2013 年英语二温习试题
UNIT 1-1
UNIT 1
一、word study
objective accompany argue define
①objective
a. ⑴客观的,真实的。⑵如实的,无偏见的。
We have to accept the objective reality as it
is.
我们必须接受客观事实。
The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and
judgement.
文学批评家在分析和评价时应尽量不偏不倚。
n. 目标,目的。
People work hard to carry out the economic objectives of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.
人们为了实现第九个五年规划的经济目标而努力工作。
My objective for the present is to pass the oral exam.
我目前的目标是通过口试。
②accompany
vt./vi.1 、伴随,陪同； 2 、为。。。伴奏
The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil.
演唱者由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏。
The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog.
这位孤单的老人让他的狗作伴。
All orders must be accompanied with cash.
所有的订货单必须随附现金。
③argue
vt./vi. 争辩,争论,辩论
作不及物动词用时,后边可以接with,about 或over ,for （赞成）或against （反对）。
She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.
她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。
He often argues philosophy with James.
他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。
He argued for immediate action.
他主张立即行动。
They argued against such a policy.
他们反对这种政策。
vt.1 、说服；2、用辩论说服
argue into （out of ）doing sth..说服某人做（不做）某事。
I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.
我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。
He argued that man was descended from apes.
他论证人类的祖先是猿。
④ define
vt.1 、解释,给。 。。下定义； 2、限定,规定。
Work is defined as the product of a force and the distance through which its point of
application moves in the direction of the force.功的定义是力和力的着力点沿力的方向移动的距离的乘积。
He has defined his position on the issues.
他已表明自己在这些问题上的立场。
UNIT 1-2
二、 常考句型
1 、决策是在现有的可选做法中所做的选择。A decision is a choice made from among alternative available.
2 、管理者经常必须对未来的情况下做出最佳的猜测,尽量不存侥幸。P1
courses of action that are P2
Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave
as little as possible to chance.
3 、如果没有选择,就无决策可言。P3
If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.
4 、对于管理者而言,每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等待因素的制约。For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws,
precedents, and the like.
P3
5 、例如,管理者有时以非此即彼的方式来处理问题。For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
6 、决策者们必须有办法决定数个可选项中的哪一个是最好的 --- 哪一个对组织目标的实现起作用最大。 P6
P4
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is
best —that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
7 、就更大的系统来说,增加研究经费以便改进产品,对该组织更有益。P6
In the larger scheme of things, however , increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.
8 、有些目标比另一些目标更重要,但其排序和重要性则因人和部门而异。P7
Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree
of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department .
三、 习题
1. 单词英译汉
goal,objective,accomplish,predict,accompany,implement,tendency,achievement, argue, budget, define, entity,
2. 词组英译汉
in the way, in part, point of view, contribute to, to
apply for
3. 句子英译汉, in hand, to turn down
与常考句型相同。
4.Text A 汉译英
决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。
If there is no proper choice, there is no proper
decision.不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法,所以解决的办法也不同。
Different people have different ideas about the same problem; their solutions to the problem are, therefore, also
different.决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision
makers development.are usually key people who determine the company's business UNIT 1-3
四、历年试题
1. Almost everything a manager does _______ (involve) decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making . (99.4)
参考答案是 involves .
考点: involve 为谓语动词,应该用一般现在时。
2.If there is no choice, there is no decision _______(make). (99.4)参考答案是 to be made 。考点： to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰。decision.
3. If you are now_____your thirties, you can expect to live nearly one third of the
rest of your life after the age of 60. (99.4)A. in B. at C. between D. among
参考答案是
A.4. Almost everything a manager does_____decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. (00.4)
A. imposes
B. improvise
C. involves
D. indicates
参考答案为 C
.5. When______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.
参考答案为 presented . 考点： present 是过去分词作状语。
6. An organization is a group of people, and a decision_____(make) today may have consequences far into the future.
参考答案是made . 考点：make 是过去分词作定语, 修饰decision .
