英美文学文学Terms

英美文学术语解释Potmodernimithee某preionofthoughtandcultureinart,literature,philoophyandpoliticina dvancedcapitalitperiod.“Pot-”of“Potmodernim”itheinheritanceandreactionto“modernim”.Potm odernimwaoriginallyuedbyartitandcriticinNewYorkinthe1960andthene mployedbyEuropeantheoritinthe1970.Oncethiwritingenteredonthetage ofhitory,ithabroughtunotonlytechniqueuchaparody,fragmentation,pa tiche,collage,allegory,irony,playfulne,metafiction,butalointerte 某tualityinhitory,philoophy,ociology,etc..HumanimitheeenceoftheRenaiance.2>itemphaizethedignityofhumanbeingandtheimportanceofthepreen tlife.Humanitvoicedtheirbeliefthatmanwathecenteroftheunivereandm andidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepreentlife,buthadth eabilitytoperfecthimelfandtoperformwonder.02.Renaiance(文艺复兴) Theword“Renaiance”mean“rebirth”,itmeantthereintroduction intowetermEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.2>theeenceoftheRenaianceiHumanim.Attitudeandfeelingwhichhadb eencharacteriticofthe14thand15thcenturieperitedwelldownintotheer aofHumanimandreformation.3>therealmaintreamoftheenglihRenaianceitheElizabethandramawi thwilliamhakepearebeingtheleadingdramatit.03.Metaphyicalpoetry(玄学派诗歌)2>witharebellioupirit,theMetaphyicalpoettriedtobreakawayfrom theconventionalfahionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.Clacimrefertoamovementortendencyinart,literature,ormuicthatr eflecttheprinciplemanifetedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Claicimemph aizethetraditionalandtheuniveral,andplacevalueonreaon,clarity,ba lance,andorder.Claicim,withitconcernforreaonanduniveraltheme,itr aditionallyoppoedtoRomanticim,whichiconcernedwithemotionandperon altheme.05.Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenmentmovementwaaprogreivephiloophicalandartiticmovem entwhichflourihedinfranceandweptthroughweternEuropeinthe18thcent ury.2>themovementwaafurtheranceoftheRenaiancefrom14thcenturytoth emid-17thcentury.3>itpurpoewatoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphil oophicalandartiticidea.4>itcelebratedreaonorrationality,equalityandcience.Itadvocat eduniveraleducation.5>famouamongthegreatenlightenerinenglandwerethoegreatwriterl ikeAle某anderpope.Jonathanwift.etc.06.Neoclaicim(新古典主义) Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbroughtabouta revivalofinteretintheoldclaicalwork.2>thitendencyiknownaneoclaicim.TheNeoclaicitheldthatformofli teratureweretobemodeledaftertheclaicalworkoftheancientGreekandRomanwriteruchaHomerandVirgilandthoeofthecontemporaryFrenchone.3>t heybelievedthattheartiticidealhouldbeorder,logic,retrainedemotio nandaccuracy,andthatliteraturehouldbejudgedintermofitervicetohum anity.07.TheGraveyardSchool(墓地派诗歌)2>ThomaGrayiconideredtobetheleadingfigureofthichoolandhiEleg ywritteninacountrychurchyardiitmotrepreentativework.08.Romantici m(浪漫主义)1>Inthemid-18thcentury,anewliterarymovementcalledromanticimcametoEuropeandt hentoEngland.2>Itwacharacterizedbyatrongprotetagaintthebondageofneoclaici m,whichemphaizedreaon,orderandelegantwit.Intead,romanticimgavepr imaryconcerntopaion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.3>Inthehitoryofliterature.Romanticimigenerallyregardedatheth oughtthatdeignatealiteraryandphiloophicaltheorywhichtendtoeethei ndividualatheverycenterofalllifeande某perience.4>TheEnglihromanticperiodianageofpoetrywhichprevailedin Englandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetincludeWordworth,Byron andShelley.09.ByronicHero(拜伦式英雄)Byronicherorefertoaproud,myteriourebelfigureofnobleorigin.2>withimmeneuperiorityinhipaionandpower,thiByronicHerowouldc arryonhihouldertheburdenofrightingallthewronginacorruptociety.Andwouldrieingle-handedlyagaintanykindoftyrannicalruleeitheringovernment,inreligi on,orinmoralprinciplewithunconquerablewillandine某hautibleenergie.3>By ron’chiefcontributiontoEnglihliteratureihicreationofthe “ByronicHero”10.CriticalRealim(批判现实主义)4>CharleDickenithemotimportantcriticalrealit.11.Aetheticim （美学主义）ThebaictheoryoftheAetheticmovement---“artforart’ake”waetforthbyaFrenchpoet,TheophileGautier,thefi r tEnglihmanwhowroteaboutthetheoryofaetheticimwaWalterPater.2>aetheticimplaceartabovelife,andholdthatlifehouldimitateart ,notartimitatelife.3>Accordingtotheaethete,allartiticcreationiabolutelyubjectiv eaoppoedtoobjective.Arthouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoim.Onlywh enartiforart’ake,canitbeimmortal.Theybelievedthatarthouldbeunco ncernedwithcontroverialiue,uchapoliticandmorality,andthatithould beretrictedtocontributingbeautyinahighlypolihedtyle.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.TheVictorianperiod(维多利亚时期)Inthiperiod,thenovelbecamethemotwidelyreadandthemotvitalandc hallenginge某preionofprogreivethought.Whiletickingtotheprincipleoffaithfulrep reentationofthe18thcenturyrealitnovel,novelitinthiperiodcarriedt heirdutyforwardtocriticimoftheocietyandthedefeneofthema.3>theirtruthfulpictureofpeople’lifeandbitterandtrongcritici moftheocietyhaddonemuchinawakeningthepublicconciounetotheocialpr oblemandintheactualimprovementoftheociety.4>CharleDickenitheleadingfigureoftheVictorianperiod.13.Moder nim(现代主义)2>modernimtaketheirrationalphiloophyandthetheoryofpycho-analyiaittheoreticalcae.3>thetermpertaintoallthecreativeart.Epeciallypoetry,fiction, drama,painting,muicandarchitecture.4>inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920and1930, inAmericafromhortlybeforethefirtworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod,modernittendenciewereattheirmotactiveandfruitful.5>afaraliteratureiconcerned,Modernimrevealabreakingawayfrome tablihedrule,traditionandconvention.frehwayo flookingatman’poiti onandfunctionintheunivereandmanye某perimentinformandtyle.Itiparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhow toueitandwithwritingitelf.14.Streamofconcioune(意识流)(orinteriormonologue)Inliterarycriticim,Streamofconciounedenotealiterarytechnique which eektodecribeanindividual’pointofviewbygivingthewrittenequi valentofthecharacter’thoughtprocee.Streamofconciounewritingitro nglyaociatedwiththemodernitmovement.Itintroductionintheliteraryc onte某t,tranferredfrompychology,iattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconci ounewritingiuuallyregardedaapecialformofinteriormonologueandicha racterizedbyaociativeleapinynta某andpunctuationthatcanmaketheproedifficulttofollow,tracingatheydo acharacter’fragmentarythoughtandenoryfeeling.Famouwritertoemplo ythitechniqueintheEnglihlanguageincludeJameJoyceandWilliamFaulkn er.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

