6.4.2-practice

RECOMMENDED PRACTICEDET NORSKE VERITASDNV-RP-F110GLOBAL BUCKLING OF SUBMARINE PIPELINESSTRUCTURAL DESIGN DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE/HIGH PRESSUREOCTOBER 2007Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@For subscription orders or information about subscription terms, please use distribution@Comprehensive information about DNV services, research and publications can be found at , or can be obtained from DNV, Veritas-veien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway; Tel +47 67 57 99 00, Fax +47 67 57 99 11.© Det Norske Veritas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including pho-tocopying and recording, without the prior written consent of Det Norske puter Typesetting (FM+SGML) by Det Norske Veritas.Printed in NorwayIf any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such personfor his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of DetNorske Veritas.FOREWORDDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancyservices relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out researchin relation to these functions.DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:—Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-sultancy services.—Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well asthe technical basis for DNV offshore services.—Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher levelOffshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:A)Qualification, Quality and Safety MethodologyB)Materials TechnologyC)StructuresD)SystemsE)Special FacilitiesF)Pipelines and RisersG)Asset OperationH)Marine OperationsJ)Wind TurbinesAmendments and Corrections This document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separatedocument normally updated twice per year (April and October). For a complete listing of the changes, see the “Amendments and Corrections” document located at: /global/, under category “Offshore Codes”.The electronic web-versions of the DNV Offshore Codes will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections.DET NORSKE VERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-F110, October 2007 Introduction – Page 3AcknowledgementThis Recommended practice is based upon a project guidelinedeveloped within the Joint Industry Research and DevelopmentProject Hotpipe. The work has been performed by Statoil,Snamprogetti and DNV. Sponsors of the project are shown inthe table below:DNV is grateful for valuable discussions, cooperation and dis-cussions with these companies. Their individuals are herebyacknowledged for their contribution.During the official hearing of this RP the following companiesare acknowledged for their valuable input:—Acergy—Reinertsen Engineering—Saipem—Xodus Subsea—Europipe.Project sub-projects and sponsorsPhase 1Phase 2FinalisationTaskMain ContractorTaskMain ContractorTaskMain Contractor1Pipe CapacitySnamprogetti1Analysis of documentsAxial Capacity evaluationSnamprogetti2Pipeline ResponseSnamprogetti2WorkshopHigh strength low cycle fatigue test of Cr13Sintef3Mitigation MeasuresSnamprogetti3CapacitySnamprogettiGuideline finalisationDNV4Design GuidelineDNV4Response of exposed lines on un-even seabedSnamprogetti5Response of buried linesDNV/Statoil6Guideline preparationDNVStatoil, Norsk AgipStatoil, Norsk Agip, ShellStatoil, ENI Norge, Shell, BP, HydroDET NORSKE VERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-F110, October 2007Page 4 – IntroductionDET NORSKE VERITAS Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F110, October 2007Page 5CONTENTS1.GENERAL.............................................................. 71.1Introduction.............................................................71.2Objective...................................................................71.3Scope and Application.............................................71.4Structure of Recommended Practice.....................71.5Relationships to other Codes..................................81.6Referenced codes.....................................................81.6.1DNV Offshore Services Specifications..............................81.6.2DNV Offshore Standards....................................................81.6.3DNV Recommended Practices...........................................81.6.4Other codes.........................................................................81.7Definitions................................................................81.8Abbreviations...........................................................91.9Symbols.....................................................................91.9.1Latin characters...................................................................91.9.2Greek characters ..............................................................101.9.3Subscripts..........................................................................101.10Units........................................................................102.DESIGN SCENARIOS........................................ 102.1Global Buckling.....................................................102.2Design Flow............................................................122.2.1General..............................................................................122.2.2Scenario I. Pipeline exposed on even seabed...................122.2.3Scenario II. Pipeline exposed on Un-even seabed............132.2.4Scenario III. Buried pipeline.............................................143.BASIS FOR DESIGN........................................... 153.1General...................................................................153.2Uncertainties..........................................................153.3Pipe Geometry.......................................................153.4Pipe Material..........................................................163.5Loads.......................................................................173.5.1General..............................................................................173.5.2Operational data (functional load)....................................173.5.3Trawling loads and frequencies (interference load).........173.5.4Environmental loads.........................................................183.5.5Load combinations............................................................183.6Time Effects...........................................................184.PIPE-SOIL INTERACTION.............................. 