7. 汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。
参考答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.
1. 决策的目的是为了实现组织的目标。
答：The purpose of making a decision is to achieve organizational goals.
2. 决策过程对经营管理至关重要。
答：The decision-making process is fundamental to business management.
3. 经理所做的任何事情几乎都与决策有关。
答：Almost everything a manager does involves decision-making.
4. 虽然我们不能预见未来,但应当尽量减少偶然性发生。
答：Although we cannot predict the future, we must try t leave as little as possible
to chance.
5. 不同的管理者对同一问题的解释不同。
答：Different manager define the same problem in different terms.
UNIT 2-1
一、word study
exert,collapse,lauch,operate
①exert
vt. 尽（力）；发挥（威力等）；施加（压力等）；产生（影响等）；行使（职权等）He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.
他已尽了全力以达到自己的目标。
He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.
他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。
These principles exerted great influence upon the course of the revolution.
这些原则对革命进程产生了很大的影响。
②collapse
n.1 、倒塌,崩溃,瓦解； 2 、（健康等）垮掉, （因精疲力竭等原因）倒下
.
The storm caused the collapse of the wooden shelter
暴风雨使这个避风雨的木棚倒塌了。
He suffered from a nervous collapse.
他的精神崩溃了。
The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.
政府的倒台使全国陷入混乱之中。
vi. 倒塌,崩溃
The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.
屋顶被雪压塌了。
The negotiations collapsed after several meetings.
会谈了几次之后,谈判破裂了。
In the last weeks of the war she collapsed from long imprisonment.
在战争的最后几个星期里她的身体因长期监禁而垮掉了。
③lauch
vt 1 、发射,投射； 2 、使（船）下水
The satellite was launched in a rocket.
这颗卫星是由火箭发射的。
The hunter launched a spear at the wolf.
猎人把矛向狼掷去。
A new ship has been successfully launched.
一条新船已成功地下水。
vt ./vi. 发动,发起（运动等）
launch out into 开始,着手进行
Our army launched an attack on the enemy.
我们的军队向敌人发起猛攻。
The police launched an investigation into the case.
警察对此案开展了调查。
The research group launched out into a series of new experiment.
研究小组着手进行了一系列新的实验。
UNIT 2-2
④operate
vi. 1 、运转,起作用；2、动手术（on,upon ）
The elevator operates smoothly.
电梯运行顺利。
The medicine gradually operated.
药物逐渐奏效了。
The doctor operated on the neck of the patient.
医生给病人的颈部动手术。
vt.1 、操作,操纵,经营；2、对。。。动手术
This airline operates five main lines and dozens of branch
lines.
这家航空公司经营五条主干线和十几条支线。
Do you know how to operate the machine?
你知道怎么开这台机器吗？
The doctor operated the patient on the neck.
医生给病人的颈部动手术。
.
He was operated on for lung cancer
他因肺癌动了手术。
二、常考句型
1 、天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一种空间区,物质可以掉进黑洞但任何物质不能逃脱。P1
Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into
which
matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.
2 、理论上是这样的：当某些星体的密度增大到某一特定点时便发生爆炸。P2
The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
3 、有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
4 、假定一个人掉进黑洞,他会认为很快就能到达黑洞中心。 P3
If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
5 、只是在近几年天文学家才开始具体研究黑洞。It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6 、另一方面,科学家们也在设想,由于有非常先进的技术,人们也许能在将来利用黑洞为人类服务。 P5
P2
P3
On the other hand, scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
三、习题
Unit 2 练习：
1. 词汇英译汉：
escape, explode, collapse, shrink, gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing,companion,
speculation, swallow, operate, to make use of, a great many, above all
2. 句子英译汉：
1) ~6) 与常考句型相同。
7) There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid
rate.8) They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
UNIT 2-3
3 句子汉译英
黑洞是什么,天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。
Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体,如星星吞食掉。
It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around
them,
such as stars .对黑洞的研究刚刚开始,各种各样的假说层出不穷。
The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。
Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black
hole.It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very imp ortant. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English well. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important.
