英语翻译基础真题

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编21(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.cultural industry（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.open economy（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.non-profit organization（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.Interior Ministry（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.down payment（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.IMF（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7.NATO（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.a stock exchange（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9.The State Council（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.Mount Everest（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.anti-dumping（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.breaking news（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.national census（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14.将下列短文译成汉语。

(首都师范大学2010研，考试科目：英语翻译基础)A very large number of people cease when quite young to add anything to a limited stock of judgments. After a certain age, say 25, they consider that their education is finished.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________15.It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happenings as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________16.For people who have stopped noticing, the only possible new or renewed experience, and, therefore, new knowledge, is from a work of art. Because that is the only kind of experience which they are prepared to receive on its own terms: they will come out from their shells and expose themselves to music, to a play, to a book, because it is the accepted method of enjoying such things. True, even to plays and books they may bring artistic prejudices which prevent them from seeing that play or comprehending that book. Their artistic sensibilities may be as crusted over as their minds.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________17.But it is part of an artist"s job to break crusts, or let us say rather that artists who work for the public and not merely for themselves are interested in breaking crusts because they want to communicate their intuitions.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________18.Translating the following into Chinese．(北京航空航天大学2013研，考试科目：综合英语)How is it that we have moved so far from everyday prose? Social critics might trace this back to the demise of letter writing. The details of housekeeping and child rearing, the rigors of life and work, advice to friends and family: none was slated for publication. They were communications that gave shape to life by describing it for others.But as the letter fell out of favor and education became professionalized, with its goal less the expansion of the mind than the acquisition of a job, writing began to be seen largely as the purview of writers. Writing at work also became so stylistically removed from the story of our lives that the two seemed to have nothing in common.The age of technology has both revived the use of writing and provided ever more reasons for its spiritual solace. E-mails are letters, after all, more lasting than phone calls, even if many of them are too cursory for you. And the physical isolation they and other arms-length cyber-advances create makes talking to yourself more important than ever. That"s also what writing is: not just a legacy, but therapy. As the novelist Don DeLillo once said, " Writing is a form of personal freedom. It frees us from the mass identity we see in the making all around us. "（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________19.Translate the following into Chinese．(北京航空航天大学2012研，考试科目：综合英语)History shows it is only when the economy is in the mud that Americans feel free to do what they want to do. As the author J. K. Rowling said so succinctly in her 2008 address to Harvard graduates, failure can mean a " stripping away of the inessential. " When she was an impoverished single mother, she started to write her magical tales: "I stopped pretending to myself that I was anything other than what I was, and began to direct all my energy into finishing the only work that mattered to me. You will never truly know yourself, or the strength of your relationships, until both have been tested by adversity. " This doesn" t mean it is an uplifting experience to be unemployed, of course. But it may mean we ease up on some of the judgment that springs from the false idea that a person without a job has not just hit bad luck or a poor economy—but is a failure. Having a job is hardly the only, or best, measure of a life. It may also mean we can accept plateaus, understand that a life has troughs we can climb out of, and that a long view is the wisest one.A recession is a great reminder that all of us need to learn, as Samuel Beckett said, to "fail better" , which means rethinking what we really want to do with our lives, who we want beside us, and how we measure worth. Think of poor Willy Loman. Today his grandchildren might be proud.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________20.Translate the following into Chinese．(北京航空航天大学2011研，考试科目：综合英语)How do lenders decide whether consumers are creditworthy? In America one of the key determinants is an individual"s FICO score, named after the Fair Isaac Corporation, which devised it. The idea goes back decades, to a time when small retailers, which needed to offer credit(money available for a client to borrow), pooled information on which customers were good and bad payers. These days the bulk of the information is provided by banks and lenders such as credit-card companies. This is translated into a score ranging from 350 to 800, with the most creditworthy customers getting the highest rating.Andy Jennings of FICO says that customers" rankings remain remarkably steady over time: the best payers remain the best payers. What does change is the level of bad debts across all categories when the economy hits a recession. During the subprime-lending boom mortgages were offered to borrowers with lower FICO scores than in the past. An updated version of the FICO model, to reflect the subprime crisis, was released last year.The crisis has broughtabout one big change in consumer behaviour. The mortgage used to be the last debt people would default on. They did not want to lose their homes or to forfeit the substantial deposit they had had to find. But during the subprime boom many borrowers were able to buy homes without putting down any money, which changed their attitude. In effect, they were renting with an option to profit from higher house prices.In the current recession some borrowers have given priority to their credit-card and car loans rather than their mortgages. After all, they can usually find a new home to rent. But without a car many of them cannot get to work and without a credit card they find it hard to shop.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________。

