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1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics?
The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as:
1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with
the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.
2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication.
3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used
to convey meaning in communication.
4) Morphology: the study of the way in which
symbols/morphemes
are arranged to form words.
5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to
form permisible sentences.
6) Semantics: the study of meaning.
7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use.
And the Interdisciplinary branches.
1) Sociolinguistics
2) Psycholinguistics ……………
2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic
ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it
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prescribes the way language should be used. Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.
Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that
it does not force languages into a latin-based framework.
3. Q: What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are
allophones related to a phoneme?
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.
A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive
value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound.
The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that
phoneme.
4. Q: Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule
and the deletion rule?
1) Sequential rules form the letters as “k, h ,l ,j”into all possible
words in English. We might order them as: blik, klib, bilk, kilb. without other orders. So it indicates that there are rules that govern
the combination of sounds in a particular language. One special sequential rule that……
2) Assimilation rule: it assimilates one sound to another by copying
a feather of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example: “illegal”, inlegal
3) Deletion rule: It can be stated as: delete a [g] when it occurs before
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a final nasal consonant. for example: “designation”, the [g] represented by the letter “g”is pronounced, while in the word “sign”.
/g/ sound is deleted, because it is followed by and ended with
the
nasal consonant /n/.
5. Q: What are the major types of synonyms in English?
There are five types of synonyms in English. They are dialectal synonyms--synonyms used in different regional dialects; stylistics
synonyms –synonyms differing in style; synonyms that differ in their
emotive or evaluative meaning; collocational synonyms; semantically
different synonyms.
6. Q: Explain with examples “Homonymy”, “Polysemy”, and “Hyponymy”?
Homonymy (定义) …. It includes homophones(定义) (piece\peace) ,
homographs (定义) (bow v.\ bow n.) and complete homonyms (定义)
(scale n.\scale v.) .
Polysemy means that the same one word may have more that one
meaning. For example: “table”, has at least seven meanings. Hyponymy means that the sense relation between a more
general,
more inclusive word and a more specific word. For example: “furniture”is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk,
dresser, wardrobe, settee……
7. Q: How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which
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category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong? There are three types oppositions in meaning. They are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites. “north\south”, “wide\narrow”and “poor\rich”belong to gradable
antonyms; “vacant\occupied”and “literate\illiterate”belong to
complementary antonyms; “above\below”, “doctor\patient”and
“father\daughter”belong to relational opposites.
8. Q: How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and
how do they differ?
The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized,
that of
an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an
utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the
abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,
or simply in a context.
Difference: Sentence meaning includes locutionary act, but it doesn't
include illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
9. Q: According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly
performing while making an utterance. Give an example?
They are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. For
example: someone utters “you”“have”“door”“open”! The
locutionary act expresses what the words literally mean. The illocutionary act expresses the speaker's intention: asking someone to
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close the door. The hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that
the speaker means to tell him to close the door, and then the hearer
closes the door. Therefore, the utterance gets the effect of losing the
door. And this is the perlocutionary act.
10. Q: What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own
examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?
They are the maxim of quantity(具体说明其内容)…
the maxim of quality…
the maxim of relation…
and the maxim of manner….
For example:
A: When is Jerry's birthday party?
B: Sometime next month.
So, B doesn't wish to tell you when Jerry's birthday party is going to
be held.
A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekend?
B: I'm afraid I have got an invitation at weekend.
So, B doesn't want to attend your traveling.
A: Shall we get something for our brother?
B: Yes. But I veto G-U-N.
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getting them a gun.
11. Q: Cite with examples the changes in English Language?
1) sound change: “mouse”[mu:s]—[maus];
2) morphological change: greenen—green;
3) syntactic change: you can speak, can't you?
You speak, speak not you ?
4) lexical change: wot—to know, ASPCA, math—mathematics;
5) semantic change: “silly”means happy in old English, but today it
means foolish; “aunt”means father's sister before, but today it also
means mother's sister.