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
2014年自考英语（二）考试大纲 一、课程的性质和设置目的 高等教育自学考试是一种个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的高等教育形式。为适应新形势，提高自学效率、助学质量和考试效能，满足国家和社会对人才培养的需要，特制定本 课程考试大纲。 英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言。它不仅是英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的通用语言，也是许多非英语国家科学技术、外交、贸易、管理和文化等方面对外交流的通用语言。英语已成为名副其实的国际通用语言，它是我国实行对外开放，开展国际交流的重要工 具之一。 本课程名称为“英语（二）”，是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）。本科阶段的 公共基础课。 本课程既是一门语言实践课程，也是拓宽知识、了解世界文化的重要素质课程，它以培养学习者的综合语言应用能力为目标，使他们在学习、工作和社会交往中能够使用英语进行有效的交流，并能学习和借鉴外国先进科学技术、经营方式、管理方法和优秀文化成果，同时向世 界展示我国建设和发展的成就。 本课程共14学分。 二、课程的基本内容 本课程以先进的外语教学理论为指导，建立适应时代要求的科学的课程体系。课程体系包括适合个人自学和社会助学的教材，并利用现代信息技术等手段搭建先进的教学平台，形成有 自考特色的公共英语教学体系。 本课程在完成“英语（一）”课程内容基础上，培养学生掌握系统的英语语言知识，包括正确的英语语音知识、系统的英语语法知识和一定的词汇量（4，500），并熟悉英语语言的表达 方式。 本课程强调在系统掌握英语语言知识的基础上开展大量综合语言实践活动，培养学习者掌握正确的学习策略，使其能理解多种场合、多种领域的普通语言材料，能够把握重点，进行概括和分析；能使用多种交际策略参与多种一般性话题的交流和讨论，表明自己的观点和态度，表达连贯，基本得体，为以后更高阶段的英语课程学习及在工作中使用英语奠定扎实的基础。
第一章绪论the structure of English sentence 1.0 introduction -- The grammar unites hierarchy Higher 1.2 Words 1.2.1 Words Class
1.2.2 word formation 构词法 a. Affixation 词缀法List具体见书9-10页 英语分前缀后缀和中缀，前缀加在词根之前，改变词义不改变词类。后缀加在词根之后，改变词类不改变 b. Composition 复合法 两个或者两个以上的独立词构成一个复合词。 E.g.: manservant, snowfall, deadline, spotlight, world-famous, before-tax, whenever, whereas… c. Convention 转化法 某个单词未经添加此罪就由一个词类转化为另一个词类。 Verbs to nouns: love, answer, doubt. Adj. to verbs: daily(=daily newspaper), final(=final exam) d. Blending 拼缀法 把两个词经行裁剪，掐头去尾，然后把这两个不完整的部分拼成一个词，在某些情况下只裁剪两个词中的一个词，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词。 P+P Motel (Motor + Hotel) Smog (Smoke + Fog) Brunch (Breakfast + Lunch) W+P newscast (News + Broadcast) Workfare (Work + Welfare) P+W Medicaid (Medical + Aid) Medicare (Medical + Care) e. Back-formation 逆生法 英语中有很多-or,-er结尾的名词是由动词派生而来，但也不乏通过去掉这些名词词尾派生出来的动词。 e.g. Housekeep –Housekeeper Babysit – Babysitter
Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.
自考英语语法讲义及练习 主讲人：胥国红 主要内容： 1．动词时态和语态 2．非谓语动词 3．虚拟语气 4．定语从句和名词性从句 1.动词的时态和语态 1．1 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态 语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing 现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动 被动 have been doing 1.2 动词主要时态的意义及运用 1) 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时 英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995 汉语提示语：已经，早已，了 e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year. By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task. 2)现在完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。 汉语提示语：一直 e.g. The water has been running the whole night. 3) 过去完成时 a)said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. b) hardly…when, no sooner… than e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call. c) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中 e.g. If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 历年考题中的动词时态和语态 1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.