2020年广西桂林理工大学英语翻译基础考研真题一、短语翻译（每小题1分，共20分）A．把下列词组翻译成汉语。

1.burn the middle night oil2. black tea3. build a fire4. heavy schedule5. beyond description6.to pull up one’s socks7.tourist industry8. ASEAN9.foreignizing translation10.an emergency exitB．把下列词组翻译成英语。

11.高贵的血统12.多如牛毛13.多边合作14.轻音乐15.三心二意16.合资企业17.《论语》18.译后编辑19.计算机辅助翻译20.实体经济二、句子翻译（每小题3分，共30分）A．把下列句子翻译成汉语。

1. This country was recovering its true self, drawing lessons both from its own mistakes and from its enemies.2. Will the Chinese cower before difficulties when they are not afraid even of death? The people fear not death, why threaten them with it?3. As relations between China and Australia develop, the continuing importance of expanding trade will be balanced by the development of close contact over a broad of political issues.4. Above all, China challenges all of us to be true to ourselves--- to build our new societies, not on alien forms borrowed indiscriminately, but on our own uniquehistorical experiences and cultural identities.5. The situation cannot be otherwise because our friendship and cooperation are based on our common sincere adherence to the five principles of peaceful co-existence.B．把下列句子翻译成英语。

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Translate the following passage into English．(南京大学2009研，考试科目：基础英语) 《孙子兵法》是中国古代最伟大的军事理论著作，也是中国古籍在世界上影响最为广泛的著作之一。

它所阐述的谋略思想和哲学思想，被广泛地运用于军事、政治、经济等各个领域。

《孙子兵法》的作者孙武总结春秋时期的战争经验，揭示了一系列带有普遍性的军事规律，提出一套完整的军事理论体系。

《孙子兵法》共十三篇，每篇一个主题。

比如，《谋攻》篇讲述如何进攻敌国。

孙武主张以尽可能小的代价，取得最大的成功，力求不战而胜。

他指出：用兵的上策首先是以政治谋略取胜，其次使用外交手段，再次是使用武力，下策才是攻城。

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.Translate the following into English．(东南大学2004研，考试科目：英美文学与翻译)平则门外，有一道护城河。

河道虽比不上朝阳门外的运河那么宽，但春秋雨霁，绿水粼粼，也尽够浮着锦帆，乘风南下。

两岸垂杨古道，倒影入河水中间，也大有板诸隋堤的风味。

河边隙地，长成一片绿芜，晚来时候，老有闲人在那里调鹰放马。

太阳将落未落之际，站在这城河中间的渡船上，往北望去，看得出西直门的城楼，似烟似雾的，融化成金碧的颜色，飘扬在两岸垂杨夹着的河水高头。

春秋佳节，向晚的时候，你若一个人上城河边上来走走。

她像是有看后期印象派的风景画，几乎能使你忘记是身在红尘十丈的北京城外。

西山数不尽的诸峰，又如笑如眠，带着紫苍的暮色，静躺在绿荫起伏的春野西边，你若叫它一声，好像是这些远山，都能慢慢地走上你身边来的样子。

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.他板着脸进了家门，走到客厅脱了鞋，换拖鞋，接着挨个解衬衣扣子，一声不吭，横眼瞧着摊手摊脚地坐在沙发上的老头子，然后猛地脱下衬衣，穿着小背心去卫生间，拧开水龙头，哗哗地洗，片刻，拿着大毛巾回到客厅用力地擦，继续用眼瞧着老头子。

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编8.doc英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编8(总分：46.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：23，分数：46.00)1.Translated the following into English．(辽宁师范大2008研，考试科目：综合英语) 体育作为一种文化现象，在当代生活中的作用越来越大，关心它的人也越来越多，形成了体育文化热。

那么什么是体育文化的内涵呢? 文化是人类在发展中形成的物质财富和精神成果的总和。

体育文化是整个人类文化的一种，而且是非常独特的一种。

别的种类的文化大多受到国家、民族、宗教等因素的阻隔而形成一个个文化圈。

比如电影，观众很多，也有国际评奖，但电影评奖总要受到评委们的主观意识的影响，很难有一个非常明确的客观标准。

而体育则有共同的规则，有共同的体育语言。

体育能真正体现“公平竞争”的原则，所以越来越受到人们的欢迎，以奥林匹克精神为特征的体育文化已被全世界人民所接受。

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.Translate the following underlined into English．(辽宁师范大学2007研，考试科目：综合英语) 一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩。