184.1General...................................................................184.2Vertical Stiffness for Lay-Down...........................194.3Exposed Pipes........................................................194.4Buried Pipelines.....................................................195.LOAD EFFECT CALCULATION..................... 205.1General...................................................................205.2Load Modelling......................................................205.2.1General..............................................................................205.2.2Effective axial force..........................................................205.2.3Build up of effective axial force.......................................205.3Analytical Methods................................................205.3.1Maximum expansion force...............................................205.3.2Global lateral buckling, Scenario I...................................215.3.3Upheaval buckling, Scenario III.......................................215.4Detailed FE Analyses.............................................215.4.1General..............................................................................215.4.2Modelling of the as laid configuration..............................225.4.3Pipe-soil interference modelling.......................................225.5Miscellaneous.........................................................235.6Engineering Tools..................................................236.I - EXPOSED PIPELINE ON EVEN SEABED................................................................ 236.1Objective and Applicability..................................236.2Design Process.......................................................236.3Step 1: Global Buckling (Pre-buckling) Assessment.............................................................246.3.1Triggering mechanism......................................................246.3.2Step 1a: Global lateral buckling activated by external interference ...................................................246.3.3Step 1b: Global lateral buckling activated by imperfection.................................................................256.4Step 2: Pipe Integrity Check................................266.4.1General..............................................................................266.4.2No buckling condition – Step 2a......................................266.4.3Maybe buckling condition – Step 2b................................266.4.4Buckling condition – Step 2c............................................266.4.5Pipeline walking...............................................................276.5Step 3: Mitigation Measures................................276.5.1General..............................................................................276.5.2Sharing of expansion into adjacent buckles.....................276.5.3Increasing axial restraint...................................................286.5.4Monitoring system............................................................287.II - EXPOSED PIPELINE ON UN-EVEN SEABED..................................... 287.1Objective and Applicability..................................287.2Design Process.......................................................287.3Step 1: Global Buckling (Pre-Buckling) Assessment.............................................................297.4Step 2: Pipe Integrity Checks...............................297.4.1General..............................................................................297.4.2Phase 3: Lateral buckling.................................................297.5Step 3: Mitigation Measure Checks....................308.III - BURIED PIPELINE.................................... 308.1Objective and Applicability..................................308.2Design Process.......................................................318.3Step 1: Specific Cover Design..............................318.3.1Initial configuration..........................................................318.3.2Soil Resistance modelling................................................318.3.3Design criterion................................................................328.4Step 2: Minimum Cover Design...........................338.5Step 3: Specification of Cover..............................338.5.1General..............................................................................338.5.2Two or more independent surveys....................................338.6Step 4: Pipe Integrity Check................................339.CONDITION LOAD EFFECT FACTOR FOR EXPOSED PIPELINES............................. 349.1Basic Principles.....................................................349.2Calculation of Cov(Xa) Axial Soil Resistance.....349.3Calculation of CoV(XL) Lateral Soil Friction....359.4Calculation of COV(XB) Stress-Strain................359.5Calculation of CoV(Xc) Trawl Pull-Over...........359.6Calculation of COV for Parameters with Large Variation and Non-symmetric Upper and Lower Bound .....................................3510.PIPE INTEGRITY CHECKS............................. 3610.1General...................................................................3610.2Design Criteria Format........................................3610.3Pipe integrity Limit State Criteria......................3610.3.1Axial loading limit state...................................................3610.3.2Displacement controlled condition combined with internal over pressure.....................................................................36

