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道德发展和道德教育专业英语翻译

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1 Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview Moral education is becoming an increasingly popular topic in the fields of psychology and education. Media reports of increased violent juvenile crime, teen pregnancy, and suicide have caused many to declare a moral crisis in our nation. While not all of these social concerns are moral in nature, and most have complex origins, there is a growing trend towards linking the solutions to these and related social problems to the teaching of moral and social values in our public schools. However, considerations of the role schools can and should play in the moral development of youth are themselves the subject of controversy. All too often debate on this topic is reduced to posturing reflecting personal views rather than informed opinion. Fortunately, systematic research and scholarship on moral development has been going on for most of this century, and educators wishing to attend to issues of moral development and education may make use of what has been learned through that work. The following overview provides an introduction to the main perspectives guiding current work on moral development and education. Readers interested in gaining an in-depth and up-to-date understanding of research and scholarship in the field may do so by returning to this web site each month and selecting Featured Articles. 道德教育正在日益成为心理学和教育领域越来越热门的话题。媒体关于青少年暴力犯罪、少女早孕和自杀的问题日益攀升的报道引起了许多人对于我国道德危机的讨论。然而，并不是所有这些社会关注的问题都是本质上的道德，有一种正在日益增长的倾向把这些问题的解决办法以及相关的社会问题跟我们公立学校的道德和社会价值观教育联系在一起。然而，思考关于学校能够而且应该在青年道德发展中扮演的角色是他们自身讨论的课题。经常的讨论这个主题逐渐简化成去反映个人的观点的形式，而不是广为大家所知的共识。幸运的是，关于道德发展的系统研究和学术性研讨一直延续了本世纪的大部分时间，而且希望参与到道德教育和道德发展问题中的教育工作者可以通过那项工作利用所学。下面的综述对引导当前的道德教育和到的发展的主要观点提供了一个说明。有兴趣深入了解这一领域的读者，可以通过回访这个网站的专栏文章来了解最新的学术研究成果。（想深入了解这一领域并且有兴趣了解最新的研究和学术成果的读者，可以通过每个月回访这个网站搜索专栏文章。） Piaget's Theory Jean Piaget is among the first psychologists whose work remains directly relevant to contemporary theories of moral development. In his early writing, he focused specifically on the moral lives of children, studying the way children play games in order to learn more about children's beliefs about right and wrong(1932/65). According to Piaget, all development emerges from action; that is to say, individuals construct and reconstruct their knowledge of the world as a result of interactions with the environment. Based on his observations of children's application of rules when playing, Piaget determined that morality, too, can be considered a developmental process. For example, Ben, a ten year old studied by Piaget, provided the following critique of a rule made-up by a child playing marbles: "it isn't a rule! It's a wrong rule because it's outside of the rules. A fair rule is one that is in the game". Ben believed in the absolute and intrinsic truth of the rules, characteristic of early moral reasoning. In contrast, Vua, aged thirteen, illustrates an understanding of the reasoning behind the application of rules, characteristic of later moral thinking. When asked to consider the fairness of a made-up rule compared to a traditional rule, Vua replied "It is just as fair because the marbles are far apart"(making the game equally difficult). 皮亚杰的理论 2

皮亚杰是首批致力于研究与当代道德发展理论有关心的理学家之一。在他早期著作中，他特别关注儿童的道德生活，研究儿童玩游戏的方式以便于了解更多儿童关于对与错的信仰。根据皮亚杰的研究，所有的发展都源自于行动，也就是说，每个人建构和重建他们对于这个世界的认识是与环境互动的结果。基于对儿童在游戏中应用规则的观察，皮亚杰认为道德观也可以被看作是一个发展着的过程。例如，皮亚杰的一个研究对象，一个叫本的十岁大的孩子，说出了以下对孩子们玩弹珠游戏制定的游戏规则的批评：那不是规则，是一个错误的规则因为它超出了规则的范围。一个公平的规则是在游戏之内的规则。本信服规则的纯粹的固有的正确性，这是早期道德推理的特征。相比较之下，十三岁的瓦说出了对规则应用背后的理性认知，这是之后道德思维的特征。当被问到对于人为规则和传统规则的公平性的认识时，瓦回答说，它只是相对公平，因为弹珠分开的同样远（使得游戏同样困难）。 In addition to examining children's understanding of rules about games, Piaget interviewed children regarding acts such as stealing and lying. When asked what a lie is, younger children consistently answered that they are "naughty words". When asked why they should not lie, younger children could rarely explain beyond the forbidden nature of the act: "because it is a naughty word". However, older children were able to explain "because it isn't right", and "it wasn't true". Even older children indicated an awareness of intention as relevant to the meaning of an act: "A lie is when you deceive someone else. To make a mistake is when you make a mistake". From his observations, Piaget concluded that children begin in a "heteronomous" stage of moral reasoning, characterized by a strict adherence to rules and duties, and obedience to authority. 除了测试孩子们关于游戏规则的认识之外，皮亚杰还采访孩子们与偷盗和撒谎相关的行为。当问到什么是撒谎时，小一点的孩子一贯的回答他们是顽皮的话。当问到他们为什么不能撒谎时，年轻的孩子们几乎很少能给出超越“这一行为是自然禁令”的回答：因为那是顽皮的话。然而，大点的孩子能解释出：因为那是不对的，并且不真实。再大一点的孩子指出有关这一行为的意义是有目的性的意识：撒谎就是欺骗别人。当你犯错的时候就是你想犯错。根据他的观察，皮亚杰总结出孩子们是从道德认知的他律性阶段开始的，气只要特征就是严格的遵守规则和责任，并且服从于权利。 This heteronomy results from two factors. The first factor is the young child's cognitive structure. According to Piaget, the thinking of young children is characterized by egocentrism. That is to say that young children are unable to simultaneously take into account their own view of things with the perspective of someone else. This egocentrism leads children to project their own thoughts and wishes onto others. It is also associated with the uni-directional view of rules and power associated with heteronomous moral thought, and various forms of "moral realism." Moral realism is associated with "objective responsibility", which is valuing the letter of the law above the purpose of the law. This is why young children are more concerned about the outcomes of actions rather than the intentions of the person doing the act. Moral realism is also associated with the young child's belief in "immanent justice." This is the expectation that punishments automatically follow acts of wrong-doing. One of the most famous cases of such childhood thinking was that of the young boy who believed that his hitting a power pole with his baseball bat caused a major power blackout in the New York city area. 他律性源于两个因素。第一个因素是年轻孩子们的认知结构。据皮亚杰所说，年轻孩子的思维特征是以自我为中心。那也就是说年轻的孩子们不能同时考虑到他们自己和其他人对于一件事情的观点。这种自我中心主义导致孩子们把自己的想法和愿望强加给其他人。自我中心主义也与与他律

