常见构词法归纳1.派生法(1)前缀①表示否定意义的前缀:a. 纯否定前缀:un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(发现、揭开、揭露), unhappy, untrue, unlike(不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual(不寻常的;与众不同的), uncertain(无常的、含糊的), unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided(专心的、专一的、未分开的), unreserved(无保留的、坦白的)dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm(解除武装;放下武器), disconnect(vt拆开,使分离), disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability(残疾、无能), discover(v发现), disobey(违反、不服从)in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable(不能的、无能力的), inability(无能力,无才能), incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative(无关系的)non-: non-smoker, non-stop(直达的,中途不停的), non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite(非白人), non-member(非会员), nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义,胡说,废话)b. 表示错误的意义:mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding (n), misuse(n/vt滥用、误用、虐待), mistrust, mistreat(虐待)c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义:anti-: antiknock(n/adj防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war(adj,反战的), antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution(防污染,反污染的)②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:ward(守卫)a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard(在飞机上,在船上), aside(在旁边)de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(减少,下降), degrade(降级)en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed (上床)ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩张), export (输出、出口)fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead(前额), foreground(前景), foreleg, forefootin-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland(内地、内陆), inside, indoor(s)(室内的,户内的;(s)在户内), importinter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction(相互作用), internet, interview(接见,面试)mid- 表示“中,中间”: midposition(中间位置)out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline(轮廓,大纲,概要), outside, outward(s)(外表、外面;(s)向外地), outdoor(s)over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook(忽视,眺望), overhead(在头顶上,在空中), overcoat (大衣,外套), overdress(外衣), oversea(s)(海外) post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言)pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词)super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure(上部建筑,上部构造), supernatural(超自然的,不可思议的), superpower(超强特权,超强大国), superman, supermarkettrans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转变、转换、转移), transplant(移植), transportation(交通)under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线), underground, underwater, undershirt(贴身内衣,美式)up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s)(向上的,上升的), uphold(支撑,鼓励), uphill(上坡),upload(上传)auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography[ɔːtəbaɪ'ɒgrəfɪ(自传)tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram (电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜)③表示时间,序列关系的前缀:fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge(先知)mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn(中秋节)post- 表示“在后,后”:postwar(战后的,战后时期), postgraduate(研究生), postdate(事后日期,推迟日期)pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”:preheat(预先加热), prewar, prehistory(史前), preview(预习), prebattle, prepay(预付)re- 表示“再一次,重新”:retell(复述), rewrite, renew(续借), reconsider(重新考虑), reuse, remarry, recycle(再生,回收利用), rebuild(重建,改造)④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:by- 表示“副,次要的”:byproduct(副产品), bywork(副业)extra- 表示“超越,额外”:extraordinary(非凡的,特别的)over- 表示“超过,过度,太”:overeat(吃过多), oversleep(睡过头), overpraise(过奖), overwork, overact(行为过分), overdo(夸张,做得过分)under- 表示“低劣,低下”:undersize(尺寸不足), undergrown(发育不全的), underproduction(生产不足)vice- 表示“副,次”:vice-president, vice –chairman,vice-monitor⑤表示共同,相等意思的前缀:co- 表示“共同,一起”:coexist(共同生存), co-operate, co-worker, coactions(合作行动), coauthor (合作作者)⑥表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake⑦表示分离,离开意思的前缀:a- 表示“分离,离开”:away, apartde- 表示“离去,处去”:depart, decolour⑧表示“自我”:self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀:be- befrienden- enslave(束缚;征服), enable(使能够), enrich (使充实,使肥沃,使富足), enlarge(扩大,使增大), encourage(鼓励)⑩表示数量关系的前缀:a. 表示“单一”,“一”:uni- uniform(统一服装), unicellular(单细胞)b. 表示“二,两,双”:bi- bicycle(cycle循环,周期)twi- twilight(昏暗的,黎明)c. 表示“半,一半”:semi- semiconductor(半导体), semicircle(半圆), semimonthly(半月刊), semifinal(半决赛)d. 表示“百,百分之一”:centi- centimetere. 表示“千,千分之一”:kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowattf. 