12. Q: What are the main social dialects? How do they jointly determine idiolect?
They are Gender variation, Age variation, Ethnic dialect, Stylistic
variation, Register.
Idiolectal variation is determined by many factors. The different backgrounds of different people influence their choice of linguistic
forms, and the linguistic features of the language they use reveal their
indentities.
….
13. Q: What peticuliar features does a Pidgin have?
Any dialects have native speakers, except pidgin.
….
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Two parties didn't know each other, so in order to do trade, they have
to use pidgin. With more understandings of each other's cultures, less
people would use pidgin.
14. Q: Among the language acquisition theories, which one do you
think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why?
There are three language acquisition theories, they are the behaviorist
view, the innatist view and the interactionist view.
I tend to the behaviorist much more, in my opinion, to do is better
than doing nothing, practice and intimation are the best way to learn a
language. For the innatist, sedulity can make up every natural facultiy,
and for the interactionist, not everyone can go aboard to have a language environment, at home, there are still many scholarships
study different languages well.
15. Q: What is Language Acquisition?
It refers to the child's acquisition of his mother tongue, it means how
the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.
16. Q: What is Language Acquisition Devices?
It also known as LAD, it claims that human beings are biologically
programmed for language and that the language develops in the
child just as other biological functions such as walking . it was
described as an imaginary “black box”existing somewhere in the
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human brain, the “black box”is said to contain principles that are
universal to all human languages.
17. Q:What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?
The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human
brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language
learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.
18. Q: What is Register?
Language varies as its function varies, it differs in different situations,
it is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.
19. Q: What is Idiolect?
Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that
combines
elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.
20. Q: What is Pidgin?
Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages
and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted
purposes such as trading.
21. Q: What is Creole?
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It is originally a Pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin come to
be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a
Creole.
22. Q: What is CP?
It is stand of the cooperative Principle. ….
It requires that the speaker and the hearer should make conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it
occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in
which the speaker and the hearer are engaged.
23. Q: What is Homonymy?
It refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings
have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling,
or in both.
It includes Homophones, Homograghs, Complete Homonyms.
24. Q: What is Polysemy?
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25. Q: What is Sense?
It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
It is
the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract
and de-contextualized. It is the meaning in the dictionary. It does not
refer to any particular individual that exists in the real word, but applies to any individual that meets the features described in the definition.
26. Q: What is Syntax?
It is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to
form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
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语言学概论期末考试试卷2 一、填空题（每空1分，共15分） 1、人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的，从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为和的过程。 2、符号包含的两个方面是、。 3、到目前为止，语言学家的研究主要有三种不同的角度，分别是着眼于语言的、、。 4、共时语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象的角度地、 地研究语法，研究的重点是某一语言在特定范围的语法表现形式和语法规则系统。 5、义素分析的要求一是，二是。 6、文字改革有三种不同的情况：一种是；一种是；还有一种是。 二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分） 1、下列国家中不是以单一民族，单一语言为基础建立起来的是（） A．瑞士B．法国C．西班牙D．英格兰 2、语言是一种（） A．形式和内容相统一的视觉符号系统B．音义结合的听觉符号系统C．用于交际的触觉符号系统D．集视觉、听觉、触觉为一体的符号系统 3、普通语言学从理论上讲是研究（） A．个别民族语言的特殊规律B．人类各种语言一般与个别的规律 C．几种民族语言的一般与个别的规律D．汉语普通话的发展规律 4、噪音是（） A．振幅固定而有规则的声波B．频率最低、振幅最大的音 C．具有周期性重复的复合波形的音D．不具备整数倍的不规则的音 5、把语法分成词法、句法两个部分，是（）提出来的。 A．结构语法学B．形式语法学C．现代语法学D．传统语法学 6、语义的基本特征是（） A．概括性B．民族性C．模糊性D．同语言形式的结合 7、词的（）是词义的基本的和核心的部分 A．通俗意义B．非通俗意义C．理性意义D．非理性意义 8、“我吃光了盘子里的菜”这句话中，“光”的语义指向是（） A．我B．吃C．盘子里的菜D．盘子 9、日文的假名是典型的（） A．辅音文字B．音节文字C．表意文字D．意音文字 10、四川人在公开场合讲普通话，在家里讲四川话，这是一种（）
1、语言学的三大发源地 中国、印度、希腊—罗马。 最初的语言学是是为了给遗留下来的政治、哲学、历史、宗教、文学等古典文献作注解，而不是探索语言的规律。这时候的语言学还不是一门独立的学科。2、语言符号的特点 语言符号具有任意性和线条性的特点。 （1）任意性是指语言符号的声音形式和意义内容的结合是任意的，二者没有必然联系。比如：粤方言中读“人”，读作[zen]，新会话读作[ng? n]，开平话有的读作[ng? n] 、[ngin]，台山话读作[ngin]，闽南话读作[n^ng]，但是表达的意义是一样的。 （2）线条性指的是语言符号的能指在时间上呈线性排列。在交际过程中，语言符号只能一个跟着一个按时间顺序出现，形成延续的线性序列，绝不可能在同一时间说出两个符号。如：“庄”的语音形式就是由zh-u-a-ng四个音素依次出现而形成的。 3、组合关系和聚合关系 （1）组合关系是指构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系。即两个或两个以上同一性质的结构单位（例如音位与音位、词与词等等），按照线性的顺序可以前后连接起来的横向关系。 （2）聚合关系是指同一结构内相同位置上可以互相替换的语言成分之间的纵向关系。即在语言的组合结构的某一个位置上能够互相替换的几个具有相同作用（组合能力）的单位符号之间的关系。 （3）不仅各级语言符号处在这两种根本的关系之中，构造符号的音位和意义同
样也处于这两种关系之中。 4、语音四要素 （1）音高：声音的高低，取决于发音体（人的发音体是声带）的振动频率。音高在语言中的作用：构成声调和语调。 （2）音强：声音的强弱，取决于发音体振幅的大小。对于语音而言，就是由发音时用力的大小决定的。音强在语言中的作用：构成语调、轻重音。 （3）音长：声音的长短，取决于发音体振动持续时间的长短。音长变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。音长在语言中的作用：构成长短音、轻音。如英语中的pool[pu:l]（水池）与pull[pul]（拖、拉）。 （4）音质：一种声音区别于其他声音的个性或特征。它决定于声波振动的形式。音质的不同主要与三个方面的因素有关：发音体、发音方法和共鸣器的形状有关。 5、音位、语流音变、音位变体 （1）一种语言中具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小的语音单位，是针对某种语言而言的。音位是从语音的社会属性的角度划分的单位。 （2）确立音位的原则 ①对立原则：凡是处于对立关系中并能区别词的语音形式的几个音素归纳为不同的音位。例如：在汉语普通话中：［p］［p‘］［t］［t‘］几个音素是对立关系确立的不同的音位； ②互补原则：处于互补关系的音素不能起到区别词的语音形式的作用，可以归纳为一个音位。例如：英语中的[p]和[p‘]，汉语中的[a][A][ɑ]等 ③相似原则：但并不是处于互补关系中的音素都可以归纳为一个音位，还要考虑语音相似原则：例如：在普通话中，[t]只出现在音节的开头，[?]只出现在音节末