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心理学专业词汇英语翻译I~L

心理学专业词汇英语翻译I~L

IA 项目和配列IA 智力年龄ianthinopsia 紫幻视IAR theory 内隐联想反应理论iatreusiology 治疗学iatrogenic disorder 误诊致病iatrogenic homosexuality 误导性同性恋误导性同性恋iatrogenic neurosis 误诊性神经症iatrogenic neurosis 医源性神经症iatrology 医学iceberg organization 冰堡组织ice mountain profile冰山剖面图ichthyophobia 恐鱼症iconic 形象的iconic experience of moral feeling 想象的道德情感体验iconic memory 映象记忆iconic representation 形象性表象iconic representation model 形象表象方式iconic representation stage 形象再现表象阶段iconic sign 图象符号iconic store 映像贮存iconography 图解iconolagny 恋肖像癖iconolatry 偶像崇拜iconomania 肖像崇拜癖ICT 胰岛素休克治疗法ictal 突发的ictal depression 发作性抑郁症ictal emotion 突发情绪ictometer 心搏计ictus 暴发ictus epilepticus 癫痫猝发ICW Interest Record 儿童福利机构的孩童兴趣纪录Id 本我id anxiety 本我焦虑idea 观念idea 意见idea of justice 公正观念idea of reason 理性观念idea of reference 参照主意idea of self accusation自责观念ideal 理想ideal color 理想色ideal ego 理想自我ideal goal 理想目标ideal masochism 想象被虐狂ideal point 理想点ideal self 理想自我ideal sort 理想分类ideal strategy 理想策略ideal type 理想型ideal world 理想世界idealism 理想主义idealism 唯心论idealist apriorism 唯心论的先验观idealistic positivism 唯心实证主义idealistic psychology 唯心主义心理学唯心主义心理学ideality 理想idealization 理想化idealized image 理想化形象idealized self 理想化我idealless 没理想的ideate 形成概念ideation 观念作用ideational apraxia 观念性失用症ideational learning 观念学习ideational memory 观念记忆ideational type 观念型idea chase意念飘忽idea motor意念运动identical 相同的identical anchor items 相同参照测验题相同定锚测验题identical concept 同一概念identical element 相同要素identical elements theory 同元素论identical retinal point 网膜对应点identical twins 同卵双生identifiability principle 辨识原则identifiability principle 同一性原则identification 认同identification 识别identification ability 识别能力identification code 识别码identification condition 识别条件identification figure 认同人物identification foreclosure 同一性拒斥identification learning 辨别学习identification marking 识别标志identification of evidence 证据辨认identification problem 识别问题identification test 鉴别测验identification time 辨别时间identifier 识别符identify 识别identifying restrictions 识别的约束条件识别的约束条件identity 认同identity achievement 认同达成identity crises 认同危机identity diffusion 认同性扩散identity diffusion syndrome 同一性扩散综合症identity foreclosure 过早自认identity foreclosure 早闭型统合identity formation 自认形成identity hypothesis 同一性假说identity level of concept 概念守恒阶段概念守 阶段identity moratorium 未定型统合identity moratorium 自认拖延identity of object and self 物我合一identity of perception 知觉同一性identity of relation 关系的同一identity of thinking and being 思维和存在的同一性identity test 鉴定试验identity vs role diffusion同一性与角色混乱identity vs role diffusion conflict自认与角色扩散之矛盾ideodynamism 观念统制ideogenetic 观念性的ideoglandular 观念性腺分泌ideogram 表意文字ideograph 符号ideography 意符系统ideokinetic 意念性动作的ideokinetic apraxia 意想运动性运用不能ideolectotype 自选模式标本ideological 意识形态的ideological education 意识形态教育ideological form 观念形态ideologue 空想家ideology 意识形态ideometabolism 观念性代谢ideomotion 观念性动作ideomotor 意识运动性的ideophobia 观念恐怖症ideophone 摹拟音ideophrenia 观念倒错ideoplasy 观念凝注ideoreflex 观念反射ideo motion training念动训练ideo motor念动ideo motor apraxia观念 运动性失用症观念 运动性失用症ideo motor theory动念说idioadaptation 特殊适应idioadaptation evolution 特殊适应性演化idiochromosome 性染色体idiocrasy 特异反应性idioctonia 自杀idiocy 白痴idioecology 个体生态学idiogamist 自偶者idiogenesis 自发病idioglossia 新语病idiographic 个人签名的idiographic approach 个人特质研究法个人特质研究法idiographic psychology 特殊规律心理学特殊规律心理学idiohypnotism 自我催眠idiolalia 自语症idiolect 个人言语特点idiologism 自解言语症idiom 成语idiom 惯用语idioneural 神经自身的idiopathia 自发病idiopathic 自发idiopathic epilepsy 自发性癫痫症idiophrenic 脑本身的idioplasm 胚质idiopsychologic 自发心理的idioreflex 自发性反射idiosyncrasy 特异反应性idiosyncrasy 特质idiosyncrasy credit 特殊信任idiot 白痴idiot 低能idiotia 白痴idiotia diplegica 双侧瘫性白痴idiotia epileptica 癫痫性白痴idiotia familialis amaurotica 黑蒙家族性白痴idiotia hemiplegica 偏瘫性白痴idiotia hydrocephalica 水脑性白痴idiotia microcephalica 小头性白痴idiotia paralytica 麻痹性白痴idiotia paraplegica 截瘫性白痴idiotic 白痴的idiotropic 内省的idiotype 个体基因型idiot savant低能特才idiovariation 自发性变异idio imbecile痴愚idol 偶像idolater 偶像崇拜者idolatress 偶像崇拜者idolatrous 崇拜偶像的idolatry 偶像崇拜idolum 谬论id ego conflict伊特 自我冲突IE 工业工程工业工程IE ratio 呼吸比率ignominy 耻辱ignoramus 毫无知识的人ignorance 愚昧ignore 不顾ikonic 形象的illation 演绎illegal demand 非法需要illegal mind 违法心理illegality 违法illegitimacy 不合理illegitimate children 私生儿童illegitimate combination 不正常结合illegitimate copulation 不正常接合illegitimate political behavior 非法的政治行为illiberal 无教养的illicit 不正当的Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities 伊利诺心理语言能力测验illiteracy 文盲illness 疾病illness frequency