史堡：垒鱼暨题苤鲞垫！！生！！旦箜竺鲞筮！！翅鱼垡！』垦！旦塑：堕！！！墅！竺垫！！：！！！：丝盟！：Ｕ

ＣＨＡＤＳ２和ＣＨＡ２ＤＳ２－ＶＡＳｃ评分

对非心房颤动心脏疾病患者卒中的

预测价值

莫斌峰李毅刚

ＣＨＡＤＳ，和ＣＨＡ，ＤＳ，．ＶＡＳｅ评分是临床上最常

用的两种非瓣膜病心房颤动（房颤）患者卒中风险

的预测模型，临床上通过计算每一项的分值，将房颤

患者进行风险分层，对中危及高危患者进行卒中的

干预治疗。近些年来，应用ＣＨＡＤＳ：和ＣＨＡ２ＤＳ２一

ＶＡＳｅ评分对卒中进行预测的范围已经逐渐拓展到

房颤之外。越来越多的研究发现无论是否合并房

颤，ＣＨＡＤＳ：和ＣＨＡ２ＤＳ：．ＶＡＳｅ评分都可以独立地

预测卒中发生。根据Ｆｒａｈａｎｇｍｉｎ研究，非瓣膜病房

颤的卒中发生率是无房颤人群的４．８倍，而该研究

同时也发现冠心病、高血压病、心力衰竭分别可增加

２．４、３．４和４．３倍的卒中风险…。房颤是卒中的高

危因素，而非房颤的心脏疾病也可大大增加卒中的

风险。ＣＨＡＤＳ２和ＣＨＡ：ＤＳ２一ＶＡＳｅ评分中的危险因

素包括心力衰竭、高血压、血管疾病本身也是属于心

血管疾病范畴。所以近年来有不少研究就ＣＨＡＤＳ，

和ＣＨＡ：ＤＳ：一ＶＡＳｅ评分对非房颤心脏疾病患者卒中

的预测价值进行了探索性研究。

一、ＣＨＡＤＳ，和ＣＨＡ，ＤＳ，．ＶＡＳｅ评分

ＣＨＡＤＳ：评分包括５个独立的卒中危险因素：

心力衰竭（Ｃ，１分）、高血压病（Ｈ，１分）、年龄≥７５

岁（Ａ，１分）、糖尿病（Ｄ，１分）、既往卒中或一过性

脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）（Ｓ，２分），总分为６分心Ｊ。

ＣＨＡＤＳ：评分相对简单，方便应用，能较好地识别高

危卒中患者－３Ｊ，但对低危卒中患者的评估不够细

致。４Ｊ。在其基础上，ＣＨＡ，ＤＳ，．ＶＡＳｅ评分将“既往卒

％／ＴＩＡ”改为“既往卒中／ＴＩＡ／血栓栓塞”，将“年龄

３７５岁”从１分改为２分，同时新增３个危险因素：

血管疾病（Ｖ）、年龄６５～７４岁（Ａ）和女性（Ｓｃ），总

Surface vehicle recommended practice SAE J2522 issued 2003-6

测功圆盘制动器效能

前言－不同摩擦材料的评价和比较可行性试验方法的恰当规定已成为工业自动化趋势的全球性趋势。这些比较试验法在摩擦称片的研制，选择和质量控制方面被证明是有效的。

代表欧洲摩擦称片和客车制动器的AK工作组在最近几年研制AK Master标准。SAE制动器试验机试验号标准制动系统具有全面的性能和安全性。因此，委员会将把AK Master标准作为SAE的工业标准。

此资料应该与其它应用标准和试验方法共同使用（SAE，美国联邦标准或其它特定试验程序）为特殊的应用或汽车平台来充分评价摩擦材料。

1. 适用范围

1.1 SAE工业标准规定了惯性试验机的试验方法，此方法为配有液压传动制动制动器的汽车在压力，温度和速度方面评价摩擦材料的效能。

1.2 SAE J2522标准的主要目的是在尽可能相同的条件下进行摩擦材料的对比。为解释不同试验台的冷却工况，其衰退部分由温度控制。

2. 相关参考－这里没有出版的相关参考书目。

3. 定义－为使此资料更便利的使用，应用如下的术语和定义。

3.1 制动过程的摩擦系数值－制动过程所有测得摩擦力的平均值。

3.2 额定摩擦系数值－没有衰退和温度等级的制动过程所有测得摩擦力的平均值。

3.3 最小摩擦系数值－有衰退和温度等级的制动过程所有测得摩擦力的最低算术平均值。

3.4 摩擦系数值－在特定时间点盘式制动器输出与输入扭矩的比值

根据方程1

***)(2effPistonThresholdBrakerAppMd （方程1）

3.5 C*值－在特定时间点鼓式制动器输出与输入扭矩的比值

根据方程2

***)(2*100*effpThresholdBrakerAppMdC （方程2）

Standard Practice for

Preparing Coke Samples for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light1

1. Scope

1.1 This practice covers laboratory procedures for the preparation of granular and lump coke into briquette and block samples

for examination with a reflected light microscope. The samples prepared are used for examination and identification of the

components in coke and the measurement of the reflectance of coke.

NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci- fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only

and does not represent a different standard sieve size

1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated

in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values