《语言学概论》 一、名词解释 1.音位：最小的可以区别意义的语音单位，通常由一簇互相不区别意义的音素构成。如|A|音位里就有前A、后A、央A等几个音素。 2.塞擦音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特点是发音时，两个发音部位紧靠在一起形成阻碍，在保持这个阻碍的同时，留出一个窄缝，让气流从窄缝中磨擦成声，最后除去这个阻碍。如：b‘ｐ‘ｋ‘就是。 3.递归性：语言的递归性是指，组合结构中的某个单位，可以不断地被一个同功能的 短语替换，从而使基本结构里的某个扩展为非常复杂的结构，但其作用仍然等于原始项。也即语言的整体结构与基本框架不变。语法结构的这种性质，我们称之为语言结构的递归性。语言的递归性是语言结构一种非常重要的特性。如：人打倒了|敌人/凶恶的敌人/盘踞在中国大陆的敌人/ 曾经盘踞在中国大陆的不可 以一世的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆不可一世但最终被人 民打倒的敌人 4.复综语：语言类型之一。这种语言的动词内有用不同 的形态表示各种复杂的语法 成分。多见于美洲印第安人的语言。举例。 5.自由变体：音位变体的一种类型。通常指对出现的组合条件没有硬性要求的音位变体。举例。 6.元音：音素的类型之一。即发音时气流在口腔中不受 阻碍而形成的音。举例。 7.语法形式：表示语法意义方式与材料。举例。 8.词干：一个词的主要部分，词汇意义的承担者。举例。 9.音色：语音四要素之一，又叫音质，指声音的特色。由物体振动的不同形式所决定。举例。 10.塞音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特征发音时两个发音部位紧靠在一起，保持一段时间，然后突然除阻，爆破成声。也叫爆破音。举例。 11.共同语：随着社会政治经济集中，会以一种方言为基础形成共同语，以满足整个社会交际往来。共同语又叫天下通语、雅言。举例。 12.数：语法范畴之一。指是用一个词的不同形态表示 出来的词语数的语法意义。在单数、复数、双数等。举例。 二、谈谈语言符号的特点 答：（1）.语言是一种工具， 即交际工具和思维工具；而思 维是一种能力和过程，即人脑 能动地反映客观现实的能力 和过程。 （2）.概念用词语表达，判断 用句子表达，但概念按照逻辑 规律构成的种种判断和词语 按语法规则构成的啊、种种句 子是有区别的。如：语言中的 每个词不一定都表示一个概 念，每个句子不一定都表示判 断。 （3）.思维过程是运用概念 按照逻辑规律构成种种判断， 语言运用过程则是运用词语， 按照句法构成各种句子。 （4）.语言是具有民族特点 的，各民族都有自己的语言特 点，世界上有许多种语言。但 思维是各民族共同的，全人类 具有共同的思维形式和思维 规律。 三、试分析汉字跨越方言交 际的特点与原因 答：汉字的特点:汉字本身 与汉语的语音不发生直接联 系，所以汉字是表意体系的文 字。 汉字有许多形声字，形声字 有表音的声旁，但这种声旁并 不是某种固定的表音的符号， 也不是直接标音的符号，所以 汉字虽有声旁，仍然是表意体 系的文字。 汉字跨方言交际的原因 汉语的居住地区幅员辽阔， 方言分歧有的不能通话，汉族 有悠久的文化传统，有大量用 汉字记载的文献典籍。超地 域、超时代的汉字既可以贯通 古今，也可以联系各地区的人 们的思想交流对于维护国家 的统一、民族的团结，便利各 地区人民的往来起着重要的 作用。 四、谈谈语言分化的原因与 结果 答：语言的分化有两大方 面：一方面是分化出地方变 体，即方言。方言的产生是与 社会的半分化状态相适应的。 随着社会的进一步分化，方言 进一步发展，就可能形成独立 的语言，即产生具有同源关系 的亲属语言。另一方面是分化 出社会变化。社会变化即社会 方言，如行业语，阶级或阶层 习惯语，隐语等。地域方言之 间的区别主要表现在语音方 面，同时也表现在词汇和语法 方面。而社会方言的区别主要 表现在词汇方面。 五、谈语言成分的借用与吸 收 答：要点：借用与吸收的条 件。民族之间的贸易往来，文 化交流，移民杂居，战争征服 等各种形态的接触，都会引起 语言的接触。语言的接触，也 会产生“洋泾浜”“混合 语”等特殊的语言现象。 主要形式有借词。借词也叫 外来词，它指的是音与义都借 自外语的词。 意译词是用本族语言的构 词材料和规则构成新词，把外 语里某个词的意义移植进来。 汉语在吸收外来成分的时 候，不喜欢借音，喜欢有自己 的语素来构词。在这一点上， 汉语和英语、日语等有很大不 同，而接近于德语。 意译词里面还有一种仿译 词。它的特点是，用本族语言 的材料逐一翻译原词的语素， 不但把它的意义，而且把神经 质内部构成形式，也转植过来 如“黑板blackboard,"球 "footba1l等。 有时候，在吸收外来外来成 分的时候，为了便于理解采用 音译加意译的方法。 如汉语中啤酒beer，卡车car 等等。 在词的借用过程中，还可能 有借出去的词再借回来的现 象。一出一进之间，音义等方 面都会有一些变化。汉语的 “百姓”借入蒙古语后成为 [paicing]意思是土房子后来 变成店铺的意思汉语后来又 把这个词从蒙古语中借回来 叫做板生简称板。 七、谈谈语言与思维的关系 思维离不开语言，语言和思 维是两种独立的现象，但形影 相随，不可分离，思维必须在 语言材料的基础上进行。语言 是思维的工具，也是认识成果 的储存。 