表示“微小”:micro- microvolt(微伏特), microcomputer(微机), microscope(显微镜)g. 表示“许多,复,多数”:multi- multimedia(多媒体), multicolored, multiform, multinaturalh. 表示“千分之一、毫”:milli- millimeter, milligrami. 表示“微小、微型”:mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark(2)后缀①名词后缀:a. 具有某种职业或动作的人:-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian(历史学家), librarian(图书管理员), electricia(电工)n, magician(魔术师), technician, musician, politician(政客)-ant,-ent 表示“……人”:merchant, servant(仆人,佣人), assistant, agent, student,-ee 表示“动作承受者”:employee(雇员), examinee(应试者), payee(收款人), interviewee -eer 表示“从事于……人”:engineer, volunteer(志愿者)-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人”:banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer-or 表示“……者”:author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”:scholar, liar,beggar, secretary, missionary-ese 表示“……国人,……地方的人”:Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese(广东人)-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”:actress(女演员), hostess(女主人), manageress(女经理)-ist 表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”:pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist-icist 表示“……家,……者, ……能手”:physicist(物理学家), phoneticist(语音学家), technicist(技术师)-logist 表示“……学家,研究者”:biologist(生物学家), geologist(地质学家)b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义:-age 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”:courage, storage, marriage, percentage-al 表示“事物的动作,过程”:refusal(拒绝), arrival, survival(幸存), denial(否认), approval(批准,认可,赞成), trial(实验)-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:importance, distance, avoidance(逃避,废止), appearance, performance(性能,绩效,表演), difference, obedience(顺从,服从), presence(出席,参加), existence-ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:frequency(频繁), urgency(紧急), efficiency(高效率),-ity 表示“性质,状态,程度”:purity(纯度(化学)), reality, equality(平等)-bility 表示“动作,性质,状态”:ability, possibility, probability, responsibility-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”:freedom, kingdom(王国,界), wisdom(智慧,才智)-ery, -ry 表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:bravery (勇敢,勇气), slavery(奴役)-hood 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态”:childhood, girlhood(少女时期), boyhood(少年时代), manhood(男子气概)-ice 表示“行为,性质,状态”:notice, justice(司法), service-ing 表示“动作的过程,结果”:building, writing, learning-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:suggestion, action, solution, invention,direction(方向,指导), correction(改正,修正), collection, instruction(指令,指示), destruction (破坏), introduction, congratulation, dictation(听写,口述), invitation(邀请), pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation(饿死,绝食), satisfaction, relation,determination(决心,果断), preparation, imagination, explanation(说明,解释), opposition (反对), competition(竞赛,比赛), description, decision, division(除法), conclusion, impression(印象), expression(表达,表示), admission(承认), permission(允许,许可), discussion-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”:disappointment(失望), treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement(协议), government, development,improvement(改进,改善), requirement(要求,必要条件), encouragement -ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness(adj,善良,精华), kindness, tiredness, friendliness(友谊), business, illness, happiness(幸福), willingness(乐意,心甘情愿), weakness, fairness(公平)-ism 表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism(社会主义), criticism(批评), heroism(英勇), tourism, communism(共产主义), Marxism(马克思主义)-ship 表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”:hardship(困苦,苦难), relationship,membership (资格,会员身份), friendship, ownership(所有权), scholarship(奖学金),-th, 表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”:strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth (温暖), youth-ure 表示“行为,结果”:exposure(暴露), pressure(压力), failure, procedure(手续), mixture -craft 表示“工艺”:aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraftc. 带有场所,地方的含义:-age 表示“住所,地点”:village, cottage(小屋,村舍)-ary 表示“住所,场地”:library, granary (谷仓)-ory 表示“工作场所,住处”:factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory(天文台,气象台)②形容词后缀:a. 带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable(可适用的), visible(可见物), responsible, terrible(可怕的), horrible(恐怖的)-al: natural, additional(额外的,附加的), educational, national(国家的,国民的)-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent-ing(表示特征:令人觉得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , boring, amazing-ed(表示情绪:觉得): pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined(决定了的,果断的), delighted(高兴的,欣喜的)-ish: foolish, bookish(出本上的,好读书的), selfish -ive: active, impressive(感人的,令人钦佩的), decisive(决定性的,果断的), active,expensive, progressive(改革的,进步的)b. 