Baushinger’s Effect in Wear of Materials

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ORIGINALPAPERBauschinger’sEffectinWearofMaterialsC.Y.Tang•D.Y.Li•G.W.Wen

Received:13March2010/Accepted:3December2010/Publishedonline:16December2010ÓSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010

AbstractTheresponseofCu–40%Znalloytoweardur-ingunidirectionalandbidirectionalabrasionprocesseswasinvestigated.Itwasobservedthatthemasslossofthealloydecreasedasthenumberoftimesofchangingtheslidingdirectionwasincreased.Correspondingtothisdecreaseinmassloss,hardnessofthewornsurfaceincreasedinitiallyandthendecreased.Crackinginthesurfacelayerwasanalyzedtogetaninsightintothemechanisminvolved.ResultsofthestudysuggestthatBaushinger’seffectplayedarolewhentheslidingdirectionwasalternated.

KeywordsWearÁBauschinger’seffectÁSlidingdirectionÁCu–Znalloy

Materialsusedinmechanicalsystemswithdynamiccon-tactsaregenerallyrequiredtopossesshighresistancetowear.Whilecuttingandmachiningthematerialsaredesiredtobeasefficientlyaspossible.Itisnoticedthatwearofametalisinfluencedbythewearingpath.Thisraisesaquestion:howlargeisthedifferenceinwearbetweenunidirectionalabrasionandbidirectionalabrasion(back-and-forth)?Orinotherwords,doesunidirectionalabrasionremovematerialmoreeffectivelyorlesseffec-tivelythanbidirectionalabrasion?Ifamarkeddifferenceexists,onemaymachinematerialsbyunidirectionalorbidirectionalabrasionorgrindingwithlessenergy

consumption.Withthisknowledge,onemayalsomaxi-mizetheperformanceofawear-resistantmaterialbycontrollingthewearingpathforaspecificapplication.However,theinformationonthistribologicalissueisverylimited.Ithasbeenknownthatthestrain-hardeningofametalisinfluencedbytheloadingpath.Forinstance,afterplasti-callypre-strainedundercompression,ametalmayshowdecreasedyieldstrengthwhentestedintension.ThissofteningisknownasBauschinger’seffect[1–3],whichhasbeenstudiedbymanyinvestigators[2–8]andexplainedwithtwomechanisms:(1)reversedmovementofdislocationsand(2)generationofdislocationswithoppo-sitesignsastheappliedstressisreversed.Thesedecreasetherateofdislocationaccumulationandcauseannihilationofdislocationwithoppositesigns,respectively.ItisexpectedthatBaushinger’seffectplaysaroleintribolog-icalprocesses.ThisletterreportsapreliminarystudyonthewearbehaviorofaCu–40%ZnalloyasasamplematerialduringunidirectionalandbidirectionalabrasionprocesseswiththeaimofdeterminingwhetherornotBaushinger’seffectcouldinfluencewearofthealloy.Samplesforweartestingwithdimensionsof76925910mmwerepolishedusing320#sandpapersandthenetchedwithaHCl?FeCl3solution.Thewearbehaviorof

thesampleswasevaluatedusinganASTMG65tester[9].Insteadoftherubberwheel,asteel-wheelwasusedunderacontactloadof130N.Duringtesting,anairflowwasdirectedtothecontactareatokeepitatroomtemperature.Forbidirectionalabrasion,therotatingdirectionofthewheelwaschangedafterafixednumberofrotations.Themasslossofsampleswasdeterminedasafunctionofthefrequencyofchangingtheslidingdirection.Corre-spondingchangesinhardnessofwornsurfacewere

C.Y.TangÁD.Y.Li(&)ÁG.W.WenSchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,150001Harbin,Chinae-mail:dongyang.li@ualberta.ca

C.Y.TangÁD.Y.LiDepartmentofChemicalandMaterialsEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,ABT6G2V4,Canada

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TribolLett(2011)41:569–572DOI10.1007/s11249-010-9735-9measuredusingaVicker’sHardnessTester.Eachpre-sentedhardnessvaluewasanaverageofovertenmea-surements.MicrostructuresandcompositionsofthesampleswereanalyzedusingaHitachiS-2700SEMequippedwithEDX.ThephasestructuresweredeterminedbyXRDusingaRigakurotatingCoanodesystem(40kV,160mA)atascanrateof2°min-1.

Foreachweartest,500rotationsintotalwereused.Forthebidirectionaltests,theauthorsdefinedacyclicnumber,CN,torepresenthowoftentherotationdirectionofthewheelwaschanged.Forinstance,CN=50represents50cyclescorrespondingto29CN=2950=100timesofchangingtherotationdirectionduringtheentire500rota-tions.Theslidingspeedwassetas2.2m/s.Figure1illustratesthemasslosswithrespecttoCN.Asshown,theunidirectionalabrasion(CN=0)resultedinmoremasslossthanbidirectionalabrasion.Themasslossdecreasedasthefrequencyofchangingrotationdirectionincreasedandeventuallybecamestablewhenthefre-quencyislargerenough.Asdemonstrated,themasslosscausedbyunidirectionalabrasionisabout40%morethanthatcausedbybidirectionalabrasionatCN=125.Thismaysuggestthatunidirectionalabrasionismoreeffectivethanbidirectionalabrasionifusedformachiningorgrindingthistypeofmaterial.Ontheotherhand,thismetalmayperformbetterwithlesswearlossunderthebidirec-tionalabrasioncondition.Wearofmetalsisaprocessinvolvingdeformationandfracture.Theformerleadstostrain-hardening.ChangesinhardnessofwornsurfacewithrespecttoCNweremea-sured.AsshowninFig.2,hardnessincreasesinitiallyandthendecreasesasCNislargerthanfive.SuchchangesinhardnessmaybeexplainedbyBauschinger’seffect,sincereversibleorpartiallyreversibledislocationmovement[10,11]andannihilationofdislocationsofoppositesignsare