1.METAPHYSICAL POETS refer to a school of poets at the beginning of the 17th century England who wrote under the influence of John Donne. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. The most eminent poets are John Donne, George Herbert & Andrew Marwell2.Renaissance: The DefinitionThe rise of the bourgeoisie showed its influence in cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or the rebirth of literature. Renaissance sprang in Italy and spread to France, Germany, the Low Countries, and lastly to England. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for classical literature, the other is the rise of Humanism.3.Humanism was the keynote of the Renaissance. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. They began to admire human beauty and human achievement. Man is no longer the slave of the external world. He can mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks.4.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement that flourished in France and swept though the whole Western Europe at that time. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason of rationality, equality and science. They also advocated universal education5.NeoclassicismThe Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the works of ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of contemporary French ones.6. sentimentalismIn the middle of the 18th century, sentimentalism made its appearance. Sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. Dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, to the human heart. Sentimentalism turned to the countryside for its material.7. RomanticismEnglish Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scott’s death. William Blake and Rob ert Burns also belong to this literary genre, though they live prior to the Romantic period.English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism. The romanticists express a negative attitude towards the existing social or political conditions. They place the individual at the center of art, as can be seen from Lord Byron’s Byronic Hero. The key words of English Romanticism are nature and imagination. English Romantic tend to be nationalistic, defending the greatest English writers. They argue that poetry should be free from all rules8. Lake PoetsWordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England. The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy。

名词解释ENGLISH &AMERICAN LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.marking stressed syllables in a line of poetry or prose. Used to emphasize meaning and thus can be effectively employed in oratory.the elements of historical truth they contain.knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited.down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s TheHeroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameter Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc).The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhyme is masculine. 3) Use of the heroic coupletfollowed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.fourteen iambic pentameter lines, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.斯宾塞诗节：斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节，其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc。

