4.时态

时态语态及一般用法 谓语构成 时间状语 特殊用法

一般现在时：

1)经常性或习惯性的动作

2)现在的特征，状态 及能力

3)普遍真理, 格言警句 be(am,is,are) do/does always,usually,every

time,seldom, sometimes

often, now

and then, occasionally 1)按火车、汽车、飞机等时刻表将要发生的事

2)在时间、条件、方式状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

特殊句型:1)Here/There comes our teacher.(一般现在时表正发生动作) 2)It is/has been+时段+since„. am/is/are done

一般过去时：

表示过去发生的，和现在无联系的动作或状态或习惯动作 be(was, were) did yesterday, last week, an

hour ago, the other

day, in 1982, just now

was/were done

一般将来时：

将来某个时刻（或某段时间内）将来要发生的动作

will/shall do

am/is/are going to do

am/is/are to do

am/is/ are about to do next…, tomorrow,

in+时段，from now on,

in the future,

1）一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作.

eg. Oil will float on water. Whenever he has time, he will come.

其否定式表示“不能„ 没法„”

The machine won’t work.(机器没法开动)

2）Cf:be going to 表示说话前已经作出的主观的打算或计划，或用来表达有某种迹象要发生的事

will do表示谈话时临时决定的意图，具有临时性和偶然性

be to do表示约定、计划或职责、义务要求即将发生的动作。

be about to do “正要干什么…”，表示即将发生的动作，不与表示

将来的时间状语连用。常与when 连用，when意为：“就在这时”，是并列连词 构成句型： …be about to do …when… will/shall be done

would/should be done

was/were going to be done

现在完成时:1．表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，

有时没有时间状语，有时有时间状They have cleaned the classroom.

(They cleaned the classroom and it

is clean now.)2． 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在而且可能继续下去的动作状态。He hasn’t given me

any more trouble since then. have/has done for+时段, since, so far,

ever, never, just, yet,

till/until, up to now, in

the past(„)years,

always, recently 特殊句型:

1)It’s the first time that„(have/has done).

2)It has been/is +时间段+since„.

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

3)短暂性动词的完成时不与时间段连用, 如需连用可转化成相应的延续性动词, 如die—be dead , leave—be away , come back –be

back , fall in love with ---be in love with , marry—be married to ,

join –be a member of /be in…

He has died. He has been dead 3 years.(He died 3 years ago.) have/has been done

时态、语态及一般用法： 谓语构成 时间状语 特殊用法：

现在完成进行时： have/has been doing all day long, the

whole morning,

for+时段 表示现在以前这段时间内一直在进行或反复的动作.(可能仍在进行， 也可能停了一会儿.)

1）How long has it been raining?2）I’ve been sitting here all day. have/has been being done

将来完成时表将来某时已发生的动作.

I shall have finished it before lunch.

The new building will have been

completed by the end of August. will/shall have done

be going to have done

by +将来时间. 有时也用来表揣测.

They will have arrived by now.

We worked together for a year. He won’t have forgotten me. will/shall have been done

be going to have been done

过去完成时

表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。

had done …before, by, until,

when, after, once by the end of +过去时间

1）用于hardly …when ;no sooner…than …（一….就…）等句子中。

Hardly had we arrived when she started complaining.

2）hope ,think expect ,intend ,mean ,suppose ,want ,imagine等，用于过去完成时，表示过去未实现的希望或意图。

I had hoped to take my seat in all this noise without being found. had been done 我本希望乘着这些噪音不被发现地坐到位置上。（但实际上未实现）

3)It is the first time +从句（从句用现在完成时have/has done）；

It was the first time +从句（用过去完成时had done）。

eg. It is the first time that I’ve been here.

It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.

4)用于对过去假设的虚拟语气中的从句。

If I had known his telephone number yesterday, I would have called

5)by the time+从句（用一般过去时）作状语，主句用过去完成时We had finished the work by last month( by the time he came.)

现在进行时：

1．表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。

2．表示现阶段一直在进行的动作 ，但说话时不一定正在进行。

①I don’t really work here. I’m

helping until the new secretary comes. am/is/are doing these days,

nowadays,

at present,

at the moment,

now

1)下列动词用现在进行时可以表示将来很快要发生的动作，即一般将来时。如：go ,come, leave, begin, arrive ,return, fly, drive，take等。 We’re moving to the new building next week.

2)下列副词always, continually , constantly, never 等常一般现在时连用，但若用于进行时则表示厌恶或赞扬的感情色彩。

You are always forgetting the important things.

3．无进行时态的动词：表“存在、所有、知觉、认为，感情”等状态

存在： keep ,stay , remain , be, consist of , contain

所有： have ,belong to , possess, own , hold

知觉： sound,look /seem /appear,smell, taste,feel,see, hear

认识: understand, know, suppose, remember, admit, forget, believe

情感：like, love, hate , prefer, am/is/are being done

过去进行时：1．表示 过去某一时间正进行的动作 。通常有时间状语（从句），或由上下文表示。The teacher came in

when they were talking. was /were + doing at that time, then ,

this time yesterday

last week, at 10

o’clock last night １．Hope, want, wonder等的过去进行时用来提出请求， 表示委婉的语气，实际表示现在的情况．

I was hoping you could send me some money stamps.( I hope…)

e, go , plan , expect, hope, intend, look forward to 等词可用进行时表达本来打算做实际没做成的事

He was expecting to finish the work last month , but the machine

went wrong.

3.在口语中过去进行时可表示最近刚刚过去的事情

_--What did you say? --I was asking what you thought of it. was /were + being +done