名词和名词短语（2） 限定词和属格 4.1 限定词 Determiner 在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。 Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification of a noun phrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word. 限定词和形容词区别 Difference between Determiner and Adjective 1.前置限定, 限定词在形容词前面.Determiner usually precede adj. in pre-modification. 2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。The choice of Determiner is determined by the head word but not that of adj. 3.形容词表明中心词的特征，而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。Adj. describe the head word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by identifying or quantifying. 4.形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。 Adj. can post-modify the head word but not Determiner. 5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few, little, many much 外) 。 Adj. has comparative form but not Determiner （except few, little, many much ）. 4.1.2 Co-occurrence of Determiners Determiner may co-occurrence in the pre-modification of a noun phrase: two or more determiner may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes a fixed position , we identify their relative positions in the case of co-occurrence. 定义 考点1 定义
自考英语(一)英语语法基础材料： 考英语语法基础材料关于句法等相关知识 作者：林海时间：2011-10-18 15:08:26 来源：河北教育网浏览次数：16 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用) 爬山是一项好运动。 Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用) 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗? He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用) 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语) Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语) 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式) Larke has nothing to do today.
2005年4月全国高等教育自学考试英语语法试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Chose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter in the blank. 1. The task force is supposed_____. A. to be getting reinforced B. that to be getting reinforced C. to being got reinforced D. that been got reinforced 2. He muffled his voice to avoid_____. A. having been identified B. to be identified C. identified D. being identified 3._____, I would call him in advance. A. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you 4. The company encourages _____ uniforms. A. to wear B. wears C. wearing D. have worn 5. What is _____ story you have ever heard? A. funnier B. a funniest C. the funnier D. the funniest 6. You may take an oral or written exam _____ you prefer. A. according as B. according to C. if D. whether 7. The Tower of London, _____ so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction. A. which B. there C. where D. from it 8. Pride and prejudice _____ never failed to characterize the aristocracy. A. had B. has C. have D. are 9. Not only the players and the coach but also the referee _____ responsible for the defeat. A. were B. was C. is D. are 10. How often _____ your car _____? I think it ought _____ twice a week at least. A. is … washed, to be washed B. is … washed, to wash C. is … washed, to have washed D. has … been washed, to be washed 11. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard out in the street. A. having been opened and closed B. opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to be opened and closed 12. I had hoped that Jennifer _____ a doctor, but she was not good at medicine. A. will become B. become C. would become D. becomes 13. Most people enjoy _____. A. to flatter B. to be flattered C. flattering D. being flattered 14. Congratulations on _____ to the university. A. having admitted B. being admitted C. admitting D. have admitted 15. As we went _____ in our investigation of the case, we had more evidence of a political conspiracy. A. far B. farther C. further D. farthest 16. _____ his immense fortune, he died a most unhappy man. A. Although B. With all C. With D. Because of 17. He takes no interest in studies; _____, he plays tennis all day. A. in short B. instead C. anyhow D. still 18. The factory was burned down last night; _____ many workmen were thrown out of employment. A. for this sake B. on that account C. in that case D. unfortunately 19. The old _____ usually self-conceited as age sometimes does tell. A. is B. will be C. are to be D. are 20. There _____ a tall building, several tennis courts and lots of non-deciduous trees on the center of the area. A. is B. are C. stand D. appears 二、选择填空题(本大题共6小题，每小题2分，共12分)
本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。 第一、方法篇 自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。 由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。 但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。 我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。 比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。 它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man. He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name. 你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用) 爬山是一项好运动。 Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用) 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗? He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用) 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语) Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语) 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式) Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形) 非谓语动词的特征： 1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语) To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语) 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 Working under such a condition is terrible.
学程之旅>>> 我不焦急，也不拖拉，只要一步一步往前走，总会到达。 ——乔伊斯 假如人生是一次长征，水远山长，我们总期许在路上能得一知心人相随。 倘若学习是一段旅程，越好的光景，就越鲜有人能如愿得见。在自考这条并非坦途的旅程中，学程自考人愿做知心同路者伴你结结实实走一遭，看尽沿途的风景，共浴旅途的汗水，收获终点的幸福。 为了更好地了解自考考生的困惑与需求，我们曾通过学习平台对抽样出的3000多名在籍自考考生展开了问卷调查。最终统计结果显示，98%的自考考生属于在职人群，40%的学员每周最多只有10小时的学习时间，而那时仅我们每周的授课时长平均都会超过15小时。 透过这些数据得出的结论是残酷的。的确，对于一名已经开始扮演着各类角色并承担着各种社会家庭责任的自考考生而言，想要在一年之内一次性顺利通过自考13-15门课程的考试，是一个统计学意义上绝对的小概率事件。 那一刻，我们深刻的意识到，现实的逼仄让你无法把教育仅仅定义成一种授业点亮的情怀来传承亦或是一个模仿策划的节目来粉饰。我们必须做一些更务实，更脚踏实地的工作——用科学的方法尽最大的努力帮助更多的自考考生以最快的速度奔向成功之路的终点。这也是我们历经无数个日夜锤炼这样一套教辅直至成稿的初衷。
旅程无法预知，但可以有规划，学习没有捷径，但可以有方法。对每位选择信任学程教育的自考考生来说，最大的诚意莫过于提供最好的师资，以最忘我的态度奉献最精彩的课程和最实用的教辅。师者匠心。在这份执着与笃定下，《自考直通车》系列教辅破茧了。 纸短情长，对于承载着万千自考考生梦想与未来的学程自考人来说，我们所做的一切，都是希望在自考这段孤旅中你能因有那么一群“痴人”愿意随你走到天涯海角而倍感温暖。 你我所需做的只是把这样的温暖铭记于心，朝着自己心中的朝圣路一步一步坚定地走下去。 学程自考人
自考现代英语语法考前必看资料 第一部分：引言 《现代英语语法》是由李基安先生编写，全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会指定的全国高等教育自学考试教材。 关于这门课程的考试要求，可参见该教程第425所附录的《英语语法自学考试大纲》。大纲是方向、目标，广大考生必须仔细了解。 英语语法是关于英语语言结构的理论知识。通过该课程的学习，学员能够比较系统地认识英语从词，句到语篇的构造，从而提高他们应用英语的规范性。 在学习该教材时，学员普遍存在两种倾向：一是，由于该教材都是用英文编写，里面又涉及很多专业术语，许多学员觉得高深、难懂；二是，有些学员认为，自己从学英语开始就在学习英语语法，没有必要在这门功课上花太多的精力，所有的语法书都大同小异，自己稍做准备就能对付过去。 其实，两种看法都失偏颇。现代语法的发展与传统语法已经存在比较明显的差异，例如：传统语法认为，英语有九种（甚至十六种）时态，该教程则采取的是‘a system of two tenses and two aspects’—-—-—-两时两体体系。另外对phrases, clauses 的概念也有不同的定义。书中提到的一些其他语言现象，如：外位[extraposition], 分隔[discontinuity], 分裂句[cleft sentence]等都是一般语法书所不提及或者阐述不同。该教材也并非高深莫测，毕竟多数语言现象还是我们日常英语学习中所耳濡目染的，只不过我们许多英语学习者没有考究过它们形成的理论根据，来龙去脉而已。 所以，为了使自己的英语更加规范，让自己能用英语更准确、有效地传递信息、表达思想，英语专业的学生还是很有必要把这门课程学好。 现在我们就结合《现代英语语法》教材，近几年英语语法专业考试试题，讲述英语语法考试中考生容易忽略的测试要点或难点。 我们先通过几道语法题来检测你现有的现代语法水平，接着探讨一下该教材的学习方法，最后把教材各章的要点、难点归纳给大家。在整个讲解过程中，我们力争多采用教材里的素材以及往年试题中的一些经典考题，以便学员在学习、归纳语法现象的同时使自己的备考收效最大化。 先测试一下自己的现代语法水平(同时了解一下英语语法考试的题型、结构；每年考试形式基本相同，有些部分稍有调整。为了节省篇幅，这里各部分只选取几个样题)
《英语语法》串讲讲义 课程介绍 一、课程性质 《现代英语语法》是高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门选修课，主要面向具有相当于英语专业本科二年级以上水平并有志参加高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）考试的学生。《现代英语语法》理论与实践并重，既是一部语法理论著作，有宏观的理论概述，对英语语言结构作了比较系统的描写。又可作为教学参考书，它根据教学要求精选语法项目、设计篇章结构，有取有舍，自成体系，既有知识性，又有实践性。本教程中例子丰富，在历年试题中直接从教材中选择的例句数量相当多，这就要求学员在学习的过程中能确实看懂例子，能真正理解理论并能把理论应用于实践。 二、教材的选用 《现代英语语法》课程所选用教材是全国高等教育自学考试指定教材，该书由李基安主编，外语教学与研究出版社出版。 三、章节体系 为了便于各位学员复习应考，我们的串讲严格按照教材章节来讲。共十六章，每章主要以哪种形式命题以及哪些是高频考点我在讲解的什么都会提到，以帮助大家在以后的复习中做到有的放矢，迅速抓住重点内容，以取得事半功倍的效果。 考情分析 一、历年真题的分布情况 根据对《现代英语语法》近5年考题（注：全国每年统考：4月，有些省份7月还有一次，浙江省每年10月份也有语法考试）分析，可以看出哪些部分是全书的重点章，具体看下列表格中的黑体。
二、题型分析 《现代英语语法》的考试题型包括五种：单项选择题、填空题、改错题、改写句子、简答题。 根据对近5年的试题进行分析，可以发现题型有变化，但总的题量没变，仍然是74个题目。 09年4月前（含09年4月）共7大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、选择填空题（本大题共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） 如：21. were, was, had, animal, animals Small amounts of land ________ used for keeping ________. （该例选自0904） 三、填空题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） A. Fill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words: 29. I think I’ve lost that green scarf of mine; I can’t find it ________. B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb or verb phrase given: 34. It is time we ________ (think) about drawing up a detailed plan for the project. 四、改错题(本大题共8小题，每小题1分，共8分) 五、改句（本大题共13小题，每小题2分，共26分）Rewrite the following sentences as required. 六、名词解释（本大题共2小题，每小题2分，共4分）Define the following terms with examples. 七、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题2分，共6分）Answer the following questions. 10年4月开始（含1004）共五大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、填空题(本大题共28小题，共36分) Section A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the group.（共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） Section B. Fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Make changes where necessary. （共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 三、改错题（本大题共l 2小题，每小题1分,共12分） 四、改句题（本大题共1 2小题，每小题2分，共24分） 五、简答题（本大题共2小题，每小题4分，共8分） 从以上题型变化分析，我们可以看出1004把09年4月（前）的第二、三题合成了一个大题，并且少了名词解释的题型，因此总的题型少了两个。 学员答题时要注意以下两点：
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语语法试题 课程代码：00831 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. How many ______ are there in the word “monotonous”? A. o B. oes C. o’s D. os 2. Do you think there’s any possibility of arriving at the gym by ______ bus and still having the time to play ______ basketball together? A./; / B. a; the C. the; / D./; the 3. Today, Mary learned in ______ school how to behave well at ______ table. A. the; / B./; / C. the; the D./; the 4. Listen, Diana. I don’t care if you ______ the bus this morning. But you ______ late for too many times. You're fired. A. have missed; came B. would miss; have come C. missed; have come D. are missing; came 5. It so happened that Mary’s car ______when Jack went to borrow it. A. repaired B. was being repaired C. was repaired D. had repaired 6. The president thought it essential that the university ______ general education as a foundation for students’future development. A. stresses B. stress C. stressed D. would stress