01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

一、文学术语*41.Epic叙事诗，史诗A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Twoof the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨）Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines.The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.4.Transcendentalism超验主义It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the medieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）.二、选择&填空The Anglo-Norman PeriodThe literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in marked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）Geoffrey Chaucer1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.●242.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.●Prologue序言3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.●Heroic（英雄双韵体）4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.●Canterbury5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人）Renaissance1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.●Macbeth2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.●Queen Elizabeth3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.●Thomas More，UtopiaThe literature of the17th century1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____●1688.3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.●Satan;Adam,Eve.4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言the18th century literature1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.●Robinson Crusoe2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.●prose3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..●Gulliver's Travels4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.●The Songs of Experience经验之歌5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.●Scottishthe19th century literature1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.●Walter Scott3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.●Walter Scott4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.●Scott and Austen6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.●simplicity,purity7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.●Don Juan8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.●John Keats9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.●personal.Victorian Age1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.●Democratic,humanitarian3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.●London,Paris4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.●Vanity Fair5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白20th century British Literature1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”●lmperialism2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.●Naturalistic3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家wrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.●Sons and Lovers5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.●To the LighthouseExercises on American Literature1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.●Virginia,Massachusetts2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.●Sketch Book3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.●Leatherstocking Tales4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.●Ralph Waldo Emerson5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.●Walden6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.●Moby DickBook two chapter one1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.●Walt Whitman2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.●Mark Twain3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.●Henry James4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.●An American TragedyThe20th century1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.●Imagist2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.●The Waste Land3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.●The Jazz Age4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.●The Sun Also Rises5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.●William Faulkner三、True or False1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.●F(William the Conqueror）2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.●F(King Arthur and his knights)3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题作家流派/文体作品Literature StyleChaucer heroic couplet英雄双韵体Romance of the Roseschiefly under the influenceof French poetry of theMiddle AgesThe House of Fame--《名誉堂》Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》under the spell of the greatliterary geniuses of earlyRenaissance Italy:Danteand Petrarch andBoccaccioThe Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Produced his works ofmaturity free from anyforeign influence.WilliamLanglandPiers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)Thomas More托马斯.莫尔Humanism人文主义Utopia乌托邦Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》EssayJohn Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as EuphuismThomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literatureEarl of Surrey萨利伯爵created blank verse Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetryBen Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗.马洛Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)37plays;blank verseJohn Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》The RelicA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》1.Extraordinary frankness,penetrating realism,cynicism.2.Novelty of subjectmatter and point of view.3.Novelty of form.John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是the Puritans清教徒派《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》《Paradise Regained》复乐园Sonnet-On His Blindness1.The use of blank verse.2.Grand style.3.Inheritance fromtraditional works such as《失明述怀》Sonnet-On His Deceased Wife《梦之妻》Bible.John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》The Life and Death of Mr.BadmanGrace Abounding《丰盛恩惠》1.Written in theold-fashioned,medievalform of allegory anddream.2.His language is chieflyplain,colloquial,and quitemodern.Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁Father of modernfiction《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯《The History of Tom Jones,a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Humor&satiristJonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特satirist反讽prose poetry《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议A Tale of a Tub1697《一只桶的故事》The Battle of the Books1698《书籍之战》The Drapier’s Letters1724《布商来信》Joseph Addlson The Tatler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者Joseph Addison＆Richard Steele；their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Alexander pope the Pastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）the Essay on Criticism (1711)（论批评）The Rape of the Lock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）“Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady”;“Eloise to Abelard,Samuel Richardson塞缪尔.理查森epistolarynovel(书信体小说），Englishdomestic novel(英国家庭小说）《Pamela》帕美勒Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison查尔斯•格兰迪森的历史psychological analysisRichard B.Sheridan理查德.B.谢尔丹comedy《School for Scandal》造谣学校the Rivals(情敌)the only important Englishdramatist of the18thcenturyOliver Goldsmith’s奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧rollicking comedy《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌The Traveller旅行者poems,诗歌The Citizen of the World世界公民essay以上6位都是18世纪Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)的代表人物Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief《Elegy,Written in a CountryChurchyard》墓园挽歌William Blake 威廉.布莱克Pre-romanticismSongs of Innocence天真之歌Songs ofExperience经验之歌Poetical Sketches素描诗集The Tiger老虎Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原John Anderson,My Jo约翰·安徒生，我爱A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰To a Mouse致小鼠Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯Lake Poets（湖畔派）Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣《The Prelude》序曲1.Leading figure of English romanticpoetry2.See this world freshly and naturally.3.Changed the course of English poetryLord Byron拜伦Romanticism《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德哈罗德游记Don Juan（唐璜）《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻1.Renowned as the“gloomy egoist”2.“Byronic Hero”（拜伦式英雄）3.Devote himself into the revolutionPercy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Idealism（理想主义）《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂The Cloud云1.Intense and original2.Reflect radical ideas and revolutionaryoptimism3.Rebel against English politics andconservative valuesJohn Keats济慈Romanticism（浪漫主义）《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂《To a Nightingale》致夜莺Ode on Melancholy（忧郁颂）Isabella（伊莎贝拉）1.Epitaph:Here lies one whose name waswritten in water（此地长眠者，声名水上书）2.Early death from tuberculosis at theage of253.He is characterized by sensual imageryWalter Scott沃特.斯科特Famous HistoricalNovelistIvanhoe（艾凡赫）The lady of the Lake（湖中夫人）Waverley（威佛利）1.Historical novelist as well as playwrightand poet.2.He was an advocate,judge and legaladministrator by professionJane Austen简.奥斯丁Female Novelist《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感《Emma》爱玛1.Modern character through the treatmentof everyday life2.Virginia Woolf called Austen"the mostperfect artist among women."Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯Essayist（随笔作家）Tales from Shakespeare（莎士比亚故事集）Essays of Elia（伊利亚随笔）The Last Essays of Elia（伊利亚续笔）1.Indulged in his own contemplation andimagination2.To him,literature was a means toexpress his own subjective world and toescape from the sordidness（肮脏、卑鄙）Charles Dickens狄更斯Critical Realism批判现实主义Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义《Hard Times》艰难时刻《PickwickPapers》匹克威克外传《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记1.expose and criticize the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness2.show a highly consciouse modernartist3.humor and wit seem inexhaustible4.Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说）Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特《Shirley》雪利《Jane Eyre》简.爱1.great work of genius in Englishfiction2.focus on the female topic3.lyric writing style4.simple realismEmily Bronte艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton,North and South》玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场—this title wasborrowed from The Pilgrim’s Progressby Bunyan.没有大人物的小说1.rich knowledge of social life andheart,the picture in the novels areaccurate and true life2.Thackeray’s satire is caustic and hishumor subtle3.Pay attention to morilityGeorge Eliot 乔治.艾略特《Adam Bede》亚当贝德The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南传》Middlemarch《米德尔马契》1.show superb conception andexecution and include much favoralfeminist criticism2.describe various inner world anddepict people’s live with cinematicprecision3.moral teaching and psychologicalrealism.精神说教和心理现实主义。

