英语期末复习资料完整版

英语期末考试----12月26日（一）题型：1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题)2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出）3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building）4.完型5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉）（二）单词&短语1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit.我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。

1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise.人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。

2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources.由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。

3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here.书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。

4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talkabout the film.发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。

5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。

6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty.在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。

UKUTIL11. The British Isles are made up of ______C_.A. three large islands and hundreds of small onesB. three large islands and dozens of small onesC. two large islands and hundreds of small onesD. two large islands and dozens of small ones2. Which of the following is NOT a political division on the island of Great Britain?----C----A. England.B. Scotland.C. Northern Ireland.D. Wales.3. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the __B_____ and the North Sea in the east.A. eastB. southC. westD. north4. The Republic of Ireland was totally independent in the year __D_____.A. 1920B. 1945C. 1918D. 19495. The highest mountain in Britain, Ben Nevis, lies in __A____.A. the HighlandsB. the Southern UplandsC. the Central LowlandsD. the Lake District6. The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in ___B_______.A. 1921B. 1931C. 1945D. 19507. The mountain system the Pennines is often called the backbone of __A_____.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. Great BritainD. Ireland8. The regional capital of Northern Ireland is ____D___.A. GlasgowB. EdinburghC. CardiffD. Belfast9. Which of the following statements about the climate in Britain is NOT true?-----B-------A. Britain’s climate is of the maritime type.B. Winters in Britain are extremely cold.C. Summers in Britain are cool.D. Britain is warmer than Harbin in winter.UTIL21. The English people and the English language were born from the union of _____D___.A. the Angles and the SaxonsB. Romans and the Norman FrenchC. Danes or Vikings and the Norman FrenchD. Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons2. The first known settlers of Britain were __A_____.A. the IberiansB. the Beaker FolkC. the CeltsD. the Romans3. About 80,000 Scots speak Gaelic which is an ancient ___D______.A. Scottish languageB. English languageC. Irish languageD. Celtic language4. About three million people have migrated to Britain since World War II. They are mainly from the West Indies, India and ___D_______.A. IndonesiaB. SingaporeC. Hong KongD. Pakistan5. In Britain _______ of the population is urban and __A_____ is rural.A. 90% ; 10%B. 80% ; 20%C. 70% ; 30%D. 60% ; 40%6. The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient ___A_______.A. CeltsB. RomansC. NormansD. Britons7. The average population density in Britain is ___A___ people per square kilometer.A. 250B. 370C. 800D. 5008. During the 5th century when the Roman Empire fell, the Germanic ____D_____ invaded and conquered Britain.A. Angles and CeltsB. Angles and PictsC. Angles and BrythonsD. Angles and Saxons9. The upper class in Britain consists of the following except ___D______.A. peerageB. gentryC. landownersD. professionals10. “Britishness”can be reflected in the following except __D_______.A. Union JackB. conservativenessC. the BeatlesD. Thanksgiving DayUTIL31. In 1066 Harold and his troops fought against William’s army on Senlac field near ___D_____.A. LondonB. NormandyC. StandfordD. Hastings2. The Plantagenet Dynasty was founded by ___B______.A. HenryB. Henry IIC. King JosephD. Count of Anjor3. English Reformation was carried out by __B_____ to change the religion in England from Catholicism to Protestantism.A. Edward VIB. Henry VIIIC.Mary ID. Elizabeth I4. King John was forced by the barons to sign the ___D____ which restricted the King’s power.A. Bill of RightsB. Petition of RightC. Provisions of OxfordD. Great Charter5. Simon de Montfort’s reform is considered to be the beginning of English _A______.A. parliamentB. cabinetC. constitutionD. liberty6. From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell as ___A____.A. Lord ProtectorB. Lieutenant GeneralC. Commander of the New Model ArmyD. President7. William of Orange started Constitutional Monarchy by accepting __A_____ in 1689.A. Bill of RightsB. Petition of RightC. Provisions of OxfordD. Great Charter8. The 1851 London Great Exposition was held in the Crystal Palace which was designed by Queen ____C___’s husband Albert.A. MaryB. Elizabeth IC. VictoriaD. Anne9. The British Prime Minister who led the British to defeat Nazi Germany is ___A____.A. ChurchillB. ChamberlainC. MacDonaldD. Macmillan UTIL41. The British constitution is made up of the following EXCEPT ____A_______.A. Commonwealth lawB. statute lawC. common lawD. ancient documents2. The House of Commons is elected by universal suffrage and has about ___A________ Members of Parliament.A. 650B. 660C. 670D. 6803. British Conservative Party was formerly called __B_____ Party in the 18th century.A. WhigB. ToryC. LiberalD. Nationalist4. The United Kingdom is governed in the name of ____D_______, by ___________.A. the King; the Prime MinisterB. the Queen; the Prime MinisterC. the Prime Minister; His or Her Majesty’s GovernmentD. the Sovereign; His or Her Majesty’s Government5. ___A_____ is the “supreme governor”of the Church of England.A. The monarchB. The Archbishop of YorkC. The Archbishop of CanterburyD. The Roman Pope6. In Britain the citizens aged ____B________ or over have the right to vote.A. 16B. 18C. 21D. 307. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed ______A______ by the Sovereign inthe United Kingdom.A. Prime MinisterB. Member of ParliamentC. Lord of AppealD. Speaker of the House8. The Liberal Democratic Party is the combination of the Social Democratic Party and ______C_______.A. the Conservative PartyB. the Labour PartyC. the Liberal PartyD. the Green Party9. Parliament has the following functions EXCEPT ___C_________.A. making lawB. authorizing taxation and public expenditureC. declaring warD. examining the actions of the governmentUTIL51. All criminal trials are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the __C_____ of the accused until he has been proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt.A. guiltB. impartialityC. InnocenceD. honesty2. In England, Wales, and Northern Island, people between the age of ___A______ and 70 whose names appear on the electoral register are liable for jury service and their names are chosen at random.A. 18B. 19C. 20D. 213. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 in England, Wales and Northern Island, and ___D________ in Scotland.A. 12B. 13C. 14D. 154. Whether the accused is guilty or innocent is decided by ___B______.A. the policemenB. the juryC. the judgeD. the sheriff5. The ultimate court of appeal in civil cases throughout the Scotland is ___A______.A. the Supreme Court of the United KingdomB. the Court of AppealC. the High Court of JusticiaryD. the House of Lords6. In England and Wales the highest judicial appointments are made by the Queen on the advice of __C______.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the Home SecretaryC. the Prime MinisterD. the Attorney General7. Criminal cases in England and Wales may NOT be tried in ___C_________.A. the Magistrates’CourtB. the Court of AppealC. the High CourtD. the Crown Court8. The three “lay”magistrates that make up a Magistrates’Court in Britain are known as ___A______.A. Justices of the PeaceB. stipendiary magistratesC. Justices of LawD. part-time magistrates9. The most serious criminal offences in Scotland are tried in _____C_____.A. the District CourtB. the Sheriff CourtC. the High Court of JusticiaryD. the Crown Court UTIL61. The economic policy Britain pursued in the 1950s and 1960s was based on the theory of __B_____.A. Adam SmithB. John Maynard KeynesC. Margaret ThatcherD. Karl Marx2. Under Margaret Thatcher Britain experienced __B____.A. economic recessionB. economic expansionC. economic declineD. economic depression3. Which of the following is NOT true of Britain’s agriculture?