rate 患病率illness management 管理不善illness suited 不适合illuminance 照度illuminant color 发光色illumination 豁朗期illumination 照明illumination distribution 照明分布illumination effect 照明效应illumination ergonomics 照明工效学illumination flicker 照度闪耀illumination level 照明水平illumination meter 照度计illumination theory of cognition 光照论illumination uniformity 照明均匀性illumine 启发illusion 错觉illusion in flight 飞行错觉illusion of angle and direction 角度 方向错觉illusion of assimilation contrast of concentric circles 同心圆同化 对比错觉illusion of auditory 听错觉illusion of control 控制错觉illusion of curvature 弯曲错觉illusion of doubles 相联错觉illusion of false recognition 误认错觉illusion of memory 记忆错觉illusion of movement 运动错觉illusion of negative doubles 反向相识错觉illusion of orientation 定向错觉illusion of positive doubles 正向相识错觉illusion of size 大小错觉illusion of unanimity 一致性错觉illusory contour 错觉轮廓illustration 说明illutation 泥浴疗法ill being不好的境地ill breeding教养不好ill defined problem定义有缺陷问题定义有缺陷问题ill feeling敌意ill fortune厄运ill humour心情恶劣image 映象image analysis 映象分析image formation 成象image interview 映象面谈image memory 表象记忆image of problem 问题表象image processing 想象过程image scanning 意象审视image strategy 意象战略image survey 意象调查image training 表象训练image type 表象型imageless thinking 无意象思维imageless thought 无意象思考imagery 意象imagery code 意象码imagery therapy 想象治疗法imagery thinking 意象思维imagery training 意象训练imagery type 意象型imaginal memory 形象记忆imaginal thinking 形象思维imaginary audience 假想观众imaginary audience in adolescence 青少年期的假想观众imaginary color stimulus 假想色刺激imaginary companion 假想游伴imaginary playmates 假想玩伴imaginary space 想象空间imaginary threshold 假想临界imagination 想象imagination in music 音乐想象imagination training 想象训练imaginative 富于想象的imaginative image 想象表象imaginative play 想象游戏imaginative power 想象力imagine 想象imago 潜存替象imago 无意识意向imbalance 不平衡imbalantia 肌平衡觉缺失imbecile 痴愚imbecility 愚笨imbecillitas 痴愚imbecillitas phenylpyruvica 智力发育不全性苯丙酮尿imbedding 嵌入imbedding method 嵌入法imbroglio 纠葛imipramine 丙咪嗪imitate 模拟imitated tactic training 战术模拟训练imitation 模仿imitation law 模仿律imitation learning 模仿学习imitation of sex typed behavior性别行为的模仿imitation psychology 模仿心理学imitation strategy 模仿战略imitation theory of crime 犯罪模仿论犯罪模 论imitation with expansion 扩充模仿imitative imagination 模仿想象imitative learning 模仿学习imitative play 模仿性游戏imitative sound 模仿音imitativeness 模仿性imitator 模拟器immanence 内在性immanent 内在的immanent action 内在活动immanent contradiction 内在矛盾immanent factor 内在因素immaterial 非物质的immaterial substance 非物质实体immature 不成熟immature 未成熟的immature personality 幼稚人格immatureness 未成熟immaturity 不成熟immaturity of emotion 情绪不成熟immaturity of psychosexual 性心理不成熟immaturity maturity theory未成熟 成熟理论immediacy 直接immediate 即时的immediate 直接的immediate access 快速存贮immediate association 即时联想immediate cause 近因immediate constituent 直接成分immediate experience 直接经验immediate explosive power 瞬间爆发力瞬间爆发力immediate feedback 即时反馈immediate gratification 即时满足immediate heredity 直接遗传immediate inference 直接推理immediate knowledge 直接知识immediate memory 即时记忆immediate memory span 即时记忆广度即时记忆广度immediate memory span test即时记忆广度测验immediate perception 直觉immediate psychological state 临场心理状态immediate reaction 即时反应immediate reasoning 即时推理immediate recall 即时回忆immediate thinking 临场思维immigrant 移民immigration 移居imminence 急迫imminent justice 立时惩处immobility 不动性immobilization 制动immoderate 无节制的immoral 不道德的immorality 不道德immortality 永生妄想immunization 抗劝immunize 免疫immunobiology 免疫生物学immunogenetics 免疫遗传学immunotherapy 免疫疗法immure 监禁immutability 不变性impact 冲击impact of unemployment 失业冲击impaction 冲击impaired 受损impairment 损伤impairment of hearing 听力损伤imparting of experience 经验的传授impasse 绝境impasse priority therapy绝境先行疗法绝境先行疗法impassion 激动impassive 缺乏热情的impatience 急躁impedance 阻抗impede 阻止impediment speech 言语障碍impel 迫使imperative 强迫的imperative auditory hallucination 命令性幻听imperative idea 强迫观念imperceptible 感觉不到的imperceptible given 未感知到的材料imperception 知觉不全imperceptive 知觉缺乏的imperceptiveness 知觉缺乏impercipience 无知觉能力imperfect 不完全的imperfect competition 不完全竞争imperfect induction 不完全归纳推理imperil 危害impermeable construct 非渗透性建构impersonal 非个人的imperturbation 沉着impetuosity 急躁impetuous type 不可遏止型impetus 冲动implantation 移植implement plan 执行计划implication 含蓄implicit 内隐的implicit associative response 内隐联想反应implicit associative response theory 内隐联想反应理论implicit behavior 内隐行为implicit favorite model 隐含偏爱模型implicit learning 隐学习implicit memory 内隐记忆implicit personality theory 内隐人格论内隐性格观implicit reinforcement 隐蔽的强化作用隐蔽的增强作用implicit response 内隐反应implicit speech 内隐言语implicit