研一英语翻译3
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3 INTRODUCTION TO URBAN DESIGN
3.1 Urban Public Space
Since the appearance of human‟s living in compact communities, towns appear and develop
into metropolises1, and then urban public space exists. So-called urban public space refers to the
sum total of exterior environment space among different buildings in metropolises where all the
public can arbitrarily2 reach. This kind of space relationship connects geometrically3 according
to different scales and levels. From narrow streets, markets and ports at early stage to community
gardens, squares, parks, walking shopping malls later, and even metropolitan open space at all
belong to the range of urban public space. Such as old Roman gathering squares, the Seine River
in Paris, Granville Island in Vancouver, Central Park in New York, Shanghai Wai Tan, etc. An
important feature of urban public space is its public common feature. Symbols for civilization of
all cities and modernization process all start from municipal public resource shared by the public,
and sharing itself has equal stand. The creative direction of urban public space is to meet hopes
and demands of most of the people.
With continuous acceleration4 of metropolitan process, urban population has had a sharp rise
in recent few decades, and the following appeared problem is gradual crowd in cities and potential
sense of loneliness appearing in individuals in crowds. Paying a little more attention, we will find
that crowds will come in great numbers to find a homely space, share and enjoy, if urban public
space creates pleasant environment and facilities. As an important media, urban public space is a
main place for people to have social contacts and relaxations and look for a homely place.
Therefore, in the process of modifying and designing modern urban public space landscapes, to
Face up to relationships between human and the nature, metropolis and the nature has
been an important task of effective solutions to gradual crowded urban exterior space
environment.
With increasing demands of people to outdoor activity environment in modern metropolitan
lives, the problem of humanized design of urban public space landscapes has become more
important. Every public space is a space assembly made up of many small spaces; its humanized
design directly influences quality and atmosphere of the whole space. At the
same time, all public spaces are tangible5 material spaces, so a humanized space
environment with consideration from human’s action psychology6 is certain to have satisfying
function and conform to human’s demands of sense organs, and lay stress on users’ actions and
psychological feelings. Urban public space environment with high efficiency, good order, pleasing
dimension, safety and comfort is the target of our designs.
Urban public space environment is also a collection of various materials and cultural factors and a
total of common living. The design of urban public space landscapes should fully reveal modern
conceptions of choice and tolerance, to make those harmless to functions, especially disappearing
material factors and cultural connotations7, to completely tap regional culture pulses and make
spaces fresh with its own vitality landscape & garden through methods of modern ecology and
scientific and technological creation with the premise of conforming to demands of overall urban
ecological environment. Metropolitan civilization of each stage will all reflect development levels
of science and technology of that stage and aesthetic consciousness of the times. While respecting
cultural pulses and emphasizing connotation of regional culture, the design of metropolitan public
space landscapes should master features of the times, reasonably making use of science,
technology and advanced conceptions, to make created space environment personalized and form
special contemporary landscape culture. To actively push the progress of social consciousness with
improved material environment of spaces, and realize functional features of urban public space
through humanized design of spaces, to win return of culture and citizen’s characteristics and offer
multiple choices for future traditional inheritance8.
3.2 Ten Principles for Creating Successful Squares
Small details add up to great places. Squares have been a core focus of Project for Public
Spaces (PPS) beginning with our first project 30 years ago—Rockefeller Center‟s Channel
Gardens. We‟ve honed the ten principles below based on the hundreds of squares—the good and
the bad—that we‟ve analyzed and observed since then. What stands out most is that design is only
