第7章语篇分析
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）
【答案】Cohesion
【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。
2. ______ is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while ______ is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.
【答案】Given information; new information
【解析】已知信息是指说话者认为听话者已经知道的信息，而新信息是指说话者认为听话者不知道的信息。
3. ______ represents what the utterance is about; ______ is what is said about it. 【答案】The topic; the comment
【解析】话题是谈话的主题，述题是围绕主题所谈论的内容。
Ⅱ. True or False.
1. All languages have some differences in verb forms which are used to produce cohesion.（南开大学2005研）
【答案】T
【解析】语言中的动词会有不同的形式来连接上下文。
2. One of properties of the adjacency pairs is that the form and content of the first part depends on the type of the second part.
【答案】F
【解析】配租对话的其中一个特征是第二部分的内容与构成取决于第一部分。
3. The topic-comment distinction depends on the point of view of the listener. 【答案】F
【解析】已知信息与新信息的区别在于听话者一方，而话题与述题的区别在于说话者一方。
Ⅲ. Explain the following terms.
1. coherence /cohesion（浙江大学2004研）
【答案】Cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. It can be achieved by cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Coherence, on the other hand, refers to the quality of a discourse which makes it a connected text coherent to the context, not a series of juxtaposed sentences.
2. adjacency pairs
【答案】
Adjacency pair is a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The second utterance is always a response to the first.
It has five properties:
①Adjacency pairs consist of two utterances, a first part and a second part.
②The two parts are spoken by different speakers.
③The first and second parts belong to specific types, for example, question and answer, or greeting and greeting.
④The form and content of the second part depends on the type of the first part.
⑤Given that a speaker has produced a first part, the second part is relevant and expectable as the next utterance.
3. preference structure
【答案】There are many responses to questions which are not answers but which count as second parts. This structural likelihood is called preference. Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The preferred is the structurally expected next act and the dispreferred is the structurally unexpected next act. The preferred second parts are more usual, more normal and less specific.
