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Fuel Injection System Simulation with Renewable Diesel Fuels

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2009-24-0105 Fuel Injection System Simulation with Renewable Diesel Fuels Aki Tilli, Ossi Kaario, Matteo Imperato and Martti Larmi TKK, Helsinki University of Technology

Copyright © 2009 SAE International

ABSTRACT Renewable diesel-type fuels and their compatibility with a single-cylinder medium-speed research diesel engine were studied. The report consists of a literature study on the fuels, introduction of the simulation model designed and simulations made, and of the results and summary sections. The fuels studied were traditional biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel fuels and dimethyl ether (DME).

According to the simulations, the behaviors of different renewable diesel fuels in the fuel injection system are quite similar to one another, with the greatest deviations found with DME. The main differences in the physical properties are fuel densities and viscosities and especially with DME compressibility, which have some predictable effect. The chemical properties of the fuels are more critical for a common rail fuel injection system.

INTRODUCTION The awareness of the climate change has become widespread and the fossil fuel production decline is inevitable. Thus the focus of internal combustion engine research is increasingly on more or less CO2 -neutral

renewable fuels, whose emissions are promisingly low according to previous studies. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

The focus of this research was to evaluate the compatibility of modern renewable diesel fuels with the fuel injection system of the “Extreme Value Engine” (EVE), a single-cylinder medium-speed research engine of the Internal Combustion Engine Research Group of Helsinki University of Technology. The study serves as a preliminary research for future research and development of the engine. Previously, there have been

many studies on biofuel impact on fuel sprays and emissions [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], but less on their behavior in the fuel injection system. [6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]

The fuels estimated most suitable and included in the research were traditional biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel fuels and dimethyl ether (DME). The raw materials, production and characteristics of the fuel types are briefly introduced and their qualities and usability compared. The objective of the study was to compare the fuels and determine whether renewable fuel properties require changes in the fuel injection system of EVE research engine.

EVE RESEARCH ENGINE EVE is a single-cylinder medium-speed 4-stroke diesel engine with a 200 mm bore. The current maximum cylinder pressure of EVE is about 200 bars, rail pressure 1400 bars and engine speed 900 rpm. EVE has a charge air compressor (1-8 bars) and floating engine bed on air springs. Special characteristics include electro-hydraulic control of gas exchange valves, electro-hydraulically (solenoid) controlled injection valve, operation in motored mode, easy access for measurements and optical access. The fuel injection system of EVE is based on Wärtsilä W32 common rail accumulator and W20 injector. EVE is a very flexible and accessible test bed for research purposes with powerful and versatile control of engine parameters. [16, 17]

THE FUELS STUDIED Renewable diesels have both advantages and disadvantages when compared with regular diesel. A comparison of renewable diesel raw materials,

The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE’s peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. ISSN 0148-7191 Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. SAE Customer Service: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerService@sae.org SAE Web Address: http://www.sae.org

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汽车发动机英文参考文献(精选120个最新))

汽车发动机英文参考文献(精选120个最新))

