第7章语篇分析
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）
【答案】Cohesion
【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。
2. ______ is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while ______ is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.
【答案】Given information; new information
【解析】已知信息是指说话者认为听话者已经知道的信息，而新信息是指说话者认为听话者不知道的信息。
3. ______ represents what the utterance is about; ______ is what is said about it. 【答案】The topic; the comment
【解析】话题是谈话的主题，述题是围绕主题所谈论的内容。
Ⅱ. True or False.
1. All languages have some differences in verb forms which are used to produce cohesion.（南开大学2005研）
【答案】T
【解析】语言中的动词会有不同的形式来连接上下文。
2. One of properties of the adjacency pairs is that the form and content of the first part depends on the type of the second part.
【答案】F
【解析】配租对话的其中一个特征是第二部分的内容与构成取决于第一部分。
3. The topic-comment distinction depends on the point of view of the listener. 【答案】F
【解析】已知信息与新信息的区别在于听话者一方，而话题与述题的区别在于说话者一方。
Ⅲ. Explain the following terms.
1. coherence /cohesion（浙江大学2004研）
【答案】Cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. It can be achieved by cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Coherence, on the other hand, refers to the quality of a discourse which makes it a connected text coherent to the context, not a series of juxtaposed sentences.
2. adjacency pairs
【答案】
Adjacency pair is a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The second utterance is always a response to the first.
It has five properties:
①Adjacency pairs consist of two utterances, a first part and a second part.
②The two parts are spoken by different speakers.
③The first and second parts belong to specific types, for example, question and answer, or greeting and greeting.
④The form and content of the second part depends on the type of the first part.
⑤Given that a speaker has produced a first part, the second part is relevant and expectable as the next utterance.
3. preference structure
【答案】There are many responses to questions which are not answers but which count as second parts. This structural likelihood is called preference. Preference structure divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The preferred is the structurally expected next act and the dispreferred is the structurally unexpected next act. The preferred second parts are more usual, more normal and less specific.
4. Discourse
【答案】A general term for examples of language use, i.e. language which has been produced as the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.
5. Discourse analysis
【答案】Discourse analysis is also called discourse linguistics and discourse studies, or text analysis. It is an area of linguistics which, like pragmatics, is concerned with language in use, although the distinction can be arguably made that while pragmatics is more concerned with meaning, discourse is more concerned with the information structure.
6. Discourse marker
【答案】Discourse marker (DM) refers to expressions that are commonly used in the initial position of an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence. These expressions comprise a subset of linguistic expressions though not to affect the propositional content of utterances in which they occur.
7. Critical discourse analysis
【答案】Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a perspective which studies the relationship between discourse events and sociopolitical and cultural factors especially the way discourse is ideologically influenced by, and can itself influence,
power relations in society.
Ⅳ. Essay questions.
1. What is meant by the term “cohesion”in the study of texts? What is “cohesion”is different from the term “coherence”?（上海交大2007研；浙江大学2005研）【答案】
Cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a discourse. This may be relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a sentence. What it is concerned with is the question of how sentences are explicitly linked together in a discourse by different kinds of overt devices. Such cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.
However, cohesion by itself would not be sufficient to create a highly cohesive discourse which has a lot of connections between the sentences, but which remains difficult to interpret. The connectedness which we experience in our interpretation of normal texts is not simply based on connections between words. There is some other factor which leads us to distinguish connected texts which make sense from those which do not. This factor is usually described as coherence. Therefore, if cohesion is the visible net of a discourse, then coherence is the invisible one.
2. In interpreting utterances such as (1) and (2), the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even
though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is，the hearer tends to think that Helen fell on the ground because of Tom’s pushing and that the vase broke because it was dropped. Explain why.
(1) Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground.
(2) Peter dropped the vase. It broke.（北外2005研）
【答案】
The phenomenon described can be illustrated by the theory of cohesion and coherence in discourse analysis, especially the conjunctive kind of cohesive relation. Text processing requires inferences for establishing coherence between successive sentences. The achievement of coherence partly relies on the cohesive relationships within and between the sentences. Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. It is realized partly through grammatical device and partly through lexical cohesion.
Conjunction is one of the grammatically cohesive relations. It is based on the assumption that there are forms of systematic relationships between sentences in the linguistic system. Conjunction can be realized by some conjunctive words and some adverbs, such as so, but, furthermore, and so on. But in fact, the conjunctive relation between the discourses need not be realized by conjunctive words, as can be seen in these two examples.
Yet it is not enough for the text to have connections between elements, there is also the coherence which distinguishes connected texts which make sense from those which do not. It enables people to make sense of what they read and hear,。