表示“相象,类似”的含义:-ish: boyish, childish(幼稚的,孩子去的)-like: manlike(有男子气概的,像男子的), childlike (天真浪漫的,像孩子的)-some: troublesome(麻烦的,讨厌的), handsome -y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy(有雾的,模糊的), healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody(血腥的), funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly(发臭的), hilly(丘陵的,陡的)-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely(可爱的,令人愉快的), lively (活泼的,生动的), likely(很可能的), scholarly(博学的,学着风度的)c. 表示“充分的”含义:-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful (仁慈的,宽容的)-ous: dangerous, courageous(有胆量的,勇敢的), nervous(紧张不安的), mountainous(多山的), humorous(诙谐的,幽默的), various(各种各样的)d. 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:-en: wooden, golden, woolen(羊毛的)e. 表示方向的含义:-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern-ward: downward(向下的), forwardf. 表示“数量关系”的含义:-teen: thirteen-ty: fifty-th: fourth, fiftiethg. 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:-an: Roman, European-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ish: English, Spanishh. 表示否定:-less: countless(无数的,数不尽的), stainless(不锈的), wireless, useless, endless(无止境的,连续的), priceless(无价的,贵重的), hopeless③动词后缀:-ize, ise 表示“做成,变成,……化”:modernize(现代化), democratize(民主化), organize, apologize, realize-en 表示“使成为,引起,使有”:quicken,(加快)weaken, soften, harden(变硬,变坚强)-fy 表示“使……化, 使成”:beautify, purify(净化), intensify, signify, simplify(简化), satisfy④副词后缀:-ly: possibly, swiftly(很快地), simply(简单地)-ward(s): downward, inwards(向内地), upward (向上地,上升地)-ways: always, sideways(向侧面的,一旁的)-wise: otherwise(另外的,否则,adj,adv), clockwise(顺时针方向地)注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:use(用途)→useless(无用的)→uselessness(无用)self(自己)→selfish(自私的)→selfishness(自私)有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:important→importance→unimportanceregular(有规律的,有规则的)→irregular(无规律的,不规则的)→irregularity(无规律,不规则)2.合成法(1)合成名词构成方式例词名词+名词weekend周末名词+动词daybreak黎明名词+动名词handwriting书法名词+及物动词+er/or pain-killer止痛药名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词+名词typewriter打字机动名词+名词reading-room阅览室现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词+名词gentleman绅士副词+动词outbreak爆发介词+名词afternoon下午代词+名词she-wolf母狼boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, playground,radioactive(放射性的), headmaster(校长), sunshine, notebook, armchair(扶手椅), wheelchair (轮椅), postcard(明信片), football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter(消防队员), fireman, gateman (看门人,售票员), chairman(主席,会长), weatherman, businessman, armyman(军人), postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket(扒手),she-goat (雌性山羊), editor-in-chief(主编), daybreak(破晓), handshake(握手), silkworm(蚕), outbreak (爆发)(2)合成形容词构成方式例词名词+形容词snow-white雪白的名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的brainwashing(洗脑的)名词+to+名词face-to-face面对面的名词+过去分词man-made人造的homemade 数词+名词one-way单行的数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的数词+名词+edfive-storeyed五层的four-legged(四条腿的动词+副词see-through透明的形容词+名词high-class高级的形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted, cold-blooded形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词+形容词ever-green常青的副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词+过去分词well-known著名的newly-built副词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词+名词downhill下坡的由三个词构成的合成形容词:heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long其他合成形容词:everyday(日常的), faraway(遥远的), snow-white(雪白的), lay-off(下岗的)(3)合成动词构成方式例词名词+动词sleep-walk梦游形容词+动词white-wash粉刷副词+动词overthrow推翻(4)合成副词构成方式例词形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词+副词everywhere到处副词+副词however尽管如此介词+名词beforehand事先介词+副词forever永远(5)合成代词构成方式例词代词宾格+self herself她自己物主代词+self myself我自己形容词+名词anything任何东西(6)合成介词构成方式例词副词+名词inside在……里面介词+副词within在……之内副词+介词into进入3.转化法(1)名词→动词hand(手→传递)back(背部,后面→支持,后退)charge(费用→收费)copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)flood(洪水→淹没)heat(热量→加热)paint(油漆→刷漆)phone (电话→打电话)pin(别针→装订)waste(废物→浪费)face(脸→面对)use(用途→使用)interest(兴趣→使兴趣)surprise (惊讶→使惊讶)taste(味道→品尝)smell (气味→闻)break(短暂休息→折断)present (礼物→赠送)(2)形容词→动词clean(干净→使干净,打扫)clear(清楚→清理)dirty(脏→弄脏)dry(干燥→烘干,晒干)empty(空的→倒空)free(自由→使自由,释放)slow(慢的→放慢)warm (暖和→使暖和)cool(凉的→冷却)quiet(安静→使安静)4.截短法(缩略法)截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。