style 含蓄implicit theories 内隐理论implicit theories of leadership 内隐领导理论implosion 以恐治恐法implosive psychotherapy 内爆心理治疗内爆心理治疗法implosive therapy 内爆疗法imply 蕴涵importance principle 重要性原则importance value index 重要值指数important event 重大事件important records 重要事项记述importation 输入impossible figure 不可能图形impostor 谎言癖者imposture 欺骗impotence 性无能impotentia 阳萎impotentia coeundi 交媾不能性阳萎impotentia erigendi 勃起不能性阳萎impoverished perception 刺激贫缺知觉刺激贫缺知觉impoverished perception 简约化知觉impoverishment 枯竭impressed variation 强制变异impression 印象impression advertising 印象广告impression formation 印象形成impression management 印象操纵impression management 印象管理impression method 印象法impression of maternal 母感影响impressionability 易感性impressionism 印象派impressive aphasia 感觉性失语impressiveness 印象性imprinting 印记imprison 监禁improbity 不诚实improper character 非正常特征improvement 改善improvement curve 进步曲线improvement of environment 环境改善improvement of office work 办公室工作改善improvisation 临时润饰improvisational performance 即兴表演imprudence 轻率impuberism 未成年impuberty 前青春期impugn 指责impulse 冲动impulse buying 冲动购买impulse counter 脉冲计数器impulse disorders 冲动性障碍impulse frequency 脉冲频率impulse noise 脉冲噪声impulse ridden 冲动驱使impulse ridden personality冲动性人格 动性人格impulsing 发生脉冲impulsion 冲动impulsive 冲动的impulsive action 冲动行为impulsive behavior 冲动行为impulsive child 冲动儿童impulsive nature 冲动本性impulsive neurosis 冲动性神经症impulsive noise 脉冲噪声impulsive obsession 冲动欲impulsive sound 冲击音impulsive style 冲动型impulsive tic 冲动性抽搐impulsive type 冲动型impulsiveness 冲动性impunitive 不罚型imputation 诋毁in advance 提前in corpora 体内in opposition to each other 互相对立in vitro 试管内inability 无能inability of empathy 感情移入不能inability of impression 铭记障碍inability to fix 铭记困难inaccessibility 难接近inaccessible 难接近的inaccuracy 不正确inaction 不活跃inactivation 失活inactivation center 失活中心inactive region 不活动区inactive state 不活动状态inadaptability 不适应性inadaptable 不能适应的inadaptation 不适应inadaptive phase 不适应阶段inadequacy 不适当inadequate 不适当的inadequate personality 不适当人格inadequate stimulus 不当刺激inadvertence 漫不经心inadvertent 粗心大意的inadvisable 不明智的inaesthetic 无审美感的inanimate 非生物性inanition 营养不足inappetence 食欲不振inappropriate affect 不适当情感inarticulate speech 不清晰言语inattention 不注意inauspicious 不祥的inavoidance need 避败需求inaxon 长轴索细胞inbeing 本性inborn 天生的inborn reflex 先天反射inbred 近亲交配inbreeding 近亲繁殖inbreeding coefficient 近亲系数incapacity 无能incarcerate 禁闭incendiarism 纵火狂incendiary mania 纵火狂incentive 诱因incentive condition 刺激条件incentive management 奖励管理incentive motivation 诱因动机incentive system 激励制度incentive theory 诱因论incentive value 诱因价incertitude 无把握incest 乱伦incest avoidance 乱伦回避incest barrier 乱伦阻障incest dream 乱伦梦incest fantasy 乱伦幻想incest taboo 乱伦禁忌incidence 关联incidence rate 发生率incident 事件incident process method 发生过程法incidental 偶然的incidental error 偶然误差incidental error of observation 观察偶误观察偶误incidental learning 偶然学习incidental memory 无意记忆incidental sampling 偶然抽样incidental stimulus 伴随刺激incipient 初始的incitantia 精神兴奋剂incite 激励incivility 粗暴言行inclemency 险恶inclination 倾向inclination coding 倾度编码inclination illusion 倾斜错觉incline 倾向inclusion need 合群需求incognizant 未意识到的incoherence 不连贯incoherent of speech 言语散乱income 收入income level 收入水平incompatible response 不相容反应incompetence 机能不全incompetent 无能incomplete data 不完全资料incomplete design 不完全设计incomplete learning method 不完全学习法incomplete man test 人像填补测验incomplete picture test 缺图测验incomplete sentence test 填句测验incomplete survey 非全面调查incomprehension 缺乏理解inconceivable 不可想象的incondite 无礼貌的inconformity 不一致incongruence 不协调incongruity 不相称inconscient 无意识的inconsequent 不连贯的inconsistency 不一致性inconsistent 不一致的inconsolable 极度沮丧的inconspicuous 难以察觉的inconstancy 反复无常incontinence 失禁incontinence of feces 大便失禁incontinence of urine 尿失禁inconvertibility 不可转化性inconvincible 不能说服的incoordination 不协调incorporation 结合incorporation 渗入incorporation mistake 渗入误差incorporeal 非物质的incorret 错误的incorrigible 难以纠正的increase 增进increase accumulation 增加累计increase of mental metabolism 心理代谢过旺incredible 不可信的incredulity 不相信increment 增加incremental learning 逐步积累的学习incremental threshold 增值阈incremental validity 增值效度incretion 内分泌incretology 内分泌学incretopathy 内分泌病incretory 内分泌的incretory gland 内分泌腺incretotherapy 内分泌疗法incubation 潜伏incubation 酝酿incubation period 潜伏期incubation stage 孕育期incubus 梦魇inculcation 谆谆教诲incult 粗俗的incumbency 责任incur 招惹incurable 不能治愈的incurvation 向内弯曲incurvation reflex 躯体侧弯反射incus 砧骨indecent assault 猥亵犯罪indecipherable 难辨认的indecision 犹豫indecorum 失礼的言行indefatigable 不倦的indefinite 无限的indefinite variability 不定变异性indemnify 