女孩是他的同事，他们在一个办公室里工作。

小伙子性格内向，不善言辞，他不知道如何向女孩子表达他的爱慕之意。

写情书吧，小伙子是学理工的，一直搞技术工作，满脑子的图形，就是没有一句有文采的话。

小城里也没有花店，电影电视上常见的送花那一套也无从谈起。

至于直截了当地告诉女孩子说“我爱你”，小伙子就更没有这个胆量了。

这样的恋情应该说是没戏了。

但事实上一年后他们却结了婚。

有人向小伙子讨教，他说：“我每天上班的第一件事就是帮她擦桌子：然后为她泡上一杯她喜欢喝的绿茶。

她胃不好，我经常备些胃药放在她的桌上。

一开始她不知道是我做的这些事情，时间长了就知道了。

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编5(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Translate the following passage into English．(南开大学2010研，考试科目：专业英语) 教育的功用就在顺应人类求知、想好、爱美的天性，使一个人在这三方面得到最大限度的调和的发展。

以达到完美的生活。

教育的目的在启发人性中所固有求知、想好、爱美的本能，使它们尽量伸展。

中国儒家的最高的人生理想是“尽性”。

他们说：“能尽人之性则能尽物之性，能尽物之性则可以赞天地之化育。

”（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.Translate the following passage into English．(南开大学2009研，考试科目：专业英语) 东方文明的最大特色是知足。

西洋近代文明的最大特色是不知足。

知足的东方人自安于简陋的生活，故不求物质享受的提高；自安于愚昧，自安于“不识不知”，故不注意真理的发现与技艺器械的发明；自安于现成的环境与命运，故不想征服自然。

西方人大不然。

他们说“不知足是神圣的”。

物质上的不知足产生了今日钢铁世界，汽机世界，电力世界。

理智上的不知足产生了今日的科学世界。

社会政治制度上的不知足产生了今日的民权世界。

神圣的不知足是一切革新一切进化的动力。

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.Put the following into English．(天津财经大学2006研，考试科目：现代英语)银行业面临的挑战在于如何使客户乐意学习使用并信任这种新型的服务渠道。

多数大银行现已能够提供完全可靠的、功能齐全的网上银行业务，不收取或只收取少许费用。

随着越来越多的银行网上业务的成功，以及越来越多的客户登陆它们的网站，功能齐全的网上银行业务很可能变得像自动柜员机一样普及。

英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编32(总分：12.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.汉译英（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.每年农历七月初七的七夕节，简称七夕，俗称乞巧节，又称少女节或女儿节，是中国传统节日中最具烂漫色彩的一个节日。

传说每年的七月初七是牛郎、织女相会的日子。

在这一天，人间的喜鹊要飞到天上去，为牛郎和织女搭一座鹊桥，好让二人渡过天河相见。

在这一天的晚上，如果静静地躲在葡萄架下，就能听到牛郎、织女说的悄悄话。

因为织女是一个美丽聪明、心灵手巧的仙女，所以凡间的女子便在这一天的晚上与女伴相约，在庭院或花园里朝天河(即银河)中的牛、女二星焚香祭拜，默默祈祷自己的心愿，向织女乞求智慧，好让自己也变得心灵手巧。

少女们希望自己长得美丽可人，嫁个如意郎君；少妇们希望早生贵子，得到丈夫、公婆的宠爱。

于是，便出现了七夕乞巧等各种风俗。

在汉语中，“七”与“期”同音，含有期待的意思。

牵牛、织女二星在每年的七月同时出现于天空，古代称为“星期”。

在“星期”的背后，隐藏着人们对一切美好意愿的祝福与祈求。

因此，七夕的“星期”便成为相爱之人会面的美好日子。

(413 words)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.市长王安顺高度重视APEC周的天气和空气质量。

他要求气象、环保等部门加强应急联动，切实做好天气预报预警和应急工作，一旦预测到空气污染，要及时采取建议性甚至强制性减排措施，及时向全社会发布预报和预警，引导企事业单位自觉治污减排，动员全社会共同参与应对空气污染。