汽车发动机是为汽车提供动力的装置，是汽车的心脏，决定着汽车的动力性、经济性、稳定性和环保性。

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科勒300REOZJ柴油发电机组说明书

科勒300REOZJ柴油发电机组说明书

Model:Diesel208-600VRatings Range60Hz Standby:kW 280-300kVA350-375D Kohler Co.provides one-source responsibility for the generating system and accessories.D Approved for use with certified renewable Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)/Renewable Diesel (RD)fuels compliant with EN15940/ASTM D975.D The generator set and its components areprototype-tested,factory-built,and production-tested.D The 60Hz generator set offers a UL 2200listing.D The generator set accepts rated load in one step.D The 60Hz emergency generator set meets NFPA 110,Level 1,when equipped with the necessary accessories and installed per NFPA standards.D A one-year limited warranty covers all generator set systems and components.Two-and five-year extended limited warranties are also available.D Alternator features:d The unique Fast-Response r II excitation system delivers excellent voltage response and short-circuit capability using a permanent magnet (PM)-excited alternator.d The brushless,rotating-field alternator has broadrange reconnectability.D Other features:d Kohler designed controllers for one-source system integration and remote communication.See Controllers on page 3.d The low coolant level shutdown prevents overheating (standard on radiator models only).d Integral vibration isolation eliminates the need for under-unit vibration spring isolators.d An electronic,isochronous governor delivers precisefrequencyregulation.DMount up to three circuit breakers to allow circuit protection of selected priority loads.Stationary Emergency ApplicationsGenerator Set Ratings130_C Rise Standby Rating AlternatorVoltage Ph Hz kW/kVA Amps 4UA13120/208360300/3751041127/220360300/375984120/240360300/375902139/240360300/375902220/380360280/350532240/416360300/375520277/480360300/375451347/600360300/375361RATINGS:All three-phase units are rated at 0.8power factor.Standby Ratings:The standby rating is applicable to varying loads for the duration of a power outage.There is no overload capability for this rating.Ratings are in accordance with ISO-8528-1and ISO-3046-1.Obtain technical information bulletin (TIB-101)for ratings guidelines,complete ratings definitions,and site condition derates.The generator set manufacturer reserves the right to change the design or specifications without notice and without any obligation or liability whatsoever.Alternator SpecificationsSpecifications Alternator Manufacturer KohlerType4-Pole,Rotating-Field Exciter type Brushless,Permanent-Magnet Leads:quantity,type12,Reconnectable Voltage regulator Solid State,Volts/Hz Insulation:NEMA MG1Material Class HTemperature rise130_C,Standby Bearing:quantity,type1,SealedCoupling Flexible Disc Amortisseur windings FullVoltage regulation,no-load to full-load Controller DependentOne-step load acceptance100%of Rating Unbalanced load capability100%of Rated StandbyCurrentPeak motor starting kVA:(35%dip for voltages below) 480V4UA13(12lead)980(60Hz)D NEMA MG1,IEEE,and ANSI standards compliance for temperature rise and motor starting.D Sustained short-circuit current of up to300%of the rated current for up to10seconds.D Sustained short-circuit current enabling downstream circuit breakers to trip without collapsing the alternator field.D Self-ventilated and dripproof construction.D Windings are vacuum-impregnated with epoxy varnish for dependability and long life.D Superior voltage waveform from a two-thirds pitch stator and skewed rotor.D Fast-Response r II brushless alternator with brushless exciter for excellent load response.Application Data EngineEngine SpecificationsEngine manufacturer John DeereEngine model6090HFG86Engine type4-Cycle,Turbocharged,Charge Air-CooledCylinder arrangement6,InlineDisplacement,L(cu.in.)9.0(548)Bore and stroke,mm(in.)118.4x136(4.65x5.35)Compression ratio16.0:1Piston speed,m/min.(ft./min.)457(1500)Main bearings:quantity,type7,Replaceable InsertRated rpm1800Max.power at rated rpm,kWm(BHP)345(463)Cylinder head material Cast IronCrankshaft material Forged SteelValve materialIntake Chromium-Silicon SteelExhaust Stainless SteelGovernor:type,make/model JDEC Electronic L14Frequency regulation,no-load to full-load IsochronousFrequency regulation,steady state r0.25%Frequency FixedAir cleaner type,all models DryExhaustExhaust SystemExhaust manifold type DryExhaust flow at rated kW,m3/min.(cfm)63.6(2246)Exhaust temperature at rated kW,dryexhaust,_C(_F)497(927)Maximum allowable back pressure, kPa(in.Hg)Min.0(0) Max.7.5(2.2)Engine exhaust outlet size,mm(in.)98(3.86)Engine ElectricalEngine Electrical SystemBattery charging alternator:Ground(negative/positive)NegativeVolts(DC)24Ampere rating45Starter motor rated voltage(DC)24Battery,recommended cold crankingamps(CCA):Qty.,CCA rating each Two,925 Battery voltage(DC)12FuelFuel SystemFuel supply line,min.ID,mm(in.)11(0.44)Fuel return line,min.ID,mm(in.)6(0.25)Max.lift,fuel pump:type,m(ft.)Electronic3(10) Max.fuel flow,Lph(gph)240(63.4)Max.return line restriction,kPa(in.Hg)20(5.9)Fuel prime pump ElectronicFuel filterSecondary2Microns@98%Efficiency Primary10MicronsWater Separator Yes Recommended fuel#2Diesel/HVO/RD LubricationLubricating SystemType Full PressureOil pan capacity,L(qt.)w32.5(34.4)Oil pan capacity with filter,L(qt.)w33.4(35.3)Oil filter:quantity,type w1,CartridgeOil cooler Water-Cooledw Kohler recommends the use of Kohler Genuine oil and filters.Application DataCoolingRadiator SystemAmbient temperature,_C (_F)*50(122)Engine jacket water capacity,L (gal.)16(4.25)Radiator system capacity,including engine,L (gal.)36(9.5)Engine jacket water flow,Lpm (gpm)265(70)Heat rejected to cooling water at rated kW,dry exhaust,kW (Btu/min.)114(6489)Heat rejected to air charge cooler at rated kW,dry exhaust,kW (Btu/min.)99.1(5641)Water pump typeCentrifugal Fan diameter,including blades,mm (in.)863.6(34.0)Fan,kWm (HP)9(12.1)Max.restriction of cooling air,intake and discharge side of radiator,kPa (in.H 2O)0.125(0.5)*Enclosure with internal silencer reduces ambient temperature capability by 5_C (9_F).Operation RequirementsAir Requirements Radiator-cooled cooling air,m 3/min.