-----D-------A. British farming is highly mechanized.B. Agriculture in Britain is intensive.C. British farming is very efficient.D. Britain’s agriculture can produce enough food for its people.4. In Britain less than ___A_____ of the population are farmers.A. 2%B. 4%C. 6%D. 10%5. In the ___C___ Britain became a net exporter of oil.A. 1960sB. 1970sC. 1980sD. 1990s6. To stimulate economic recovery, the Thatcher Government carried out all the following policies but __B____.A. privatizationB. interventionismC. deregulationD. market liberalization7. Britain is the _D___ largest trading nation in the world.A. thirdB. fourthC. fifthD. sixth8. British oil fields were discovered on the __D_____.A. English ChannelB. Irish SeaC. Norwegian SeaD. North Sea9. Which of the following is not included in the new industries in Britain?-----D----A. Microprocessors.B. Computers.C. Biotechnology.D. Motor vehicles. UTIL71. The National Health Service (NHS) was established in the United Kingdom in ___C______.A. 1946B. 1947C. 1948D. 19492.____B____ is directly responsible for the NHS.A. Local governmentB. Central governmentC. V oluntary organizationsD. Certain social boards3. In Britain, children up to the age of ____D__ can receive family allowances for children.A. 11B. 12C. 15D. 164. In Britain, pensions for the elderly, or retirement benefits, begin for women at the age of ___C_____.A. 50B. 55C. 60D. 655. In England the NHS is managed by the __B______.A. Department for Work and PensionsB. Department of HealthC. Social Security AgencyD. Social Services Department6. The National Health Service in Britain provides a full range of medical services for __C_____.A. employeesB. residents aged between 18-60C. every residentD. residents aged over 607. Social Security in the UK is the government’s most expensive program, costing __C___ of public funding.A. 20%B. 25%C. 30%D. 35%8. A family doctor in Britain is also known as a __C____.A. general doctorB. general pharmacistC. general practitionerD. family practitioner9. In 2001 people in marriage accounted for __B_____ of the adult population in Britain.A. 60%B. 55%C. 50%D. 45%10. Houses have traditionally been divided into following types EXCEPT __D____.A. detached houseB. semi-detached houseC. terraced houseD. attached house UTIL81.____B____ is the largest of the Free Churches.A. The BaptistsB. The Methodist ChurchC. The Roman Catholic ChurchD. The Church in Wales2. Established Churches in Britain are _____D______.A. Church of England and Church of WalesB. Church of Wales and Church of ScotlandC. the Anglican ChurchesD. Church of England and Church of Scotland3. The Free Churches do NOT include ___A______.A. the Church of EnglandB. the Methodist ChurchC. the Baptist ChurchD. the United Reformed Church4. The principal non-Christian communities in Britain are ___D____.A. the MoslemsB. the BuddhistsC. the HindusD. the Jews5. The Church of Scotland is a ___C_____ church.A. MethodistB. BaptistC. PresbyterianD. Catholic6. In Great Britain, the ____A_______ is uniquely related to the Crown.A. Church of EnglandB. Church of ScotlandC. Church of IrelandD. Church of Wales7. The members of ____D___ in Britain have also been known as dissenters or nonconformists.A. the Anglican ChurchB. the Church of EnglandC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Free Churches8. The Church of England has two provinces. They are ___A_____.A. Canterbury and YorkB. London and YorkC. Durham and CanterburyD. London and Winchester UTIL91. There are some __C_____ universities in Britain, including the Open University.A. 70B. 80C. 90D. 1002. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the _____A________ centuries.A. 12th and 13thB. 13th and 14thC. 14th and 15thD. 15th and 16th3. The usual age for transfer from primary to secondary schools is ____D_________ in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.A. 14B. 13C. 12D. 114. In Britain, private schools are often called ___D___.A. comprehensive schoolsB. grammar schoolsC. secondary modern schoolsD. independent schools5. In Britain, higher education is usually defined as advanced courses of a standard higher than ____B____ or equivalent.A. GCE O-LevelB. GCE A-LevelC. GCE AS-LevelD. GCSE6. In Britain, education at primary levels emphasizes the following EXCEPT ____D________.A. readingB. writingC. arithmeticD. science7. The following universities belong to “red-brick”universities EXCEPT ____D_____.A. University of LeedsB. University of LiverpoolC. University of ManchesterD. University of Glasgow8. The leading scientific society in Britain is ___D_____.A. the British Association for the Advancement of ScienceB. the Royal InstitutionC. the British AcademyD. the Royal SocietyUTIL101. The largest and the most important museum in Britain is _____A_______.A. the British MuseumB. the Victoria and Albert MuseumC. the Imperial War MuseumD. the National Gallery2. Britain’s most popular pastime is ____B________.A. reading newspaperB. watching TVC. playing footballD. horse racing3. The Times is a _____A_______ newspaper in Britain.A. quality dailyB. popular dailyC. quality SundayD. mid-market daily4. The Daily Mirror is a ____B_____ newspaper in Britain.A. quality dailyB. popular dailyC. popular SundayD. mid-market daily5. Football has its traditional home in ___A________.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. FranceD. Italy6. ______C_______ is the most typical English sports.A. FootballB. RugbyC. CricketD. Horse racing7. Of the following four sports, _____A________ has the longest history.A. cricketB. golfC. footballD. rugby8. The Beatles was a band formed by four boys from ____B_____.A. ManchesterB. LiverpoolC. LondonD. EdinburghUSAUTIL11. The United States of America is the ____D________ country in the world in size.A. largestB. second-largestC. third-largestD. fourth-largest2. ____B________ extend from the northern tip of Maine southwestern to Alabama.A. The Rocky MountainsB. The Appalachian HighlandsC. The Coast MountainsD. The Blue Mountains3. The climate of the United States is influenced by ____D________.A. the Atlantic and Pacific OceansB. the Gulf of MexicoC. the Great LakesD. All of the above4. What is the leading commercial crop of the south?-----B-----A. Cotton.B. Tobacco.C. Sugar cane.D. Rice.5. What Midwestern city is the automobile capital of the world?---B-----A. Chicago.B. Detroit.C. Milwaukee.D. Cleveland.6. One of the most important lakes in the United States is __A_______, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world.A. Lake SuperiorB. Lake MichiganC. Lake HuronD. Lake Ontario7. New England lies in ___C_______ of the United States.A. the northern partB. the southern partC. the northeastern partD. the southeastern part8. The southern part of the Pacific coast in California has a ____D_______ climate.A. subtropicalB. continental desertC. maritimeD. Mediterranean9. The smallest state in the United States is ____B_______.A. WashingtonB. Rhode IslandC. HawaiiD. Maryland10. In the United States, the largest city along the Pacific coast is ____A_______.A. Los AngelesB. San FranciscoC. SeattleD. PortlandUTIL21. The British established 13 colonies along __C_______.A. the west coast of North AmericaB. the west coast of South AmericaC. the east coast of North AmericaD. the east coast of South America2. In the early 1850s, with the westward movement, the slavery became a serious political issue endangering the unity of the country because ___A______.A. whether or not slavery would expand into the future states formed as a result of the westward movement would affect the balance of power in the SenateB. the South insisted that slavery should be allowed to spread into all new territoriesC. the North refused to let slavery spread into new territoriesD. the North wanted to put an end to slavery3. The Progressive Movement wanted to ___A_____ in order to stop big business control.A. initiate strict government regulationB. have the government fix pricesC. break up all the big businessesD. do away with rebates4. The 1920s in the United States has been described as a period of _____D_______ .A. cultural revivalB. loss of purposeC. development in science and technologyD. material success and spiritual frustration5. The serious economic crisis in the late 1920s and 1930s was first brought about by _____D________.A. bank failuresB. serious unemploymentC. farm foreclosuresD. the stock market crash6. The purpose of the New Deal measures was to ___A_______.A. save American democracy and the capitalist systemB. check the worsening of the economic situationC. help people tide over the difficultyD. increase American export7. On June 5, 1947, ___A_____ suggested that the U.S. should offer economic aid to Western Europe so as to protect the region from Soviet expansion.A. George MarshallB. Franklin D. RooseveltC. George KennanD. Harry Truman8. At the time of Cuban Missile Crisis, the President of the U.S. was _____C_______.A. TrumanB. EisenhowerC. KennedyD. Johnson9. New Frontier and Great Society were programs initiated by __C_____.A. President KennedyB. President JohnsonC. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson respectivelyD. Presidents Johnson and Kennedy respectively10. The conservatism during Reagan’s administration was known as _____B________.A. the New LeftB. the New RightC. the New FrontierD. the New Freedom UTIL31.The current situation of African-Americans presents ___C____.A. a favorable pictureB. a negative pictureC. a mixed pictureD. a positive picture2. Although discrimination has been legally abolished, ___D_____.A. discrimination in employment still existsB. discrimination in university admission still existsC. poverty rate of the blacks is the highest among all racial and ethnic groupsD. inequality and subtle discrimination still exist3. The Cuban-Americans mainly live in __A____.A. FloridaB. TexasC. LouisianaD. Alabama4. Some people say Asian-Americans owe their success to the Asian tradition of the following EXCEPT ___D_____.A. familyB. hard workC. educationD. discrimination5. Now about 80% to 90% of immigration to the United States is from ___A____.A. Asian and Hispanic countriesB. African countriesC. European countriesD. Central and South American countries6. The first immigrants in American history came from ______A____.A. England and the NetherlandsB. IrelandC. West GermanyD. East Europe7. Among the major Hispanic groups in the United States, the largest group is __B_____.A. the Puerto RicansB. the Mexican-AmericansC. the Cuban-AmericansD. the Central and South American immigrants8. Among the major Hispanic groups in the United States, ___B_____ have the highest social status.A. the ChicanosB. the Cuban-AmericansC. the Puerto-RicansD. the Latin American immigrants9. The Native Americans are ___A_______.A. the IndiansB. the whitesC. the blacksD. the HispanicsUTIL41. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in ____D____.A. all kinds of casesB. cases involving foreign citizensC. cases involving a stateD. Both B and C2. Political parties are the basis of the American political system, ___D______.A. but there is no provision in the Constitution for political partiesB. and the Constitution has clear provisionC. but the founding fathers had strong apprehension of political partiesD. Both A and C3. The two major parties today have ___C___ differences in policy concentration.A. noB. littleC. someD. great4. The writers of the Constitution worked out the checks and balances in order to __A_____.A. prevent the government from misusing its powerB. prevent the government from being strongC. pacify those who opposed the ConstitutionD. meet the demands of small states5. The President of the United States is elected _D____.A. indirectly by the electorsB. by CongressC. directly by the votersD. None of the above.7. The U.S. President’s appointments have to be approved by ____B____.A. the House of RepresentativesB. the SenateC. the CabinetD. the Supreme Court8. The Supreme Court of the United States consists of one Chief Justice and _C_____ Associate Justices.A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 109. The two major political parties in the United States are __D_____.A. the Democratic Party and the Labor PartyB. the Federalist Party and the Democratic PartyC. the Federalist Party and the Republican PartyD. the Democratic Party and the Republican Party10. The U.S. Congress has the power to override the president’s veto by a _A____ majority.A. 2/3B. 3/4C. 3/5D. 4/5UTIL51. The United States ranks ___A_____ in the world in the total value of its economic production.A. firstB. secondC. thirdD. fourth2. The following are the factors that have contributed tothe development of the U.S. economy EXCEPT _____C_____.A. the vast space and resources of the landB. the ideals of freedom and economic opportunityC. English as its national languageD. hard work by the people3. What is America’s most important food crop?----A-----A. Corn.B. Rice.C. Barley.D. Oat.4. Service industries account for more than ___D______ of the U.S. gross domestic product.A. a thirdB. halfC. two thirdsD. three fourth5. The westward expansion is a demonstration ofAmerican __A______.A. individualismB. patriotismC. liberalismD. expansionism6. Hamilton believed that the United States should pursue economic growth through the following EXCEPT ___D_____.A. shippingB. manufacturingC. bankingD. slavery7. With the arrival of the 20th century, the United States became increasingly urbanized, particularly in the ____A_____ cities.A. NortheastB. NorthwestC. SoutheastD. Southwest8. The American South is a center of the following traditional crops EXCEPT ___D______.A. tobaccoB. cornC. cottonD. wheat9. As the world’s leading maker of industrial goods, the U.S. now produces around ___B______ of the world’s industrial products.A. 20%B. 25%C. 30%D. 35%10. In the United States, the following areas tend to specialize in high-tech and computer industries EXCEPT ___B_____.A. NortheastB. MidwestC. NorthwestD. SouthwestUTIL61. The American social security system includes the following programs EXCEPT ___C______.A. OASDHIB. MedicareC. MedicaidD. Unemployment Compensation2. Americans may start receiving their pensions at the age of __C_______.A. 55B. 60C. 65D. 703. The main federal welfare programs in the USA consist of the following programs EXCEPT___D______.A. MedicaidB. AFDCC. Food StampsD. Medicare4. Which of the following belongs to the religious welfare organization?----C---A. NCH.B. CWLA.C. CCHD. D. Ford Foundation.5. Among private foundations, which has become increasingly prominent in private charity activity?---D-----A. Rockefeller Foundation.B. Ford Foundation.C. Buffett Foundation.D. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.6. Which of the following statement is NOT true about American health care services?----D----A. A sizable number of Americans still remain uninsured.B. The U.S. has top-quality medical facilities.C. Medicaid covers only about 40 percent of the poor nationwide.D. Compared with other developed countries, the United States spends less on health care.7. According to the healthcare reform proposed during the Obama administration, the government will require most Americans to have health insurance by ___D____.A. 2011B. 2012C. 2013D. 20148. Homes and houses give Americans the following sense EXCEPT ____D____.A. possessionB. material satisfactionC. personal identificationD. freedom UTIL7.1. There are currently ___D_____ district courts in the United States.A. 52B. 54C. 92D. 942. There are currently __B_____ courts of appeals in the United States.A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 133. ___C_______ argues cases for the government before the Supreme Court.A. Chief Justice of Supreme CourtB. Attorney GeneralC. Solicitor GeneralD. President of the United States4. District judgeships are filled by the President with the consent of ___C______.A. Chief Justice of Supreme CourtB. Attorney GeneralC. the SenateD. the House of Representatives5. Generally, the trial jury consists of ____B___ ordinary citizens.A. 1－6B. 6－12C. 12－23D. 23－306. Generally, the grand jury consists of ___C____ ordinary citizens.A. 1－6B. 6－12C. 12－23D. 23－307. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and ___B____ associate justicesA. 7B. 8C. 9D. 108. In the United States, people between the ages of __A_____ are the most inclined age group to commit crimes.A. 11－19B. 19－24C. 24－45D. 45－549. In some urban areas in the United States, murder is the main cause of death among non-White males between the ages of ____C____.A. 11－19B. 19－24C. 24－45D. 45－5410. As a rule, the implementation of state law is carried out by the police and detectives in the city, and by __D_____ in rural areas.A. sheriffsB. constablesC. magistratesD. both A and BUTIL81. To many Americans, education is important because _____D________.A. it contributes to the success of individualsB. it contributes to the strengthening of national strengthC. it prepares the young people for future developmentD. Both A and B 2. In the United States, public schools at the elementary and secondary level are _____D_________.A. freeB. compulsoryC. open to allD. Both A and C3. American schools fall into two categories, namely, _____A__________.A. public and private schoolsB. academic and vocational schoolsC. coeducation and single sex schoolsD. national and state-run schools4. In the United States, education policies are made by ______B________.A. the federal governmentB. the state board of educationC. local school districtD. board of trustees5. The governing board of school district is responsible for ______D_________.A. the hiring of teachers and staffB. the designing of a suitable curriculumC. the compiling and approving of budgetD. All of the above6. There is ______B_________ difference(s) in tuition rates between public and private institutions of higher learning in the U.S.A. noB. significantC. someD. not much7. The community college ______B_________.A. offers bachelor degreesB. offers associate degreesC. offers master degreesD. Both A and B8. Elementary and secondary education in the U.S. covers ___C____ years.A. 9B. 11C. 12D. 14。