学习语言的过程也就是认 识世界的过程，思维发展的过 程。 思维必能推语言，还有神经 生物学的根据。 抽象的思维总得以某种物 质的形式作为依托，最方便、 最灵活的依托是声音，也就是 有声语言。 八、试分析词义的派生及其 派生意义的相互关系 答：1．词义派生的条件2．词 义派生的类型3．派生义之间 的关系 词义的派生有现实的基础， 这就是派生义和派生它的那 个意义所指的事物的某一方 面特征有联系。这种联系怎么 被利用来作为派生新义的线 索，那与语言社会的生活环 境、劳动条件、风俗习惯以及 人的思维活动、语言成分之间 的相互作用等等有关。因而表 达同一类现实现象的词义在 不同的语言中各有自己的派 生历程。多义词的派生意义和 它所从出的意义之间存在着 内存的联系。而两者所表示的 事情之间的共同特征，则建立 这种联系的桥梁派生意义就 是顺着这样的桥梁从本义一 步一步扩散开去的。 派生意义产生的途径，就是 引申。引申大体上可分为隐喻 和换喻两种方式。隐喻建立在 两个意义所反映的现实现象 的某种相似的基础上。换喻的 基础是两类现实现象之间存 在着某种联系。这种联系在人 们的心中经常出现而固定化， 因而可以用指称甲类现象的 词去指称乙类现象。一个词的 意义通过隐喻和换喻这些引 申途径可以啬很多新的意义， 使语言能够用较少的词的形 式表达较多的意义。 九、试论图画文字与文字画 答：如果把图形简化，一个 图形记录语言中的一个语素 或词，那就产生了真正的文 字。文字起源于图画，所以有 人把记事的图画叫做“图画文 字”。这种用于交际的图画， 正是原始文字符号的前身，图 形象征化的最初的、最原始的 阶段是图画文字。当图形符号 不是用来代表概念而是用来 代表相应的词的声音时，文字 史上最有意义的一步就迈出 去了。用于交际的图画演变为 文字符号的标志在于它与语 言中的词或语素建立起固定 的关系，也就是说，它在图形 上比较确定，并且有了公认的 音和意。 文字画是用整幅画与语言结 合，成了能说的图画，在一定 程度上具备了文字的性质，但 是它只能图解主要的事物形 象和它们的关系，而不能象真 正的文字那样，作为一种符号 体系来记录语言，就是说它不 能把文字记录的语法关系排 列出来，它只能在比较狭小的 范围内发挥实际作用，离开了 当时的环境。别人无法理解他 的意义，因而文字画还不是真 正的文字，只能说明文字是起 源于文字画，是文字的前身。 十一、试谈洋泾浜的发展趋 势 答：“洋泾浜”这种语言现 象的产生与十七世纪以后帝 国主义的殖民扩张有联系，是 语言接触中的一种畸形的语 言现象。它的使用范围比较狭 窄，发展的前途不外两个：一 是随着社会制度的改变而消 亡，像我国的洋泾浜语在解放 后便停止通行；一个是发展为 混合语，成为某一地区人们通 用的交际工具。 十二、语言的符号特点与作 用 答：语言的符号的最大特点 是它的音和意的结合是任意 的，由社会约定俗成。语言符 号中的形式和意义的结合完 全由社会“约定俗成”，而不 是他们之间有什么必然的、本 质的联系。 语言符号的另一重要特点 是它的线条性。语言符号只能 一个跟着一个一次出现，在实 践的线条上延绵，不能在空间 的面上铺开。 这种由社会“约定俗成”的 符号在使用中还有一个重要 的特点，就是它要象机器的零 件那样能够拼装拆卸，重复使 用。 语言符号不是互不相干的 一盘散沙，而是有组织、有条 理的系统。 十三、谈谈词的形态与形态 变化 答：形态即词形变化，是指 词与词组合时，由于表示语法 意义的需要而发生的词形上 的变化。例如英语的代词有主 格和宾格的区别，第一人称单 数作主语时用I，作宾格时用 me，词形发生了变化，就是形 态变化。 汉语属于孤立语，词很少有 形态变化，少部分形容词可以 重叠表示程度加强的意义，例 如“高高兴兴、快快乐乐、结 结巴巴”等。 例如：英语动词be的八种 形态写八个句子，说明其语法 意义。 a.Hewillbeateacher：表示 将要发生的动作行为，动词用 原形。 b.Iamateacher:现在时，单 数第一人称。 c.Sheisapainter:现在时， 单数第三人称。 d.Theyareworker:现在时， 主语是复数。 e.Hewasateacher:过去时， 主语是单数。 f.wewereworker:过去时， 主语是复数。 g.Ihavebeenateacher:现 在完成时，表示从过去延续到 现在的行为状态。 h.Thenewspaperisbeingre ad:被动语态，进行时。
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/e95961709.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/e95961709.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/e95961709.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/e95961709.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