(scfm)[396.4(14000)Combustion air,m 3/min.(cfm)26.5(936)Heat rejected to ambient air:Engine,kW (Btu/min.)60.8(3460)Alternator,kW (Btu/min.)23.9(1360)[Air density =1.20kg/m 3(0.075lbm/ft 3)Fuel Consumption**Diesel,Lph (gph)at %load Standby Rating 100%84.1(22.2)67.7(17.9)49.7(13.1)26.3(7.0)75%50%25%**Volumetric Fuel consumption is up to 4%higher when using HVO/RD than #2ULSD.ControllersAPM402ControllerProvides advanced control,system monitoring,and system diagnostics for optimum performance and compatibility.D Digital display and menu control provide easy local data access D Measurements are selectable in metric or English units D Remote communication thru a PC via network or serial configurationD Controller supports Modbus r protocolD Integrated hybrid voltage regulator with r 0.5%regulation D Built-in alternator thermal overload protection D NFPA 110Level 1capabilityRefer to G6-161for additional controller features andaccessories.APM603ControllerProvides advanced control,system monitoring,and system diagnostics for optimum performance and compatibility.D 7-inch graphic display with touch screen and menu control provides easy local data accessD Measurements are selectable in metric or English unitsD Paralleling capability to control up to 8generators on an isolated bus with first-on logic,synchronizer,kW and kVAR load sharing,and protective relaysNote:Parallel with other APM603controllers onlyD Generator management to turn paralleled generators off and on as required by load demandD Load management to connect and disconnect loads as required D Controller supports Modbus r RTU,Modbus r TCP ,SNMP and BACnet rD Integrated voltage regulator with r 0.25%regulation D Built-in alternator thermal overload protection D UL-listed overcurrent protective device D NFPA 110Level 1capabilityRefer to G6-162for additional controller features andaccessories.Decision-Maker r 6000Paralleling ControllerProvides advanced control,system monitoring,and system diagnostics with remote monitoring capabilities for paralleling multiple generator sets.D Paralleling capability to control up to 8generators on an isolated bus with first-on logic,synchronizer,kW and kVAR load sharing,and protective relaysNote:Parallel with other Decision-Maker r 6000controllers only D Digital display and keypad provide easy local data access D Measurements are selectable in metric or English units D Remote communication thru a PC via network or modem configurationD Controller supports Modbus r protocolD Integrated voltage regulator with r 0.25%regulation D Built-in alternator thermal overload protection D NFPA 110Level 1capabilityRefer to G6-107for additional controller features and accessories.Modbus r is a registered trademark of Schneider Electric.BACnet r is a registered trademark of ASHRAE.E 2010Kohler Co.All rights reserved.DISTRIBUTED BY:Dimensions and WeightsNOTE:This drawing is provided for reference only and should not be used for planning installation.Contact your local distributor for more detailedinformation.W LOverall Size,L x W x H,max.,mm (in.):3000x 1300x 1891(118.1x 51.2x 74.4)Weight (radiator model),wet,max.,kg (lb.):2449(5400)Standard FeaturesD Alternator Protection D Battery Rack and Cables D Customer Connection(standard with Decision-Maker r 6000controller only)D Local Emergency Stop Switch D Oil Drain ExtensionD Operation and Installation LiteratureAvailable OptionsCircuit Breakers Type Rating -Magnetic Trip -80%-Thermal Magnetic Trip -100%-Electronic Trip (LI)Operation -Electronic Trip with Short Time (LSI)-Manual -Electrically Operated (for paralleling)-Electronic Trip with Ground Fault (LSIG)Circuit Breaker Mounting -Generator Mounted -Remote Mounted-Bus Bar (for remote mounted breakers)Enclosures for Remote Mounted Circuit Breakers -NEMA 1-NEMA 3RApprovals and Listings -HCAI Pre-Approval -CSA Certified-IBC Seismic Certification -UL 2200Listing-Hurricane Rated EnclosureEnclosed Unit-Sound Enclosure and Subbase Fuel Tank Packages -Weather Enclosure and Subbase Fuel Tank Packages Open Unit-Exhaust Silencer,Critical (kit:PA-354809)-Flexible Exhaust Connector,Stainless Steel Fuel System-Flexible Fuel Lines (Select rubber or stainless steel)-Fuel Pressure GaugeController-Common Failure Relay(Decision-Maker r 6000and APM603controllers only)-Dry Contact (isolated alarm)(Decision-Maker r 6000controller only)-Two Input/Five Output Module (APM402controller only)-Four Input/Fifteen Output Module (APM603controller only)-Remote Audiovisual Alarm Panel(Decision-Maker r 6000controller only)-Lockable Emergency Stop Switch -Remote Emergency Stop Switch -Remote Serial Annunciator Panel-Run Relay (standard with APM603,optional with others)-Manual Key Switch (APM603controller only)-Manual Speed Adjust (APM402controller only)Cooling System-Block Heater,2500W,90-120V,1Ph -Block Heater,2500W,190-208V,1Ph -Block Heater,2500W,210-240V,1Ph -Block Heater,2500W,380-480V,1PhRequired for ambient temperatures below 0q C (32q F)Electrical System -Generator Heater -Battery-Battery Charger,Equalize/Float Type -Battery HeaterParalleling System -Voltage Sensing Miscellaneous-Air Cleaner,Heavy Duty-Air Cleaner Restriction Indicator -Crankcase Emissions Canister -Engine Fluids Added-Rated Power Factor T esting -Rodent Guards Literature-General Maintenance -NFPA 110-Overhaul -ProductionWarranty-2-Year Basic Limited Warranty -5-Year Basic Limited Warranty-5-Year Comprehensive Limited WarrantyKOHLER CO.,Kohler,Wisconsin 53044USA Phone 920-457-4441,Fax 920-459-1646For the nearest sales and service outlet in the US and Canada,phone 1-800-544-2444。