Unit 1Text A assure biased dread grin hover scrawl visibleText B await crease engage frail glisten hint sole 1.Don’t sit for too long or you’ll_crease_____your new dress.1.别坐得太久，否则会弄皱你的衣服。

2.There’s a ___hint ___ of summer in the air, although it’s only April.2.虽然才四月，空气中已经有一丝夏天的味道。

3. He ___assured___me that the well-known doctor would cure my headache.3.他向我保证,那个著名的医生会治好我的头痛。

4. I handed in my application for the job last week; I am eagerly ___awaiting___ their reply.4.我上周提交了我的就业申请，现在正急切地等待着他们的答复。

5. I wish you’d stop __hovering____ round and let me get on with some work.5.我希望你能停止在周围转动，好让我做一些工作。

6. Hilary was out, so I___scrawled___ a note to her and put it under the door.6.希拉里不在家，所以我草草写了一张给她的字条，放在门下。

7. The little girl kept on dancing, her face and black hair___glistening___ with sweat.7.这个小女孩不停地跳舞,她的脸和黑色的头发因为汗水闪闪发亮。

初二英语期末复习资料Book 3A词组和知识点的复习Unit One一、词组1. play the guitar2. Children's Palace3. enjoy doing4. if you like5. be in trouble6. make notes7. leave school / leave sth. 8.take / have a shower9. wait for 10. no one=nobody 11.foreign cities 12. a sick person1 3. let sb. do 14. make sb. do二、知识点1.v.-n.play-playerfootball-footballerdrive-driverdance-dancerreport-reporterphotograph-photographer2.must / mustn't / have to / needn't / can / don't have to tell sb. (not) to do / ask sb. (not) to doUnit Two一、词组I.in each team / on each side3. score another goal5.kick the ball into the net 7.at the end9.take a messageII.at the weekend13.win the game / lose the game15.hope to do 二、知识点3.on grass6.see sb. doing sth. / see sb. do sth.8.Hold on a minute.10.as soon as12.good luckugh atWell done! / Congratulations!1.learn / want / hope / decide / try / forget / remember / stop + to do sth.2.like / enjoy /practise / finish / be good at / look forward to / thanks for / stop+ doing sth.3.every thing / everybody / everywhere /something / somebody / somewhereanything / anybody / anywherenothing / nobody / nowhereUnit Three一、词组1.feel tired / hungry / thirsty2. What's the matter?2. play volleyball /badminton / table tennis、知识点1. -s / esmatch- class- toothbrush- box- thief- half- leaf- life- leaf- wife- myself- roof- potato-tomat o-2.myself / yourself / himself / herself / itself / ourselves / yourselves themselvesUnit Four一、 词组1. have / has been to 3.travel agent二、 知识点1. have / has + p.p5.help yourself (to) ...6. Would you like some...?7. later in the mealYes, please, just a little. / No,thanks.8. cut the food into small pieces3. No wonder...4. just a little2. a few 4.be full of2.ever / never / already /yet / justUnit Five一、词组1 . an Chinese-English dictionary 2. grow up3.hundreds of 4. look up5 . copy out 6.put (your arm)up7.move to... 8. from side to side9 . neither... nor...10.pick up*、知识点1.It is + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth.2 . Neither... nor... /Both... and ...3. Can you tell me the way to the ...?Pardon? Could you say it a little more slowly? I only know a little English. I'm afraid I don't understand.Unit Six、词组1. know each other2. a bit3. be excited about doing...4.be worried about sth. /sb.5. look a bit sad、知识点1. have / has been tohave / has gone tohave / has been in3.for........ / since .........4.反意疑问句5.大数字的读法6.名词复数city- party baby- boy-day- tooth-woman- German- foot-7.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别Unit Seven一、词组1. hear about2. Best wishes3. next time 4.at the moment5. during the holiday 6.hear from sb.7. Poor thing! 8. Lucky thing!9. do your best10.look after =take careof11.have a rest 12. write to sb.13. take part in 14. holiday plans15. help sb with sth. = help sb (to ) do sth. 二、知识点1. 现在进行时表示将来时的用法2. 直接引语变间接引语4. may / mightUnit Eight一、词组1. Father Christmas3. fill... with...7. Christmas tree with coloured lights 9. used to do 11. not... any longer 13. And the same to you! 15. at the bottom of 16. make the house pretty二、知识点1. used to do / didn't use to do2. So do I!3.Neither/Nor do.5. fall asleep / get to sleep / go to bed / in bed 2. on Christmas Eve4. all over the world 6. by the fire 8.Merry Christmas!10. Neither / Nor do I! 12. Have a nice time / holiday. 14. stay awake 16. send cards to sb.。

英语期末复习资料完整版第一部分1.Circus tigers although they have been tamed, can ____attack their trainer.A.unexpectedly意外地B. intentionallyC. reluctantlyD. sequently2.When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____ and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A. dimB. blank空白的C. faintD. bare3.Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still ____.A. blankB. hollowC. emptyD. bare 光秃秃的、空的4.Generally speaking, all kinds of materials will expand when heated, but will ____ when cooled.A. contract合同、缩小B. compressC. reduceD. contrast5.When he realized the police had spotted him, the man ____ the exit as quickly as possible.A. made offC. made for往…走去D. made up6.The government has a very bad ____ because it continues with the plans that nobody likes.A. appearanceB. image 形象C. figureD. character7.Think twice before you take action. To act on ____ is not likely to do you any good.A. motionB. crashC. impulse冲动D. emotional8.The boy’s parents ____ too much of him, with the inevitable result that they were disappointed.A. anticipated预期的B. expectedC. desiredD. recommended9.It is generally agreed that by that time the world will be suffering from an energy ____.A. hazardB. dangerC. emergencyD. crisis 危机10.Marie fainted in the store and found herself in the hospital when she ____.A. came alongC. came to苏醒D. came out11.I try to remember what really ____ is not money or title or possessions, but the way we love others.A. meansB. amountsC. accountsD. counts 计数12.The boy slams the door against anyone he doesn’t like.I hope he will ____ the habit.A. smashB. keepC. outgrow长大D. widen13.I consider it proper to leave it to the committee to ____ the details of the plan.A. work out 制定出B. show offC. come outD. put away14.You must accustom yourself to be more ____ when you are with people.A. at your ease放松B. set at easeC. ill at easeD. with case15.Why have you singled me out ____ criticism?A. asB. forC. againstD. from16.She looked at me closely, eyes open wide and full of ____.A. curiousB. strangeC. curiosity 惊奇D. puzzled17.It was a large diamond, but it had a ____.A. mistakeB. flaw缺点，瑕疵C. shortcomingD. faults18.When the mistake was ____ to him, he hastened to correct it.A. pointed out指出来B. talkedC. pointed atD. felt19.So far as I know, John is ____ to jealousy.A. pureB. immune不受到影响C. householdD. emotional20.Since graduation, they have corresponded ____ each other.A. forB. toC. withD. between21.During the interview, he ____his talent as an expert in silk production.A. playedB. replayedC. delayedD. displayed 展示出22.His bedroom ____ a single bed with a small television at its foot.A. makes upB. consists 有什么组成、存在于C. lays outD. serves as23.Lucy, who did not even go to grade school, had no ____ ofa job at the time.A. interviewB. pressure 压力C. prospectD. application24.The work is easy for an expert, ____ it is difficult for an inexperienced person.A. whileB. althoughC. butD. however25.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ____ overall consumption is significantly higher thanthat of women.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. whose26.I’ll have to have my stomach ____ next month.A. operatingB. operatedC. operatingD. operated on 做手术27.I’m sorry to have ____ you with so many questions on such an occasion.A. interferedB. offendedC. impressedD. bothered 打扰28.I’m not ____ for typing, but I can learn.A. ableB. capableC. competent能做..D. competently29.I’ll ____ my aunt at the station.A. encounterB. meet见C. confrontD. run into30.If you work hard, you’re ____ to succeed.A. bindB. boundedC. bondD. bound 一定的31.So, once I had made a considered decision, I no longer ____ it.A. dwelt on思索B. dwelt inC. dwelt withD. dwelt at32.She looked at the picture ____ great interest.A. withB. inC. forD. on33.____ you lose confidence, you can never expect to do your work well.A. OnceB. At onceC. ThoughD. Although34.The house is furnished ____ ; there is nothing showy or cheap in it.A. in style时尚B. out of styleC. with styleD. of style35.Peter took up the rear, armed with a large hammer ____ emergencies.A in the case of B. in case of 以防C. in any case of D. in that case of36.He is very ____ his children and permits them few privileges.A. hard toB. hard withC. hard on 严格D. hard against37.He acted both tragic and comic parts, but he was ____ in comedy.A. at bestB. for the bestC. in his bestD. at his best最擅长38.Do you ____ taking these goods without paying for them?A. admit ofB. acknowledge ofC. admit to 承认D. acknowledge to39.I intended to have my daughters ____ in England.A. educateB. to educateC. educatingD. educated 受教育40.Consumers should do ____ than simply complain about the poor quality of goods.A. far more更多的B. far lessC. some moreD. much less41.We are both looking forward ____ next week.A. to be going on vacationB. to go on vacationC. to going on vacation去度假D. to have gone on vacation42.His chief difficulty ____ people ignorant of Jean’s machinations.A. lie in keepingB. lies with keepingC. lay in keeping贮藏D. lay at keeping43.It was thought ____.A. of impossibleB. of as impossibleC. as impossibleD. up as impossible44.In history, past and present, those who start an aggressive war all come to a bad ____.A. conclusionB. endC. finishD. doom45.He ____ me with neglecting my duty.A. accusedB. charged 指控C. criticizedD. blamed46.The skier’s red clothes stood out clearly ____ the snow.A. overB. thanC. aboveD. against 反对47.Gold is similar ____ color ____ brass.A. in…toB. on…toC. to…onD. in…with48.The student ____ today.A. caught cheatingB. caught in cheatingC. was caught cheating抓住作弊D. was caught at cheating49.Hard work can ____ for a lack of intelligence.A. be made up ofB. make up 弥补C. make forD. make out50.The speed of light is greater than ____ of sound.A. thisB. oneC. thoseD. that51.She speaks Japanese so well that I ____ that she is a Japanese.A. regard asB. think ofC. take it for granted 理所当然的D. believe in52.I bought the picture for 8 dollars but my mother didn’t think it is ____.A. worth the price值得的价格B. worth of the priceC. worthy the priceD. worthing the price53.Joe was caught cheating ____ the English test.A. inB. onC. withD. at54.They chose two ____ every ten pupils to take part in theparty.A. ofB. outC. out of …中的几个D. outside55.She was peeking ____ her daughter from behind the door.A. atB. onC. toD. with第四部分）1.就颜色而言，这件衣服不错。

人文英语 1 期末复习资料试题结构部分内容题型题量分值总分值时间（分钟）交际用语简短对话选择题 5 2 10 5词汇与结构单句或简短对话选择题 15 2 30 15阅读理解 2 篇对话或短文选择题 10 4 40 25英译汉句子选择题 5 4 20 15总计 35 100 601. – Hi, Wang Xin, nice to meet you!-- Hi, Liu Mei （） [单选题]A. nice to meet you too.(正确答案)B. how do you do?C. I’m fine, thank you.2. -- I can show you around, if you like. （） [单选题]A. I can’t wait.B. Sure, thank you.(正确答案)C. Let’s go.3. – Tomorrow will be fine. Shall we go out for a picnic? （） [单选题]A. Sounds great!(正确答案)B. Good luck!C. Have fun!4. – Happy New Year! （） [单选题]A. Really.B. Thank youC. The same to you.(正确答案)5. – Hi! How are you doing? （） [单选题]A. That’s all right.B. How are you doing?C. I’m doing well.(正确答案)6. – I won the first prize in today’s speech contest. （） [单选题]A. Congratulations!(正确答案)B. Great!C. Thanks!7. – Seat belts save lives.（） [单选题]A. I won’t put on my seat belt.B. I will put on my seat belt.C. It’s true, I can't agree more.(正确答案)8. – Hello, can I speak to Liu Hui, please.（） hold on please [单选题]A. Yes, I am.B. Yes, speaking.(正确答案)C. Yes, you can.9. – Hello, I’m Susan. Nice to meet you.（） [单选题]A. Are you?B. Nice to meet you, too.(正确答案)C. Very nice.10. – How are you feeling now? （） [单选题]A. Much better than just now.(正确答案)B. It’s OK.C. Thank you.11. --Why did you stop my car, police officer?（） You just ran a red light. [单选题]A. Your driver's license please.(正确答案)B. I just want to.C. No why.12. --What is your major? （） [单选题]A. Li Mei.B. A fresh man.C. Education.(正确答案)13. -- I was worried about my driving test, but I passed it. （） [单选题]A. Don't worry about it.B. Good luck to you.C. Congratulations! That's not easy.(正确答案)14. --Here you are, Sir. （） [单选题]A. All right.B. Yes, here you are.C. Thank you very much.(正确答案)15. --How about going to the class together?（） [单选题]A. Of course notB. That sounds great(正确答案)C. I don’t like it.16. – Thank you for sharing this with me. （） No worry/It's my honor. [单选题]A. NothingB. You can share, tooC. My pleasure(正确答案)17. –What will you buy for the Spring Festival? （） [单选题]A. I will buy gifts for my family(正确答案)B. Clothes are on saleC. I want to go Shopping18. --__________________ （）It’s dark brown. [单选题]A. How about his weight?B. Is he a tall guy?C. What color is his hair?(正确答案)19. — Hi, Tom, how’s everything with you? （） and how are you? [单选题]A. Don’t mention itB. Hm, not too bad(正确答案)C. Thanks20. —Are you ready to take a ride in my new sports car? （） [单选题]A. I don’t like your sports car.B. Yes, I’d love to.(正确答案)C. No, I won’t.21.—（）. — Less than 50 miles per hour. [单选题]A. How fast were you driving?(正确答案)B. Were you driving north?C. How was theroad?22. –Hi, Liu Hui. Have you got something on your mind? （） [单选题]A. Hmmm, I am a little upset.(正确答案)B. What? What are you saying?C. Sure. Thank you二、词汇与结构（共计 30 分，每小题 2 分）阅读下面句子，从 A、B、C 三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的正确选项1. They work in the same company and they are ______ with each other.（） [单选题]A. goodB. be familiar with(正确答案)C. interested2. Social workers should learn how to _______ people.（） [单选题]A. look atB. look intoC. look after(正确答案)3. They ______ some social work at the weekends.（） [单选题]A. do(正确答案)B. doesC. did4. They must try to ______ the boundaries of knowledge.（） [单选题]A. extend(正确答案)B. increaseC. enrich5. Well, I hope you ______ enjoying to the party tomorrow afternoon.（） [单选题]A. are all(正确答案)B. all areC. all6. I saw him ______, and afterwards he was caught by the police.（） [单选题]A. steal(正确答案)B. stoleC. stolen7. I would like to do the job ______ you don’t force me to study.（） [单选题]A. in caseB. althoughC. as long as(正确答案)8. A student will probably attend four or five courses during each ______.（） [单选题]A. seminarB. semester(正确答案)C. season9. We can’t afford a bicycle, ______ a car.（） [单选题]A. even ifB. let alone(正确答案)C. let out10. He ______ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday.（） [单选题]A. givesB. is going to /will give(正确答案)C. gave11. If it rains tomorrow, we ______ for a picnic.（） [单选题]A. wouldn’t go outB. can’t go outC. won’t go out(正确答案)12. I thought you ______ like something to read. So I have brought you some book.（）[单选题]A. willB. mightC. would(正确答案)13. He ______ to Shanghai for I saw him here a minute ago.（） [单选题]A. can’t goB. can’t have gone(正确答案)C. didn’t go14. ______ he left school at 16, he still managed to be a great writer.（） [单选题]A. Even though(正确答案)B. Even ifC. Even although16. Don’t forget to ______ your seat belt when you’re driving.（） [单选题]A. put upB. put offC. put on(正确答案)17. The couple was ______ that they couldn’t drive home.so...that too...to（） [单选题]A. so drunk(正确答案)B. too drunkC. drunk enough18. He suggested that the drunk driver ______. [单选题]A. Be/get punished(正确答案)B. to be punishedC. punished19. John ______ three bottles of beer just now, so he can’t drive himself homenow.（）[单选题]A. does drinkB. did drink(正确答案)C. do drink20. As a result of his hard work, he has gained ______ to the Beijing University.（） [单选题]A. Admission(正确答案)B. rewardC. opportunity21. ______students are playing on the ground.（） [单选题]A. The number ofB. A number of(正确答案)C. A number22. The novel I bought last week is ______ of reading I think.（） [单选题]A. Worthy(正确答案)B. worthC. that worth23. Our classroom is ______ beautiful than theirs.（） [单选题]A. more(正确答案)B. veryC. much24. Tom is considered to be ______ the other students in her class.（） [单选题]A. less intelligentB. the most intelligentC. as intelligent as(正确答案)25. The pace of ______ growth is picking up.（） [单选题]A. EconomyB. economicalC. economic(正确答案)26. He usually ______ from headache.（） [单选题]A. endureB. suffers(正确答案)C. receive27. Listen! The baby ______ in the next room.（） [单选题]A. criesB. criedC. is crying(正确答案)28. ______ she wins _______ loses, this is her last chance.（） [单选题]A. If…orB. Whether…or(正确答案)C. Whether… or not29. The traffic accident ______ three days ago.（） [单选题]A. HappensB. took place(正确答案)C. was occurred30. I’d like to know what time we can get the container ______ it is in theport.（） [单选题]A. whyB. when(正确答案)C. where31. The police asked the driver to _______ the car to have an alcohol test.（） [单选题]A. pull over(正确答案)B. pull outC. pull on32. The ________ driver was seriously hurt in the traffic accident.（） [单选题]A. 40-years-oldB. 40-year-old(正确答案)C. 40 year old33. You’d better ________ the car because you are drunk. [单选题]A. let me drive(正确答案)B. let me to driveC. to let me drive34. If it rains tomorrow, we _________ out for a picnic.（） [单选题]A. wouldn’t goB. can’t goC. won’t go(正确答案)35. The gunman stood ________ the theatre and shoot at the audience inside.（） [单选题]A. at the front of(正确答案)B. in front ofC. on front of36. Tom is good at playing ________ piano.（） [单选题]A. aB. anC. the(正确答案)37. He did not _________ on my proposal about the new project（） [单选题]A. recommendB. comment(正确答案)C. command38. The street is _________ for five cars to go side by side. [单选题]A. wideB. wide enough(正确答案)C. enough wide39. The higher the temperature, _______ the liquid evaporates（） [单选题]A. the faster(正确答案)B. fasterC. the slower40. –Are you a member of the ________? I’m her brother.（） [单选题]A. houseB. household(正确答案)C. home41. The train is running fifty miles ___________.（） [单选题]A. an/per hour(正确答案)B. the hour42. I enjoy _______ books in the library.（） [单选题]A. readB. reading(正确答案)C. to read43. I hope our plan will ________ by the board.（） [单选题]A. approveB. be approvingC. be approved(正确答案)44. The case happened _______ Tuesday afternoon.（） [单选题]A. inB. on(正确答案)C.at45. You’ll _________ have your own room.（） [单选题]A. allB. each(正确答案)C. both46. Well, I heard him _________ he’d cover the afternoon shift.（） [单选题]A. say(正确答案)B. said47. Jim is one of the most popular ________ in my company.（） [单选题] A．classmatesB．citizensC．colleagues(正确答案)48. You are ______ to finish your homework on time.（） [单选题]A. supposeB.supposed to(正确答案)C. not supposed49. I want make _______ difference in _______ world.（） [单选题]A. the…aB. a…the(正确答案)C. a…a50. People can't live without _______ sun.（） [单选题]A. aB. anC. the(正确答案)51. She is _________ General Manager of __________ big company.（） [单选题]A. a, anB. the, a(正确答案)52. When you feel ________, you should go to see a doctor.（） [单选题]A. Sick(正确答案)B. safeC. sad53. I would ______ any weakness and any fear.（） [单选题]A. comeB. overcome(正确答案)C. throw54. The schools informed the parents_____ the case immediately.（） [单选题]A. inB. toC. of(正确答案)55. I think we are friends________ colleagues.（） [单选题]A. as well as(正确答案)B. as long asC. as good as56. Let the victims know that you are _______ to help.（） [单选题]A. as well asB. as long asC. available(正确答案)57. Some holidays in the United Kingdom _________ back hundreds of years.（） [单选题]A. date(正确答案)B. comeC. return58. The Mid-Autumn Festival, as the name ________, falls on the fifteenth day（） [单选题]A. suggests(正确答案)B. appearsC. means59. Someone then suggested they __________ the car home.（suggest sb.do sth.）（）[单选题]A. push(正确答案)B. pushedC. to push60. They ______ some social work at the weekends last year.（） [单选题]A. doB. doesC. did(正确答案)61. The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month.It is the time when the moon is said to be ________ its highest and fullest.（） [单选题]A. at(正确答案)B. inC. on62. Joan has been charged _______ a misdemeanor by asking her 13-year-old sonto drive, putting her child in a dangerous situation.（） [单选题]A. ofB. with(正确答案)C. for63. I am very pleased to be a member of the _______.（） [单选题]A. houseB. household(正确答案)C. home64. She also suggests that foreign students _________ housing with American students.（） [单选题]A. share(正确答案)B. will shareC. shared.65. Many people live in large families. In a big family, all the people share one _______.（） [单选题]A. roomB. household(正确答案)C. family三、阅读理解（共计 40 分，每小题 4 分）(1)阅读下列短文，从 A、B、C 三个选项中选出一个正确答案，并将答案写在答题纸上。

英语期末复习资料英语期末考试复习此复习资料仅为1、2班英语老师给的考试范围重合部分翻译第8单元1.I am lucky to have acquired a wide range of skills when I was young.我很幸运，在我年轻的时候就学会了许多不同的技能。

2.These drawings , which are worth something like 50 million dollars , must not be exposed todirect sunlight.这些画价值在五千万美元左右，绝不能直接暴露在阳光之下。

3.I knew my son got talent when he composed his first poem.我儿子写出他第一首诗的时候，我就知道他有天赋。

4.As the flu was spreading in the community , she wrapped herself in warm winter clothing toavoid catching the disease.由于流感在社区传播，她用暖和的冬衣将自己裹起来，以防染上这种疾病。

5.The defendant denied that he had ever made any payment to the government official to geta contract.被告否认他曾经向政府官员付钱以获得合同。

第9单元1.The industrial engineer’s letter indicates that he doubts the feasibility of the plan.那位工业管理工程师的来信表明，他对该项计划是否可行有怀疑。

2.I have made sure that her conclusion is based on facts.我已经了解清楚，她的结论是以事实为依据的。

一、听力1.2.选词填空1.Accidentally,the whole incident was captured2.Those who had been kidnapped described how they were scared and in physical and emotional3.It was not long before help arrived in the form of4. Despite a great deal of practice,Alice remained an awkward5.A few hours ago,there was a head-on crash6.I am wondering when Tom is going to settle7.The event features a large indoor display of local crafts8.There are some birds nesting9.A chill ran through10.True,Linda makes almost no typing errors,but then11.It seems like everyone writes a blog12.I often watch the sports events broadcast on cable13.Michael was always late for class,but that day he,for once,14.During my mother’s last days,I spent many hours by her side,15.They have assigned me the role of a heartless financier,who is obsessed with.Students should be encouraged to adopt13.Politicians always try to avoid expressing in public opinions that are considered extreme14.I love the job,and it's an added bonus15.It seemed that the employment opportunities available fell short of16.As some of the issues surrounding.3.may be Traditionally 've experimented with different ways to make a the first step in learning about a school's culture,~~ been in the real estate business for a long time,for that than a third of British clerks say their job is figures have shown that half of the animals in the world have vanished who has a history of producing anti-Apple advertisements,poked fun is no agreement on the exact date when the modern internet came into 's a nice hotel,casual,comfortable and of all, traditional cycle expanding into new markets can seem like a daunting process because it involves risk taking,it can open business model is out of Einstein put it Smith oftenattributed/attributes.. values are the fundamental beliefs of a person or an anybody watch last night's final episode of China's Got Talent三、中英翻译如果你有充分的准备，你在国外的工作假期可能是你所能得到的最有意义的经历之一。

1.A word will cover the following points:1) A minimal free form of a language2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.2.Classification of words:1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.What is involved in knowing a word?1) Form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;6) the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.4.Morpheme can be classified as following:5.English word-formation英语构词法6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un- pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.Conversion 转类法Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生) eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.Backformation逆生法Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in thelanguage. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper<bookkeeping babysit<babysitting burgle<burglar lase<laser9.Abbreviation: 缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular.Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. eg: phone(telephone), copter(helicopter), quake(earthquake) taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people)Acronym首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )10.Blending 混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt, H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb, squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,//word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.Imitation 基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa!12.Borrowing 外来语Coinage 新生词Invention 创造法poundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards. 14.Kinds of meaningConceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaningand social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. These associations show people’s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation in meaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser or person addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes towards the person or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of the conceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using proper intonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory16.How to express affective meaning? Explain with examples.The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a person thinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power.Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may be distinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with.Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features or components, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic features analysis.17.English euphemisms formation1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen’s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustment downward, landscape architect, smelly18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes语义转化Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningNarrowing/restriction/reduction/specializationAmelioration/elevationPejoration/degradationTransfer of meaning19.The polysemy of the word一词多义a word having two or more closely relatedmeanings.20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings are defined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding these connections that we arrive at our understanding of words.A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as other words are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. Absolute and relative synonyms 绝对同义词和相对同义词B.Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradable antonyms 层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms 逆行Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictory antonyms, and converses.C. Hyponymy and meronymy 上下义关系和部分整体关系Hyponymy--the kind of’ relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure large parts of a language’s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget’s Thesaurus suggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy--the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy of superordinate and subordinate termsD. Homonymy 同形同音异义词Homonyms refer to words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classified into two categories: homographs and homophones.a. Homographs: 同形异义词words that have the same spelling but differ in sound and meaning.b. Homophones: 同音异义词words that have the same phonological form but differ in spelling and meaning.20.Semantic/lexical field:It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another.The semantic field arrangement brings together words that share the same semantic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resources available for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciate often elusive meaning differences between words.21.The major features of idioms1)Compositeness: 复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They are multiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag, etc.2)Structural stability: 稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlike free phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whose components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3)Semantic unity: 统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom is not transparent in most cases.Transformation/creativity in idiom: Replacement/substitution, addition, permutation, deletionThe application of idioms:Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life of Englishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popular sports and games, books and stories22.Cohesive device 衔接手段(links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代,ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion词汇衔接Discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unified corn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.23.词汇衔接手段reiteration（复现）and collocation(共现)Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationship that can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broad sub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation and organization of discourse.Reiteration 复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentence that by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate some element(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence 等价Naming 命名Semblance/Analogy 同义词/类比Metonymy 借喻etc. They serve to show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.Collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment.24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.Logical clues: cues based on relationships among the various parts of the information.e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization and examples,restatements, definitions, etc.World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant’s experience and knowledge of the topic.Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.ing mnemonic techniques1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying, writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of his active vocabulary.2) Linking with prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one, connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semantic mapping and charting semantic features, etc.3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semantic relations or logical connections. e.g. grass – green, school – students, hit – ball, swim – pool, apple – fruit, irritated – annoyed, dead – alive, baby – mother, etc.4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with other words and then diagramming the results.27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of it?Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2 types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventions and co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot, goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in the talk.28.Learning from word cardsStep 1 Choosing words to learnSept 2 Making word cardsStep 3 Using the cardsing DictionariesWhat are the major purposes for dictionary use?Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading, or translating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess from context./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate. / Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use, collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known words needed to speak, write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of known words. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a known one./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledgeof partly known words, including etymology.。