保障indemonstrable 无法证明的independence 独立性independence in judgment 独立判断independence test 独立性检验independent action 独立行动independent assortment 独立分配independent behavior 独立行为independent comparison 独立比较independent control 独立控制independent development 主动发育independent discovery learning 独立发现学习independent event 独立事件independent experiment 独立实验independent factor 独立因素independent group 独立组independent group design 独立组设计independent inversion 个别倒位independent judgment 独立判断independent living 独立生活independent observation 独立观察independent personality 独立人格independent probability 独立机率independent reflection 独立反省independent sample 独立样本independent sampling 独立抽样independent trials 独立试验independent variable 独立变量independent variable 自变量independent variable×subject variable design 自变量×被试变量设计自变项×被试变项设计indeterminate 不确定的indeterminate task 不明确任务indetermination 不确定indeterminism 非决定论index 索引index 指数index case 指标个案index mark 指标index of constancy 常性指数index of determination 决定指数index of difficulty 难度指数index of discrimination 鉴别指数index of forecasting efficiency 预测效率指数index of perceptual constancy 知觉常性指数index of phenomenal regression 现象性回归指数index of precision 确定指数index of reliability 信度指数index of retest consistency 复测一致性指数index of school effectiveness 学校效能指标index of silent reading test 默读能力测量指标index of stability 稳定指数index of variability 变异指数index of wages 工资指数index variable 指标变量indicant 指标indication 指示法indication 指征indicative character 指示特征indicator 指示器indifference 淡漠indifference 无差别indifference curve 无差别曲线indifference point 无差别点indifferent euphoria 淡漠型欣快indifferent stimulus 无关刺激indifferentism 冷漠主义indigence 贫困indigestion 难以理解indignity 侮辱indirect 间接indirect acting factor 间接影响因素indirect aggression 间接攻击indirect comprehension 间接理解indirect conditioning 间接条件作用indirect correlation 间接相关indirect glare 间接眩光indirect group 间接群体indirect inference 间接推理indirect intent 间接故意indirect intercourse 间接交往indirect interest 间接兴趣indirect judgment 间接判断indirect lighting 间接照明indirect measurement 间接测量indirect method of teaching 间接教学法间接教学法indirect observation 间接观察indirect recall 间接回忆indirect relation 间接关系indirect scaling 间接量表法indirect suggestion 间接暗示indirect survey 间接调查indirect teaching 间接教学indirect vision 间接视觉indiscipline 无纪律indiscretion 不慎重indiscriminate 不加区别的indisposition 不舒服indistinct play 未分化型游戏individual 个体individual aggression 个人攻击individual behavior 个人行为individual character 个性individual characteristics 个人特征individual consciousness 个体意识individual counseling 个别咨询individual delinquency 个人犯罪individual development 个体发展individual development period 个体发展期individual development psychology 个性发展心理学individual diagnosis 个别诊断individual difference 个别差异individual difference in learning 学习的个别差异individual difference model 个别差异模型individual differences 个体差异individual distance 个体距离individual ecology 个体生态学Individual education 个别教育Individual guided education 个别指导教学individual habitat 个体生境individual identity 个人统合individual inclination 个性倾向性individual intelligence test 个别智力测验individual learning 个人学习individual mental characteristics 个性心理特征individual mind 个性心理individual morality 个人道德individual need 个人需要individual object space 个人的对象空间个人的对象空间individual perceptual space 个人知觉空间individual problem solving 个别问题解决individual psychology 个体心理学individual psychotherapy 个别心理治疗个别心理治疗法Individual Pupil Monitoring System 个别学生监察系统individual ranking 个人排序法individual scale 个人量表individual schedule 个人调查表individual space 个人空间individual symbol 个别性象征individual term 个别项individual test 个别测验individual therapy 个别治疗法individual trait 个人特质individual variant 个别变异individual will 个人意志individual workplaces 个人工作场地individualism 个人主义individualistic reward structure 个别奖赏结构individuality 个性individuality formation 个性形成individuality of character 性格的个别性性格的个别性individuality theory 个性理论individualization 个性化individualized education 个别化教育individualized instruction 个别化教学individualized language 个性化语言individually guided education 个别指导教学individuation 个别化individuation process 个性化过程indoctrination 教条灌输indolence 懒惰indoor noise 室内噪声induce 诱发induced abortion 人为堕胎induced aggression 诱导性攻击induced analgesia 诱发性痛觉缺失induced association 诱导联想induced color 诱导色induced compliance 诱发依从induced dormancy 诱导休眠induced exercise 诱导练习induced hallucination 诱导幻觉induced motion 诱动现象induced motion perception 诱导运动知觉induced movement 诱导运动induced mutation 诱导突变induced potential 诱发电位induced compliance paradigm诱从范式诱从范式inducement 诱因inducer 诱导物inducible system 诱导系统inducing color 