名词解释 1、词汇 是一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定用语的总汇 2、音位的自由变体 有些音位在同一语言环境中，可以自由替换，而又不能区别词义，不受前面其他音位的影响，没有任何条件的限制 3，语言 语言是社会现象，是社会交际工具。同时是心里现象，是人类思维的工具 4，自源文字 是在某种语言的基础上自发产生并逐步完善的文字 5，同化和异化 同化现象是指，一个音位受相邻音位的影响儿而又在某个区别特征或音位整体上的趋同现象；异化现象，是指两个本来相同或相近的音位，如果连着发音有困难，则其中一个发生变化，变得跟邻近的音不同或不相近 6，黏着语 没有词的内部屈折，每一个语法范畴义都有一个粘附语素来表示，而一个粘附语素也只表示一种语法范畴义的语言类型 7，语音 即语言的声音，是语言符号系统的载体，人的发音器官发出，负载着一定的语言定义。语言依靠语音实现他的社会功能 8音质音位 以因素为材料，从音质的角度分析音位 9形态 同一个词与不同的词组合就有不同的变化。这些不同的变化形成一个聚合，叫做词形变化，或者叫做形态 10仿意词 是分别将外语中的构词材料按外语中的次序译成本民族语，使构词成分的选择和构词结构的选择与外语一一对应 12区别特征 具有区别音位的语音特征叫区别特征，也叫区别性特征 13符号 社会全体成员共同约定，用来表示某种意义的记号、标记、它包括形式和内容两个方面。它的作用是指称社会现实现象 14，小学 中国传统文学又称小学，包括分析字形的文字学，研究字音的音韵学，解释字义的训诂学，它们是围绕解释和解读先秦典籍展开研究的，因此又被称为经学的附庸 15，言内意外 用语言表达思想时留下的一些意义空白或将真实意义隐含在另一种说法中，或用一种意义采用不同说法以获取不同的效果 16文字 有两个意思，一个是指一个一个的字，一是指语言的视觉符号体系 17国际音标 是国际语音协会于1888年制定并开始使用的，不带民族特色。它的制定原则是：
精心整理一简答（60分） 1自言自语是个人可以控制的行为，这说明语言是一种个人现象。这种 观点是否正确？为什么？ 答：（1）表面上看，语言表现为具体的人说的话和写的文章，但语言不是个人现象。? （2）语言是社会全部成员共同创造的，语言的发展也是社会全部成员共同努力的结 果。而且，在一个人还没有出现的时候，语言就存在了，代代相传，不多是个人现 象。语言的产生与存在都是依赖于社会的，离不开社会的。个人虽然有创造性地使 用语言的权利，但仍然使用的是社会全部成员共同创造的语言材料。所以语言不是 个人现象而是社会现象。? （3）语言的社会性其实不否认个人的语言特点和个人在语言发展中的作用。这类特 点表现在两个方面：一是对语言材料的选择和应用，不同的人对共同使用的语言材 料的选择和应用是不一样的，这是构成个人语言特点的主要方面；二是每一个社会 成员在应用语言时会不同程度地超越已有语言材料和语言规则，这常常可以成为语 言发展变化的开端。? （4）总之，我们不否认个人在语言发展中的作用，但归根到底语言是社会现象，不 是个人现象 2“高”与“矮”有无明确的界限？应如何辩证地看待词义中的这类现象？答：.“高”与“矮”没有明确的界限。词义具有概括性，它把一类现象与一个名称 联系起来，从而使这类现象与其他事物区别开来。词义的概括性有3个特征：一般性、模糊性、全民性。词义的模糊性，是指词义所指的现象有一个大致的范围，但 是没有明确的界限。辩证地看待这类现象，就是要既看到词义对一类有相同特征的 现象的界定，又要看到词义没有明确的界限这样的事实。
精心整理 二论述（40分） 如何辩证地看待语言符号在使用中的规范与不规范，试举例具体阐述。 答：语言作为人类最重要的交际工具，需要得到全社会的承认，而社会的组织和成 员都要求语言有稳定的成分，有一定的社会规范，否则就会影响交际。因此，语言 规则在语言稳定中起了“语言纠察”的作用，人们使用语言得遵守语言规则，一定 的语言规则得维持相当的一段时间，特别是基本词汇和语法构造，在相当长的历史 时期不会发生重大变化，这就是语言在使用过程中的稳定性。? 但稳定并不等于排斥语言的发展变化，约定与变动可以说是一对辩证的统一。由此 也就产生了语言规范与变异的对立统一。由此也就产生了语言规范与变异的对立统 一。社会语言学家陈原认为：“没有变异就没有规范，没有规范也就看不出变异。”变异的根本原因在于社会的发展。随着社会的发展，语言也在发展，新词大量产生。 如“下岗”，“下海”，“代沟”等。再如随着网络的普及，出现了一些有关?的专业述语，?如“登陆”，“下载”，“连接”，“点击”，“聊天室”，?“宽带”，“浏览器”，“服务器”，“搜索引擎”等，有的甚至进入全民语言的词汇库。在语言符号使用过程中， 有些符号的意义或用法有了改变，这一改变又可能得到社会的认同，于是又成为规 范的用法。
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt.