一般过去时与现在完成时区别
1. 现在完成时的构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。
2. 现在完成时的用法
现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说
明现在的某种情况。
We are good friends.(现在的情况)
I knew him in 1997.(过去的动作)
We have known each other since 1997.
(现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在)
(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。
如: -Have you had lunch yet? 你(已经)吃午饭了吗?
-Yes, I have. I've just had it. 我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
如:He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
I haven't seen her for four years我有四年没见到她了。
(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带
有twice, ever,never, three times等时间状语。
如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。
如:yesterday,
last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表
示不确定的时间状语连用。
a.用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。如: We have already finished our homework. 我们已完成作业了
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未”等。如:
-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
例如:I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.
我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近几天他去过那里三次了。
d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等。例如: -Have you met him today? -No, I haven't. 今天你见过他吗?我没有。
How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次?
(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表
示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I haven't seen him for two years. 但是,像come, arrive, buy 等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状
语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换: arrive →
be here begin(start)→be on die →be dead come back →be back
leave →be away fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) get up →be up go out →
be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on
open →be open join →be in或be a member of… close →be c losed go to school →
be a student borrow →keep buy →have catch(a cold)→have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study →study come to work →work等
如:He has been a soldier for three years. 他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years. 他父亲去世二年了
The film has been on for ten minutes. 电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
4.几点注意事项
(1)have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,前者可与once ,never, several times等连用,后者则不能。
如:They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
(2)如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:
It is two years since his father died.
=His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有两年了。
(3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过
这儿。
(4) 表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时,用现在完成时,要加表示一段
时间的时间状语时,常用 for+一段时间, since+时间点。
I have lived here since my childhood.我从小就一直住在这里。
I have lived here for 10 years. 我在这已经住了10年了。
(5) 在提问现在完成时的时间状语时通常用 how long How long have you lived here?
注意:在表示某一行为状态持续多长时间时,根据终止时间的不同,时态使用是不一样的。如:
I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在这里住了一周。
I have lived here for a week by now. 到现在为止,我已经在这里住了一
周。 I will live here for a week next year.明年我会在这里住一周。
二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在;而一般过去时表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系。
I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦,
是上个月去的。
1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完
成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时
间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如
live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。) She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
一、单项选择。
1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they _________what's happened to him .
A. knew
B. have known
C. must know
D.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
A. already
B.never
C.ever
D. still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______?
A. just
B. ago
C.before
D. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year
A. is writing
B.was writing
C.wrote
D.has written 5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
A. has changed ; well
B. changed ; good
C. has changed ; better
D. changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .A. was ; studying
B. will ; study
C. has ; studied
D. are ; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A. know
B. had known
C. have known
D. knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
A. will see
B. have seen
C. saw
D.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really ? When _____ there ?
A. will they go
B. did they go
C. do they go
D. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A. Did ; do ; finished
B. Have ; done ; finished
C. Have ; done ; have finished
D. will ; do ; finish
11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
A. joined
B. has joined
C. was in
D. has been in
12、—Do you know him well ?
—Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
A. were
B. have been
C. have become
D. have made
13、—How long have you ____ here ?
—About two months .
A. been
B. gone
C. come
D. arrived
14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
A. has begun
B. had begun
C. has been on
D. began
15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .
A. is
B. has
C. will
D. was
16、Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
A.has gone
B. went
C.will go
D. has been
17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
A. have been in
B. have been to
C. have gone to
D. have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they
B. d on’t they
C. have they
D. haven’t they
19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?
A. How soon, comes
B. How often, got
C. How long, came
D. How far, arrived
20、His uncle for more than 9 years.
A. has come here
B. has started to work
C. has lived there
D. has left the university
二、句型转换。
3、The old man _________ last year. He for a year. (die) (动词填空)
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句)
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句
子合并成一个句子)
___________________________________________
汉译英。
1、吉姆已做完作业,他现在有空了。
2、他昨天收到一封信。
3、我父亲以前到过长城。
4、她还没有看过那部新电影。
5、她去过上海。
6、他这些天上哪儿去了?