诱导色induction 归纳induction 诱导induction method 归纳法inductive argument 归纳式论证inductive effect 诱导效应inductive inference 归纳推理inductive method 归纳法inductive reasoning 归纳推理inductive research 归纳研究inductive statistics 归纳统计学inductive stimulus 诱发刺激inductive substance 诱导物质inductive teaching model 归纳教学法inductive test 归纳测验inductiveness 感应inductive deductive reasoning归纳 演绎推理inductor 感应体inductor 诱导体indulgence 放任indulgence 恣纵indulgent 纵容的industrial accident 工厂事故industrial and mining establishments 工矿企业industrial conflict 工业化冲突industrial consultants 工业咨询industrial control 工业管理industrial democracy 工业化民主industrial department 工业部门industrial design 工业设计industrial development 工业发展industrial disease 工业病industrial distribution 工业分布industrial efficiency 工业效率industrial engineering 工业工程工业工程industrial enterprise 工业企业industrial fatigue 工业疲劳industrial hygiene 工业卫生学industrial labour 工业劳动industrial management 工业管理industrial mental health 工业心理卫生工业心理卫生industrial noise 工业噪声industrial occupancy 工业区industrial planning 工业计划industrial production capacity 工业生产能力industrial production survey 工业生产调查industrial psychiatry 工业精神病学Industrial Psychology 工业心理industrial psychology 工业心理学industrial recreation 工余康乐industrial relations 工业关系industrial relations 劳资关系industrial revolution 工业革命industrial robot 工业用机器人industrial sabotage 工业破坏industrial safety 工业安全industrial social psychology 工业社会心理学industrial sociology 工业社会学industrial stagnation 工业停滞industrial standardization 工业标准化industrial statistics 工业统计industrial supervision 工业监督industrial training 工业训练industrial undertaking 工业企业industrial work 工业性作业industrial workers 产业工人industrialization 工业化industrialized society 工业化社会industrial organizational psychology工业组织心理学industry gerontology 工业老年学industry vs inferiority conflict勤业与自卑的矛盾inebriation 酒醉inebriety 醉癖ineducable 不可教育的inefficacy 无效inelastic 无适应性的inenarrable 难以描述的inequality 不平等inequitable relationship 不公平关系inequity 不公平ineradicable 不能根除的inert 惰性的inert type 不活泼型inertia 惰性inescapable 逃避不了的inestimable parameter 无法估计参数inevitable 不可避免的inexact data 不准确数据inexcitability 无反应性inexcusable 不可原谅的inexecutable 难以实行的inexistent 不存在的inexperience 缺乏经验inexpressive 无表情的inextricable 不能解决的infallible data 可靠数据infancy 婴儿期infancy stage 婴儿期infant 婴儿Infant Behavior and Development 婴儿行为与发育infant development 婴儿发展infant education 幼儿教育infant intelligence scale 婴儿智力量表婴儿智力量表Infant Mental Health Journal 婴儿心理卫生杂志infant psychology 婴儿心理学infant psychophysics 婴儿精神物理学infant socialization 婴儿社会化infant test 婴儿测验infant vocalization 婴儿发声infanticide 杀婴infanticulture 育儿法infantile 幼稚的infantile amentia 幼儿痴呆infantile amnesia 婴儿期遗忘infantile amnesia 幼年经验失忆症infantile autism 婴儿期自闭症infantile convulsion 婴儿痉孪infantile neurosis 幼儿神经症infantile paralysis 小儿麻痹症infantile personality 幼稚型人格infantile polymorphous perverse 婴儿期的多形性反常infantile psychosis 婴儿期精神症infantile sexuality 幼儿性欲infantile speech 婴儿言语infantile stimulation 幼儿期刺激infantile trauma 婴儿期创伤infantilism 幼稚病infatuation 迷恋infect 感染infection 感染infections disorder 传染性疾病infectious 感染性的infectiousness 传染性infective psychosis 感染性精神病infecundity 不育infelicity 不幸infer 推论inference 推论inference of immediate 直接推论inference of mediate 间接推论inferential logic 推论逻辑inferential statistics 推论统计inferior colliculus 下丘inferior oblique muscles 下斜肌inferior olivary nuclei 下橄榄核inferior retcus 下直肌inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回皮层inferiority 自卑inferiority complex 自卑情结inferiority feeling 自卑感infernal circle 恶性循环inferred self 推论自我infertility 不孕infest 侵扰infidelity 不忠实infinite population 无限总体infinite value logic无限价值逻辑infinitive 原形infirmity 衰弱inflammation 激动inflated 夸张的inflation 人格扩张inflection 曲折inflow theory 流入说influence 影响influence factor 影响因素influence theory of organization 组织的影响理论influencing agent 影响者influx of stimulus 刺激流入informal 非正式的informal communication 非正式沟通informal group 非正式群体informal interview 非正式面谈informal network 非正式沟通网络informal organization 非正式组织informal test 非正式测验informatics 信息学information 情报information 信息information acquisition 信息获得information analysis 信息分析information analyst 信息分析专家information bank 资料库information bit 信息单位information capacity 信息容量information channel 信息通路information coding 信息编码information community 信息共同体information content 信息内容information cue 信息提示information display 信息显示information dissemination 信息传递information economics 信息经济学information encoding 信息编号information error 信息误差information exchange 信息交换information explosion 信息爆炸information feedback 