及参赛经验以及系统完善的口笔译实训、实习经验， 保证学生翻译实践技能的培养。 （4）依托我校林业优势，借我校工程机械专业优秀师资之力，为培养“专才”铺路。 三、培养要求及保障措施 培养要求：翻译专业本科学生毕业时应达到以下知识、能力和素质要求。 （1）知识要求 通识知识：翻译专业本着“厚基础、宽口径、强能力、高素质”的培养原则，将通识教育与专业教育相结合，在“通识”中突出“专才”，打造真正适合社会的高级英语人才。学生除专业技能外，将进一步学习汉语文学知识，提高汉语应用能力；广泛了解中国文化与英语国家的文化，从而获得作为职业
测试胜任能力而非“智力” 翻译人：池锦瑾人力1002班 如果一个人会运用美国传统的评价标准——大小、影响力、盈利能力来判断成功，那么这项测试运动在美国就取得了成功。智力和能力测试被应用于包括学校、学院和雇主在内的任何领域。在学校不用考试分数来记录学生是一项落后的标志。教育考试服务社独自雇佣了大约2000人，每年给在学院中有上进心的人进行学习能力测验，支出了一大笔钱去支持一项大型的基础研究操作。这个测验对于年轻人的生活具有巨大的影响力，它可以判定他们中的一些人在学习上是合格的，另外一部分是不合格的。这个测试成为了一个非常有效的方法用于筛选黑人、西班牙语裔和其他少数申请大学的人，直到出台了最新的“免责条款”（在一些人的反对之下）。在发放录取通知时除了测试成绩，还要将学生的其他素质考虑在内，招生人员反对这样做。但是Wing和Wallach等（1971）严谨的研究已经发现只通过测试成绩决定是否录取的方法只在一个非常有限的程度上是正确的。 为什么智力和能力测试拥有如此之大的权力？用什么来证明使用这种测试方法来挑选大学申请者或应聘者是正当的呢？这项运动的成功是基于何种假设？在我们继续盲目的推广使用这项测试，作为掌握许多美国人生存权力的工具之前，这项测试应当受到仔细的检验。 很明显，关键点在于智力测试是否具有有效性。除非它是正确有效的，否则它的应用是不正当的。而且我坚信不可能有压倒性的证据证明它的有效性，虽然大多数人不假思索的认为它是有效的。事实上，对于测试者给出的测试结果，我们选择直接相信它，而没有屈服于强烈的怀疑感，比如，最新的尝试显示ESP的存在。我的目标是怀疑地检查用于证明智力和能力测试正确性的主要证据，而且从检查回顾中得出一些推论，作为新的条目将来运用到测试中。 让我们一开始就要同意脑部受损和智力迟钝的人在智力测试上没有其他人做的好。Wechsler（1958）最早用这项标准来验证他的工具，虽然这个有一项非常明显的缺点：脑补受损的人几乎在任何测试中都做不好，所以这很难证明就是“缺乏智力”才导致较低的测试分数。这里并没有运用多重方法、多重品质标准。 测试预测学校的成绩 人们在能力测试中做的游戏类似于老师在课堂上要求做的。事实上，许多Binet最初的测试都是从法国学校老师的练习中借鉴过来的。所以能力测试的分数与学校成绩高度相关一点也不令人吃惊。整个学习能力测验运动极大程度上依靠这个不可否认的事实。智力测试的支持者，比如McNemar（1964），经常暗示这是唯一的一种必要有效性。McNemar 评论道“心理公司的差别能力测验手册包含一个令人吃惊的总数为4096的效度系数，是的，我统计过他们。”女士们和先生们，你们还想问什么？直到我亲自看了那本手册（McNemar当然没有启发我）我才证实了我的怀疑，就是几乎每个效度系数都涉及预测课程成绩——换句话说，在相似类型测试中的表现。 那么成绩呢？作为预测因子他们的有效性是多少呢？事实上研究者在证明学校成绩与其它行为重要性之间关联性遇到了困难，除了在能力测试中表现良好。但是普通大众，包括许多心理学家和大学官员，只是一直无法相信或接受这个事实。在课堂上表现良好的人，在生活中依然做的很好，这对于教育工作者似乎是不证自明的。虽然反对这项观点的证据在一段时间内不断地积累，但他们完全的无视了。在20世纪50年代早期，一个由我担任主席的社会科学研究委员会研究了这个问题，并且得出结论：虽然达到成绩水平看起来与人生成功的未来措施有关，但是成绩上的表现与此（未来成功）关联性很小。换言之，高中毕业或大学毕业给了人们去寻找更高水平工作的凭证，但是在高中成绩差的学生和顶尖的学生在生活
CATTI三级笔译综合能力考试试题及答案解析(三) 一、Vocabulary Selection（本大题20小题．每题1.0分，共20.0分。In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are four words or phrases respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only one right answer. ） 第1题 Marketing is ______ just distributing goods from the manufacturer to the final customer. A rather than B other than C bigger than D more than 第2题 The magician picked several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. A by accident B at random C on occasion 第3题 English language publications in China are growing in volume and ______. A circulation B rotation C circumstance D appreciation 第4题
全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语三级笔译实务模拟试题 Part 1 English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (60 points, 100 minutes). I leave the vault, and as the guard closes the door, a marine archaeologist asks if I want to see anything else. As an example he shows me an astrolabe, a navigation tool that preceded the sextant. Few have survived. "We have three of the oldest known," he says. He directs me to a paper on astrolabes written by a Cuban colleague, who quoted a 16th-century instruction: "He who wants to take the sun with an astrolabe at sea, must be seated near the main mast, the place where the boat oscillates the least and is quiet." I want to take the measure of Cubas past, so I tell the archaeologist I would like to go to the place where the plain things are. I am here not only to see treasures that glitter but also to see and touch objects that illumine moments of the past. Smiling, he takes me into storage rooms where he and other archaeologists preserve cargoes from four centuries of wrecks. Jumbled on these shelves is the stuff of Cubas long reign as counting house and command center for Spains New World colonies. I see knickknacks destined for one of the annual 18th-century trade fairs, where Cubans bought imports from Spain. I also see, pallid from centuries in the sea, dozens of little painted ceramic dogs, lions, cats, and deer later shipped from England. Stacked nearby are sets of dinner dishes, tankards, an hourglass, a bottle of very Old Spanish wine. On another day, in fading light, I walk the ramparts of El Morro, its lighthouse standing tall over Havanas harbor. The old fortress, by day a warren of tourist stops, changes by night, looming deeper into the shadows of Havanas past. As torches light the darkness, I watch Cuban soldiers, costumed as 18th-century Spanish sentries, march along the ramparts of the Castillo de San Carlos and fire a cannon that salutes
翻译三级笔译实务-1 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、{{B}}Section Ⅰ English Chinese Translation{{/B}}(总题数：1，分数：60.00) 1.A few weeks back, I asked a 14-year-old friend how she was coping with school. Referring to stress, she heaved a big sigh and said: "Aiyah, anything bad that can happen has already happened." Her friends nearby then started pouring out their woes about which subjects they found hard, and so on. Pessimism again, in these all-too-familiar remarks about Singapore's education system, widely regarded as too results-oriented, and I wonder why I even bothered to ask. The school system of reaching for A's underlies the country's culture, which emphasizes the chase for economic excellence where wealth and status are must-haves. Such a culture is hard to change. So when I read of how the new Remaking Singapore Committee had set one of its goals as challenging the traditional roads to success, encouraging Singaporeans to realize alternative careers in the arts, sports, research or as entrepreneurs, I had my doubts about its success in this area, if not coupled with help from parents themselves. The new Remaking Singapore Committee is a brainchild of the Singaporean Prime Minister, formed to make Singaporeans look beyond the five C's: cash, condos, clubs, credit cards and cars, to help prepare the nation for the future. It is good that the government wants to do something about the country's preoccupation with material success. But it will be a losing battle if the family unit itself is not involved because I believe the committee's success is rooted in a revamp of an entire culture built from 37 years of independence. This makeover has to start with the most basic societal unit—the family. Parents should not drown their children in mantras of I-want-hundred-marks. Tuition lessons are not the be-all and end-all of life. And a score of 70 for a Chinese paper is definitely not the end of life. If ever I become a parent, I will bring my children camping. I will show them that cooking food in a mess tin over a campfire is fun. I will teach them that there is nothing dirty about lying on a sleeping bag over grass. In fact, it is educational because Orion is up there in the night sky with all the other bright stars whose shapes and patterns tell something more than a myth. For instance, they give directions to the lost traveler, I will say. And who knows, my child may become an astronomer years down the road. All because of the nights I spent with him watching the twinkles in the sky. That's my point. Parents should teach their children that there's more to life than studies. Better still if the nation's leaders echo that idea as well. This way, when their children aspire to be the next Joscelin Yeo, they won't feel like they are fighting a losing battle against a society that holds doctors and lawyers in awe. However, the culture that babysits economic excellence is deeply ingrained and so are the mindsets of many parents. But parents can take the cue from the new Remaking Singapore Committee and be aware of giving their children the right kind of education. It is now wait-and-see if, say, 10 years down the road, more would choose alternative careers. Hopefully, by then no one would think sportsmen or musicians as making too big a sacrifice in chasing their dreams. （分数：60.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：() 解析：几个星期前，我问一个14岁的朋友她如何应对自己的学业。谈到压力，她深叹一口气说：“哎呀，这儿事要多糟，有多糟。” 随后，她周围的朋友便开始就他们认为那些难学的学科倾诉自己的苦恼。人们普遍认为，新加坡的教育制度过分注重成绩，而这些孩子耳熟能详的言晤再次表现了对新加坡教育制度的悲观情绪。我不知道自己为什么还要费心一问。追求功课得优的学校体制构成了新加坡文化的基础，这一文化重在追求经济上的杰出成就，而这一成就则体现在一定要获得财富和地位。这种文化是难以改变的。新成立的改造新加坡委员会已将其目标之一确定为向传统的成功之路发起挑战，鼓励新加坡人去从事其它职业，如艺术，体育、研究或成为企业家。当我获知此情时，我怀疑如果没有家长的配合，这方面的改造