2013年厦门大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．swing states正确答案：摇摆州(美国大选中的特有说法)2．poetic justice正确答案：善有善报，恶有恶报3．drone(军事用语)正确答案：无人驾驶飞机4．to scale back headcounts正确答案：缩减人员5．cheerleader正确答案：拉拉队队员6．skopos theory正确答案：目的论7．shopping spree正确答案：疯狂购物8．wailing wall正确答案：(犹太人的)哭墙9．call to collect正确答案：对方付费的电话10．TEU正确答案：国际标准货柜单位(twenty-foot equivalent unit) 11．shale gas正确答案：页岩气12．plastic surgery正确答案：整形手术13．a storm in a teacup正确答案：小题大做14．windfall tax正确答案：暴利税15．quantitative easing正确答案：量化宽松汉译英16．全面建成小康社会正确答案：to establish an all-around affluent society 17．安倍晋三正确答案：Shinzo Abe18．翘尾因素正确答案：carryover effects19．中国围棋正确答案：Chinese Go20．骑楼正确答案：sotto portico; arcade-house21．植入广告正确答案：product placement22．逆回购正确答案：reverse repurchase23．汽车单双号限行正确答案：even-odd license plate plan24．乱穿马路正确答案：jaywalking25．花旗银行正确答案：Citibank26．两“非”(非法鉴别性别和非法终止妊娠)正确答案：Illegal fetal sex testing and sex-selective abortions 27．湄公河正确答案：Mekong River28．松下电器正确答案：Panasonic Corporation29．哈萨克斯坦正确答案：Kazakhstan30．兵部尚书正确答案：minister of war英汉互译英译汉31．Wars throughout history have been waged for conquest and plunder. In the Middle Ages when the feudal lords who inhabited the castles—whose towers may still be seen along the Rhine—concluded to enlarge their domains, to increase their power, their prestige and their wealth they declared war upon one another. But they themselves did not go to war any more than the; modern feudal lords, the barons of Wall Street go to war.The feudal barons of the Middle Ages, the economic predecessors of the capitalists of our day, declared all wars. And their miserable serfs fought all the battles. The poor, ignorant serfs had been taught to revere their masters; to believe that when their masters declared war upon one another, it was their patriotic duty to fall upon one another and to cut one another’s throats for the profit and glory of the lords and barons who held them in contempt. And that is war in a nutshell. The master class has always declared the wars; the subject class has always fought the battles. The master class has had all to gain and nothing to lose, while the subject class has had nothing to gain and all to lose—especially their lives.正确答案：纵观历史，战争多是为了侵略和掠夺。

英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编37(总分：12.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.汉译英（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.多数科学家相信，石油是由数万亿年之前亿万个生活在海洋里的微小动植物遗体的分解物形成的。

在这些生物死亡之后，遗体即腐烂，经过数百万年之后，便在海洋底部形成了矿泥层；由于地壳运动的挤压和由此产生的热量的共同作用，这些矿泥层就变成了石油。

石油分馏物(组成称为石油的混合物的东西)及其副产品多得不可胜数：有小汽车用的汽油，火车、公共汽车和载重卡车的柴油，航空汽油，各种发动机用的润滑油，发电站和轮船用的重油，铺路的沥青，制造塑料、合成纤维乃至合成食品的石油化学产品，等等。

今天，没有石油产品的世界几乎是不可想象的。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.中国西部论坛秉承交流信息、聚合智慧、共谋发展的宗旨，架起了一座让世界了解西部、让西部走向世界的桥梁，构建了一个世界与西部、东部与西部、西部与西都相互沟通、平等交流的平台。

中国西部论坛随着西部大开发的启动而诞生，也将随着西部大开发的推进而延续。

我相信各位极具创造精神、富有远见卓识的专家学者、企业家和政要们，必将为中国西部大开发提出宝贵的意见和建议，使中国西部论坛闪烁着智慧的光芒。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.互联网成为人们获取新闻信息的重要途径。

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编16(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Chinese—English Translation．不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。

在南方每年到了秋天，总要想起陶然亭的芦花，钓鱼台的柳影，西山的虫唱，玉泉的夜月，潭柘寺的钟声。

在北平即使不出门去罢，就是在皇城人海之中，租人家一椽破屋来住着，早晨起来，泡一碗浓茶，向院子一坐，你也能看得到很高很高的碧绿的天色，听得到青天下驯鸽的飞声。

从槐树叶底，朝东细数着一丝一丝漏下来的日光，或在破壁腰中，静对着像喇叭似的牵牛花(朝荣)的蓝朵，自然而然地也能够感觉到十分的秋意。

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.Chinese-English Translation．(华中师范大学2010研，考试科目：写作翻译) 艺术收藏家顾泽艺术收藏高下首先取决于收藏家的审美品位。

选择什么样的艺术品是衡量一位收藏家艺术趣味和欣赏水平的体现。

顾泽女士虽然不是学美术出身，但她在戏曲艺术上的经历使她对美术作品有较好的感受力，也有较高的欣赏水平，她选择当代艺术中那些有个性的作品作为自己的收藏对象，这是不容易的。