信息反馈information gap 信息差距information giving 提供信息information input 信息输入information overload 信息超负荷information pollution 信息污染information pressure 信息压力information process 信息过程information process of purchasers 买主的信息加工information processing 信息加工information processing language 信息加工语言information processing model of learning 学习信息加工模式information processing models 信息加工模式information processing psychology 信息加工心理学information processing system 信息加工系统information processing theory 信息加工理论information processing theory of emotion 情绪信息加工理论information psychology 信息心理学information rate 信息率information redundance 信息冗余度information residue 信息多余性information response 信息反应information retrieval 信息检索information science 信息科学information source 信息源information storage 信息贮存information storage unit 信息贮存器information system 信息系统information technology 信息技术information test 常识测验information theory 信息论information transfer 信息传递information transmission 信息传输information transmission system 信息传输系统informational influence 信息影响informational power 信息力informational power 知识权力informational response 信息反应informational RNA 信息RNA informational roles of managers 管理者的信息角色informational social influence 信息性社会影响information processing flowchart信息加工流程图information processing model信息加工模型information processing model of attention 注意的信息加工模型information processing of intelligence智力信息加工information processin g psychology 信息加工心理学information processing theory信息处理论information processing theory of intelligence 信息处理智力论informative advertising 信息广告informative advertising 知识性广告informed consent 知会同意informosome 信息体infracortical 皮质下的infraction 违背infrahuman 低于人类的infrahuman language 类人猿语言infrared lamp 红外线灯infrared ray 红外线infrasonic 次声的infrasound 次声infrastructure 基础infrequent inquiry 不经常性调查infringe 违反infringement 违法行为infundibulum 漏斗部ing 差别任意加权ingather 收集ingenuity 机灵ingest 摄食ingestion 摄食ingestive 摄食的ingestive behavior 摄食行为ingrate 忘恩的人ingratiation 奉承ingratiation tactics 讨好策略ingratitude 忘恩负义ingredient 组成部分ingroup 内集团ingroup outgroup群体内 群体外inharmony 不和谐inherence 内在固有性inherent 先天的inherent character 固有特性inherent law 内在规律inherent variability 固有变异性inherit 遗传inheritability ratio 遗传率inheritable 可遗传的inheritance 遗传inheritance of acquired character 获得性状遗传inherited character 遗传特性inherited coordination 遗传协调inherited releasing mechanism 遗传释放机制inherited tendency 遗传趋势inherited trait 遗传特质inhesion 内在性inhibit 抑制inhibitable type 抑制型inhibited factor 抑制因素inhibited gene 抑制基因inhibited sexual desire 性欲过抑inhibiting phase 抑制相inhibition 抑制inhibition by extinction 消退抑制inhibition effect 禁忌效应inhibition of delay 延迟抑制inhibition of identical stimulus 相同刺激抑制inhibition of inhibition 抑制性抑制inhibition of reinforcement 强化抑制inhibition of thought 思考抑制inhibition postsynaptic potential 抑制性突触后电位inhibition reaction 抑制反应inhibition theory 抑制论inhibition formation阻抑形成inhibitor 抑制剂inhibitory area 抑制域inhibitory centre 抑制中心inhibitory conditioned reflex 抑制性条件反射inhibitory conditioning 抑制性条件作用抑制性制约作用inhibitory connection 抑制联系inhibitory differential stimulus 抑制分化刺激inhibitory factor 抑制因子inhibitory field 抑制野inhibitory gradient 抑制梯度inhibitory hormone 抑制激素inhibitory nerve 抑制性神经inhibitory neuron 抑制性神经元inhibitory postsynaptic potential 抑制性突触后电位inhibitory reaction 抑制反应inhibitory reflex 抑制反射inhibitory stage 抑制期inhibitory state 抑制状态inhibitory stimulation 抑制刺激inhibitory substance 抑制性物质inhibitory synapse 抑制性突触inhibitory type 抑制型inhibitrope 抑制倾向者inhuman 非人性的inhumanity 无人性iniquity 不公正initial 最初的initial ability 始业能力initial alphabet teaching 最初字母教学最初字母教学initial cause of succession 演替的最初原因initial condition 初始条件initial condition 原始状态initial data 原始数据initial evaluation 初始评价initial generalization 初期泛化initial level 最初水平initial period 最初时期initial process 启发过程initial segment 初节initial spurt 初期奋进initial spurt 始业陡增initial teaching alphabet 初级教学字母初级教学字母initial torpor 最初迟钝initiating structure 初始结构initiating structure considerat i on 主动结构 体贴initiation factor 起始因素initiation rite 入会仪式initiative 首创精神initiative structure 主动结构initiative vs guilt conflict进取与罪咎的矛盾injunction 命令injure 损伤injury of fetus 胎儿损伤injury severity rate 受害剧烈程度injustice 非正义inkling 暗示ink blot test墨渍测验ink writing oscillograph墨描振动记录器innate 先天的innate behavior 先天行为innate capacity 天赋才能innate factor 先天因素innate idea 先天观念innate moral theory 道德天赋说innate reflex 先天反射innate releasing mechanism 先天释放机制innate releasing schema 先天释放图式先天释放图式innate releasing stimulus 先天释放刺激先天释放刺激innate response 先天反应innate tendency 固有意向。