SAE论文

SAE论文

ernational
ABSTRACT
Due to the increasing use of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in diesel fuel blends and the sensitivity of the latest Diesel engine technology (higher pressures and temperatures), a reliable method for predicting the thermal stability of biodiesel fuels is required. A laboratory bench test, called MicroCoking test, which usually qualifies engine oils, has been modified in order to be used for biodiesel blended fuels. Experimental conditions, and especially temperature range, were optimized in order to lead to a sensitive and discriminating method to qualify pure biodiesel fuels and Diesel blends containing FAME. INTRODUCTION New Diesel engine technologies impose more and more severe constraints on Diesel fuels: temperature and pressure increase in the injection system, the use of a fifth injector in the exhaust line for after treatment system regeneration, etc. Moreover, the increase of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) ratio in Diesel fuel formulation modifies some of its physical and chemical properties such as its behavior at high temperature. These facts could lead to varnish or lacquer deposits on some engine parts, especially on the fuel pump and injectors. Consequently, new methods for predicting thermal stability of Diesel fuels containing biodiesel could be very relevant. Numerous test procedures have been developed to measure oxidative stability of FAME, pure or in blends: EN14112 Rancimat, EN12205 gums at various temperatures etc. Nevertheless, methods focussing on thermal stability, ie at higher temperatures, are rare and not so obvious. The oxidation stability tests cover temperature operating range from moderate temperatures around 40 up to 120°C, under air or oxygen atmosphere. These conditions can be compared to conditions the fuel can be subjected to from its storage until its route in the injection system. Thermal stability tests, at higher temperatures (>120°C) are more representative of phenomena which take place from the injection system through the combustion chamber, until the exhaust line.