多孔碳的制备及其在锂硫电池中的应用

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THEPREPARATIoNoFPoRoUSCARBoNANDITSAPPLICATIoNINLI-SBATTERY

ADissertationSubmitted

totheGraduateSchoolofHenanNormalUniversity

inPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements

fortheDegreeofMasterofEngineeringScience

By

Supervisor:Prof.YinYanhongDr.CaoZhaoxia

May,2014摘要

锂硫电池(Li.S)具有理论比容量高(1675mAh/g),理论比能量大(2500Wh/Kg),资源丰富,环境友好,价格低廉等优点,受到科研工作者的广泛关注,是目前已知的最

高的锂电池体系。但是锂硫电池也存在很大的不足,硫是电子绝缘体(室温下硫的电导

率为5×10.30S/cm),锂硫电池的容量衰减快,主要原因是放电过程中生成的多硫化锂在电解液中的溶解、多硫化锂在正负极之间的穿梭效应及硫在电化学还原过程中的体积膨

胀等,另外锂硫电池在充电时负极产生的锂枝晶也使锂硫电池存在安全隐患,正是这些

缺点限制了锂硫电池在市场上的广泛应用。

本论文简单介绍了锂离子电池及锂硫电池的工作原理,概述了锂硫电池中正极复合材料的几种类型,对电极材料中硫的不同的碳载体进行了简单的分析。本论文在综合分

析了硫电极的优点和缺点的基础上提出采用不同的碳源及不同的造孔剂制备不同孔结

构的碳材料,具体如下:

1.以酚醛树脂为碳源,两亲性表面活性剂(F127)为软模板,合成了微孔碳材料。

结果表明:当F127用量为1.0g,碳化温度为900。C制备的碳材料比表面积为638m2/g,孔容为0.321cm3/g:碳/硫复合材料(50%的硫含量)以0.2C放电,首次放电比容量为

795.6mAh/g,50次循环后比容量维持在470mAh/g,70次循环后比容量为447.6mAh/g,优于0.1C的电性能。F127用量为O.5g,碳化温度为900oC制备的碳材料比表面积为

838m2/g,孔容为0.415cm3/g;所制备的碳硫复合材料(50%的硫含量)0.1C放电,

首次放电比容量为848.5mAh/g,50次循环后电池的比容量维持在540mAh/g,充放电效率为99.7%。复合材料在较大电流密度(0.2C)和高载硫量(50%)具有更好的放电

比容量和循环稳定性。2.以酚醛树脂为碳源,F127为结构导向剂合成了有序介孔碳,同时加入了聚乙烯吡

咯烷酮(PVP)用以调整孔的分布,分别考察了硫含量不同和放电倍率不同对电池性能

的影响。结果表明,未加入PVP时,固化温度升高至160oC,合成出的有序结构具有较好的电性能。100oC固化,PVP与F127的质量比为0.5:1时,制得的碳材料中存在较

多微孔或较小的介孔,比表面积为442.1m2/g。所制备的碳硫复合材料(60%的硫含量)0.1C放电时电性能最好,100次循环后,放电比容量稳定在558.3

mAh/g,充放电效率为97.2%。3.实验以聚丙烯腈为碳源,聚丙烯腈和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的混合物为碳前驱体,通

过微观相分离产生微孔结构,并碳化制备微孔碳,通过在前驱体中加入纳米氧化锌制备

分级孔结构的多孔碳,分别考察造孔剂的用量、碳化温度对碳材料结构和电池的电性能

的影响。结果表明,当造孔剂的用量为2g且硫含量为40%时,电池的循环性能最好,O.1C放电时首次放电比容量为1596.2mAh/g,50次循环后放电比容量为701mAh/g。

关键词:软模板,硬模板,多孔碳,锂硫电池ABSTARACT

TheLi-Sbatteryhasatheoreticalcapacityof1675mAh/gandtheoreticalenergydensitiesof

2500Wh/Kg.Beyondthat,sulfurhastheadvantagesofbeingrich,envkonmentalfriendly,inexpensiveand

SOon.Inconsiderationoftheaboveadvantages,theLi-SbatteryhasbeenundergreatattentionandWas

thebestLithium-ionbatterysystemnow.Yet,theLi・Sbatteryshowslotsofdeficiencies,including

electricalinsulationoftheelementalsulfur,itselectricalconductivityis5x10‘30S/cmatroomtemperature.