翻译人员应该具备的职业道德和职业素养

翻译人员应该具备的职业道德和职业素养

翻译人员应该具备的职业道德和职业素养作者：帕丽旦·阿布都热衣木来源：《记者观察·中旬刊》2021年第03期随着我国政治、经济、文化等领域交流与合作的不断加强，翻译人才在我国经济发展和社会进步中的作用日益重要。

对翻译人才的需求也越来越大，尤其是对高层次的翻译人才专业水平的的需求越来越大。

在实际翻译过程中应具备多种专业素质和技能，并在翻译实践中不断审视翻译规则，以找出不同行业风格的不同规律。

翻译职业和道德规范由于翻译专业的特殊性，翻译人员在实践中会遇到翻译方面的各种困难。

因此，翻译的职业道德和职业素养方面越来越成为翻译职业的核心。

许多国家专业协会（行业协会）制定了行业成员职业道德守则，以维护个人和公共利益，保证翻译行业的质量和优势，维护社会对翻译行业的专业吸引力。

翻译职业道德准则能力专业优秀的翻译人员不仅要有良好的语言技能，而且要有与语言相关的文化知识，跨文化知识。

熟练的翻译人员具有多种专业技能，其中最重要的是两种语言的文化知识和技能，目的是了解从原语到目的语转换过程中的语义准确性和文化倾向。

另一方面，专业发展要求。

为了提供高翻译的服务质量，从业人员要不断学习和完善翻译相关的技术知识和技能，以达到最高水平。

由于社会的各个领域，相关知识的不断变化，翻译人员必须与时俱进，自我完善，以达到对各行各业的理解和运用相关的知识。

保密原则保密是行业客户之间最基本的关系。

客户与翻译的关系是建立在信任和声誉的基础上的，规定翻译人员有义务严格保密客户信息，原则要求翻译所接受并在翻译过程中获得的文件应被视为商业秘密。

公正原则所有翻译人员应遵守公正原则。

公正意味着翻译人员应被视为对他们所收到的一切资料具有同等重要性，并应以公正和不偏不倚的方式提供所有资料，不偏不倚地履行他们所承诺的翻译任务。

独立判断意见。

独立判断意见是公正性的第一个关键要素。

专业翻译人员应客观高于作为翻译的专业笔译员。

当多个客户要求专业协助，译者应得到同等待遇，不应向不同的译员提供不同质量的服务。

翻译美学视角下《道德经》中文化负载词的英译探析

翻译美学视角下《道德经》中文化负载词的英译探析

翻译美学视角下《道德经》中文化负载词的英译探析发布时间：2022-03-28T02:11:19.610Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2021年9月总第385期作者：王正王炽兰[导读] 从已有的研究和译本可得知，《道德经》的翻译仍有以下不足，而这些不足正是本文力求改进之处：一是《道德经》的英译偏重个别章节和关键词。

武昌工学院湖北武汉430040国内外关于《道德经》的翻译可以总结为三次高潮。

第一次翻译高潮(1868——1905年)出现了14种英译本，旨在为来华教士宣传基督教，因此当时的译文有明显的宗教色彩，主要采用归化的翻译策略，但是这种翻译策略没有对《道德经》这样的古典文学作品形成针对性。

第二次(1934——1963)产生了25种英译本，西方学者因两次战争的浩劫而对西方文化产生质疑，于是向东方寻找解救良药，如此一来，《道德经》便起到了这样一种社会作用。

这时期的翻译既注重对原著的忠实，又追求《道德经》独有的艺术风貌和东方神韵，这是对其风格转换的高层次追求。

第三次翻译高潮(1972-2004)是在帛书本出土后，这为《道德经》的英译提供了更准确的研究参照，期问共出现了78种英译本。

这时期的翻译是归化和异化两者的结合，在追求与原著对等的同时，尽量传达原著优美的语言和深厚的文化底蕴。

从已有的研究和译本可得知，《道德经》的翻译仍有以下不足，而这些不足正是本文力求改进之处：一是《道德经》的英译偏重个别章节和关键词。

二是翻译不应该只侧重于某章节和关键字，而应做到平衡发展，这样才能使读者全面了解《道德经》。

文学著作是世界宝贵的文化遗产，中国的文学著作则浩瀚如海，璀璨如珠。

作为道家学派的代表作，《道德经》具有相当高的文学成就，它是中国文化及文明的代表。

前人们已经历经艰辛，研究了《道德经》英译本的方方面面。

本文作者用新生的理论，以全新的视角来研究《道德经》的英译本。

本文以翻译美学为理论支柱来研究《道德经》中的文化负载词，着力分析《道德经》英译的审美再现过程。

大一下期末英语翻译

大一下期末英语翻译

新视野Unit3孝道（filial piety）是中国古代社会的基本道德规范（code of ethics）。

中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭和睦之本、国家安康之本。

由于孝道是儒家伦理思想的核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系的道德准则。

它毫无疑问是中华民族的一种传统美德。

孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。

它既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪（institutional etiquette）。

一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽的义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。

孝道是古老的"东方文明"之根本。

Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in the ancient Chinese society. Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a person’s integrity, family harmony, and the nation’s well-being. With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics, it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years. It’s undoubtedly a traditional Chinese virtue. The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range. It includes not only cultural ideas but also institutional etiquette. Generally speaking, it refers to the obligation of children to their parents required by the society, including respect, care, support for the elderly and so forth. Filial piety is fundamental to the a ncient “Oriental civilization”.Unit 5 丝绸之路（Silk Road) 是我国古代一条连接中国和欧亚大陆（Eurasia) 的交通路线，由于这条商路以丝绸贸易为主，故称“丝绸之路”。