米国各种教授职称称呼
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Version A】Adjunct professor usually refers to someone has cross-discipline academic appointments. For example, one can have a primary appointment in the Department of Immunology, and, at the same time, have an adjunct appointment in Dept. of Pathology.Assistant Professor – in related to the Adjunct, this one is just a singleprimary academic appointment in a specific field.If you have further interest, read the following chunk of text for details:North AmericanMain positions:【Assistant professor】the entry-level position, for which one usually needs a Ph.D., sometimes only a masters degree (at some schools/colleges and exceptions* such as Clinical Professorship). The position is generally not tenured, although in most institutions, the term is used for "tenure-track" positions; that is, the candidate can become tenured after a probationary period. However, strictly speaking the position is related to a pay graderather than to tenure status, so in unusual circumstances it is possible to receive tenure but to remain in the assistant professor pay grade.【Associate professor】the mid-level position, usually awarded (in the humanities and social sciences) after the "second book" — although the requirements vary considerably between institutions and departments. Can be tenured or not. In most institutions, the position is tenured, howeverstrictly speaking the position is related to a pay differential and can be awarded to non-tenured persons. If awarded to a non-tenured person, the position is generally tenure-track.【(Full) professor】the senior position. In a traditional school this isalways tenured. However, this may not be the case in a for-profit private institution.【distinguished professor】, 【distinguished teaching professor】, 【distinguished research professor】, 【University Professor】, 【Institute Professor】: these titles, often specific to one institution, generally are granted to the top few percent of the tenured faculty (and sometimes to under one percent).【EXCEPTIONS】: In real life, to balance academic and practical knowledge, full Professorship (say,Accounting scholarship Professor in Accounting or Entreprenurship/Directorship) by invitation are top MBAs from senior ranking professionals from Big 4 accounting firms/CFO of public corporations and institutions etc. Refer to professional and executive-oriented professional schools/colleges with international admission for such certified expert-level professorship. Their post-MBA uprading/lifelong learning as practitioner are professionally accredited and on-the-job exposure as professional rather than by pure academic research towards a PhD.Other positions:【Professor emeritus】after full professors retire from active duties, theymay continue to teach and to be listed; they also draw a very large percentage of their last salary as pension (as tenure is technically for life). NB: The concept has in some places been watered down to include also associate tenured professors; in some systems and institutions, it needs a special act or vote.【Visiting professor】someone visiting another college or university to teach for a limited time; this may be someone who is a professor elsewhere or a distinguished scholar or practitioner who is not.【Adjunct professor】someone who does not have a permanent position at the academic institution; this may be someone with a job outside the academic institution teaching courses in a specialized field; or it may refer topersons hired to teach courses on contractual basis (frequently renewable contracts); it is generally a part-time position, although the number of courses taught can vary from a single course to a full-time load (or even an overload); these positions are generally not obligated to participate in administrative responsibilities at the institution often expected of otherfull-time professors. The pay for these positions is generally very poor,especially considering that most adjuncts have a PhD. In other cases, an adjunct may hold one of the standard ranks in another department, and be recognized with adjunct rank for making significant contributions to the department in question.【Named chair】a particularly senior full professor who is awarded a specific, endowed chair that has been sponsored by a fund, a person, etc. Named chairs are usually similar to the Continental European model in that they are a position rather than a career rank.【professor by courtesy】a professor who is primarily and originally associated with one academic department, but has become officially associated with a second department, institute, or program within the university and has assumed a professor's duty in that second department as well. Example: "Henry T. Greely is Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University". Usually the second courtesy appointment carries with it fewer responsibilities and fewer benefits than a single full appointment.【Professor - research】a professor who does not take on all four of the classic duties (see overview) but instead focuses on research. Typically, sucha professor may be invaluable to his university department in procuring research funding and/or in publishing scholarly works, and therefore the department would prefer that he not distract himself with teaching duties that are not directly linked to his research activities.By analogy with the above, one often sees 【assistant】or 【associate research professors】, and 【assistant or associate — but seldom if ever full —teaching professors】 who focus on teaching and supervising Teaching Assistants.【Honorary professor】normally granted to those who with significant contribution to the school and community. Say, by donation for furtherance of research and academic development.【Gypsy scholar】is an informal term given to some academics who might be eligible for a tenure-track assistant professorship but cannot afford to liveby their college and so move between institutions, or perhaps simultaneouslyteach at more than one. Due to the high cost of housing this appears to have become a fairly common situation in California.【Version B】【adjunct professor】（兼职教授）: someone who does not have a permanent position at the academic institution; this may be someone with a job outsidethe academic institution teaching courses in a specialized field; or it mayrefer to persons hired to teach courses on contractual basis (frequently renewable contracts); it is generally a part-time position, although thenumber of courses taught can vary from a single course to a full-time load (oreven an overload); these positions are generally not obligated to participatein administrative responsibilities at the institution often expected of otherfull-time professors.【assistant Professor】（助理教授）：a member of a college or university faculty who ranks above an instructor and below an associate professor.【associate professor】（副教授）：a member of a college or university faculty who ranks above an assistant professor and below a professor.【tenure-track professor】（终身教授）：relating to or being a professor that may lead to a grant of tenure, who holds this position all his or her life.【Version C】【Affiliate Faculty】Qualified individuals who have a limited time commitment to the Department or School (for example, teaching a single course) may be given the title affiliate professor, affiliate associate professor, affiliate assistant professor, or lecturer. Affiliate faculty are not on the tenuretrack and normally would not teach more than two courses per semester.Affiliate faculty are defined as those individuals that do not have direct teaching responsibilities for students on or off campus and who do not receivemonetary compensation by the University through the payroll system forservices rendered, but who provide instruction in off-campus settings such as medical centers, public schools, and outside government agencies for students registered in programs with classroom or laboratory experiences such as health science, social work, and biology.【Adjunct Faculty】Typically, non-tenure track faculty serving in a temporary or auxiliary capacity to teach specific courses on a course-by-course basis.唉，好像不同专业间差别确实蛮大的。