Intheprocessofdischarge,asolutionofpolysulfidesintheelectrolyteandtransferbetweenthecathode

andanode(namelyshuttleeffect)andthevolumeexpansionofsulfurintheprocessofelectrochemical

reductionarethekeyfactorforthecapacityreduce.And,thedendriticcrystalbeinggeneratedinanode

becomestheseriousandpotentialsafetyhazardinLi・Sbattery.Itistheseshortcomingsthatlimitthe

extensiveuseoftheLi-Sbatteryinthemarket.ThispapersimplyintroducestheworkingprincipleofLithium・・ionbatteryandLi・-Sbattery,and

summarizesseveralcathodecompositematerialsinLi・Sbattery,simplyanalyzesavarietyofdifferent

carbonmaterialservedasaloadingofsulfur.Onthebasisofcomprehensiveanalyzingtheadvantagesand

disadvantagesofsulfurelectrode,weadoptdifferentcarbonsourceanddifferenttemplateagentstoprepare

carbonmaterialswithdifferentandabundantporestructure.Specificconditionsasfollows:1.Wepreparemicroporouscarbonusingwater-solublephenolicresinascarbonsourcewhichis

synthesizedbyourselvesandamphiphilicsurfactantassofttemplate.Theresultsshowthatporesize

distributionsofas-preparedcarbonmaterialsisfocusedonnearly2nln.WhenthequalityofF127is1.0gandmaximumcarbonizationtemperatureis900oC,thespecialsurfaceareaandporevolumeofthe

obtainedcarbonmaterialare638m2/gand0.321cm3/g.With50%sulfurloading,thisC/Scomposite

deliverssuperiorperfouanceat0.2Cthan0.1C:ageneralinitialspecificcapacity795.6mAh/g.astable

capacityof470mAh/gand447.6mAh/gafter50and70cyclesrespectively.Atthesametime,thecoulombicefficiencyis97.2%.WhenthequalityofF127is0.5gandmaximumcarbonizationtemperatureis900oC,thespecialsurfaceareaandporevolumeoftheobtainedcarbonmaterialaininceaseto838m。/g

and0.415cm’/g.With50%sulfurloading,theC/Scompositedeliversageneralinitialspecificcapacity

III848.5mAh/gandastablecapacityof540mAh/gafter50cyclesat0.1C.Atthesametime,thecoulombic

efficiencyis99.7%.

2.Orderedmesoporouscarbonispreparedusingwater-solublephenolicresinascarbonsourceandamphiphilicsurfactantassofttemplate.IntheprocessofpreparingFDU・15,curingtemperatureofthe

precursorisadjustto160oC,theorderedstructurehasbetterelectrochemicalperformance.Also,weadd

PVPtoadjusttheporesizedistributionsatacuringtemperatureof100oC.TheelectrochemicalperformanceofC/Scompositewithdifferentsulfurloadingistested.Theresultsshowthatthebest

electrochemicalisreceivedwiththemassratiobeing1:0.5.Thespecificcapacityisstableat506mAh/gafter80cyclesat0.2Candsulfurloadingof40%.Atthesametime.thecoulombicefficiencyis98.8%.Whensulfurloadingincreaseto50%,thespecificcapacityisstableat560mAh/gafter80cyclesat0.1C.

3.Finally,wepreparehierarchyporouscarbonmaterialusingPANascarbonsource,PMMAandnanoZnOparticlesassacrificetemple.AftertheexchangeofDMFandwaterbyphaseinversion,lotsofmicroporesareformedinthePAN-PMMAmixture.Themicroporecarbonisgotaftercarbonization.The