她的艺术收藏的起点很高，从90年代初期开始，她就注意那些具有创新艺术、在画坛初露头角的中青年画家，随着这些画家艺术上的成型和成熟，她的收藏品中已有了颇具代表性的作品，因而形成自己有特色的收藏系列。

她对表现性很强的画风似乎有特别的感觉，虽然她并不完全理解这一类作品的内涵，但她能凭直觉去感悟作品的特色与力量，对当代艺术收藏有自己的见识。

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.Chinese—English Translation．气候变暖与中国全球气候变化以及其不利影响是人类共同关心的问题。

工业革命以来的人类活动，尤其是发达国家在工业化过程中大量消耗能源资源，导致大气中温室气体浓度增加，引起全球气候近50年以来以变暖为主要特征的显著变化，对全球自然生态系统产生了明显影响，对人类社会的生存和发展带来了严重挑战。

兰州大学2020年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：357英语翻译基础专业：翻译说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效一、汉译英（75分）Directions:Translate the following texts into English其实乡村工作的朋友说乡下人愚那是因为他们不识字，我们称之曰“文盲”，意思是白生了眼睛，连字都不识。

这自然是事实。

我决不敢反对文字下乡的运动，可是如果说不识字就是愚，我心里总难。

“愚”如果是智力的不足或缺陷，识字不识字并非愚不愚的标准。

智力是学习的能力。

一个人如果没有机会学习，不论他有没有能力学习还是学不到什么的。

我们是不是说乡下人不但不识字，而且识字的能力都不及人呢？说到这里我记起了疏散在乡下时的事来了。

同事中有些孩子送进了乡间的小学，在课程上这些孩子样样比乡下孩子学得快、成绩好。

教员们见面时总在家长面前夸奖这些孩子们有种、聪明。

这等于说教授们的孩子智力高。

我对于这些恭维自然是。

穷教授别的已经全被剥夺，但是我们还有别种人所的遗传。

但是有一天，我在田野里看放学回来的小学生们捉蚱蜢，那些“聪明”而有种的孩子，扑来扑去，屡扑屡失，而那些乡下孩子却反应灵敏，一扑一得。

回到家来，刚才一点似乎又没有了着落。

二、英译汉（75分）Directions:Translate the following texts into ChineseI will begin at the beginning,and ask what the accusation is which has given rise to this slander of me,and which has encouraged Meletus to proceed against me.What do the slanderers say?They shall be my prosecutors,and I will sum up their words in an affidavit."Socrates is an evil-doer,and a curious person,who searches into things under the earth and in heaven,and he makes the worse appear the better cause;and he teaches the aforesaid doctrines to others."That is the nature of the accusation,and that is what you have seen yourselves in the comedy of Aristophanes;who has introduced a man whom he calls Socrates,going about and saying that he can walk in the air,and talking a deal of nonsense concerning matters of which I do not pretend to know either much or little-not that I mean to say anything disparaging of anyone who is a student of natural philosophy.I should be very sorry if Meletus could lay that to my charge.But the simple truth is,O Athenians,that I have nothing to do with these studies.Very many of those here present are witnesses to the truth of this,and to them I appeal.Speak then, you who have heard me,and tell your neighbors whether any of you have ever known me hold forth in few words or in many upon matters of this sort....You hear their answer. And from what they say of this you will be able to judge of the truth of the rest.As little foundation is there for the report that I am a teacher,and take money;that is no more true than the other.Although,if a man is able to teach,I honor him for being paid.There is Gorgias of Leontium,and Prodicus of Ceos,and Hippias of Elis,who go the round of the cities,and are able to persuade the young men to leave their own citizens, by whom they might be taught for nothing,and come to them,whom they not only pay, but are thankful if they may be allowed to pay them.There is actually a Parian philosopher residing in Athens,of whom I have heard;and I came to hear of him in this way:-I met a man who has spent a world of money on the Sophists,Callias the son of Hipponicus,and knowing that he had sons,I asked him:"Callias,"I said,"if your two sons were foals or calves,there would be no difficulty in finding someone to putover them;we should hire a trainer of horses or a farmer probably who would improve and perfect them in their own proper virtue and excellence;but as they are human beings, whom are you thinking of placing over them?Is there anyone who understands human and political virtue?You must have thought about this as you have sons;is there anyone?""There is,"he said."Who is he?"said I,"and of what country?and what does he charge?""Evenus the Parian,"he replied;"he is the man,and his charge is five minae."Happy is Evenus,I said to myself,if he really has this wisdom,and teaches at such a modest charge.Had I the same,I should have been very proud and conceited; but the truth is that I have no knowledge of the kind.。