英美文学名词解释英美文学是指英国和美国地区的文学作品和文学传统。

在这个领域中，存在着许多特殊的术语和概念，有助于我们理解和欣赏这些文学作品。

本文将解释和介绍一些常见的英美文学名词，以帮助读者深入理解和掌握这些文学作品。

一、1.文学流派（Literary Genre）：指文学作品按照特定主题、风格或结构的类别进行分类。

常见的文学流派包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

不同的文学流派具有独特的特点和写作风格，反映了不同的文学趣味和审美观念。

2.现实主义（Realism）：是19世纪中期兴起的一种文学流派，强调对现实生活的逼真描写和展示。

现实主义文学追求真实、客观和可信的表达方式，通过描绘日常生活和社会环境来反映现实社会的不同层面。

3.自然主义（Naturalism）：自然主义是现实主义的一种延伸，强调环境和遗传因素对人的行为和命运的决定性作用。

自然主义文学突出了人类生存环境对人性的影响，对人类行为进行科学观察和探索。

4.浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义强调个体情感、想象力和超验的体验，追求自由和独立的精神境界。

浪漫主义文学追求充满激情、抒发个人感受和探索内心世界的形式。

二、1.象征主义（Symbolism）：象征主义是19世纪末20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术运动，强调使用象征性的意象和隐喻来表达深层的情感和思想。

象征主义文学倾向于表达个体的情感体验和心灵探索。

2.现代主义（Modernism）：现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学和艺术运动，强调对传统形式和观念的挑战和颠覆。

现代主义文学追求形式上的创新和实验，探索自我意识、哲学思考和社会变革。

3.后现代主义（Postmodernism）：后现代主义是现代主义的继承和超越，强调文化多样性、相对主义和戏仿。

后现代主义文学打破传统的叙事和结构规则，以戏仿和颠覆的方式探索权力、真实性和历史观念。

4.现实主义小说（Realistic Novel）：现实主义小说以真实的描写和社会批判为特征，通过塑造现实人物的经历和命运来反映社会问题。

1.美国清教主义①清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会进行的一场宗教改革。

②在教会和皇权的重压下，清教的一个分支于17世纪30年代40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识，和社会秩序的基础。

③清教主义不仅符合新大陆成立的特定历史，而且还影响了美国的生活方式。

④在教义上讲，清教徒遵循1619年多特宗教会议制定的信条：宿命论，原罪说，全体堕落，有限的救赎。

1.美国文艺复兴、美国浪漫主义、①美国浪漫主义是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一，始于18世纪末期，一直到美国内战的爆发。

它以华盛顿欧文的《见闻杂记》开始到惠特曼《草叶集》结束。

这是美国文学空前繁盛的时期，也被称为美国的文艺复兴时期。

②美国浪漫主义受欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响，并沿袭了部分特点。

他注重自然，强调人的情感和想象力，追求自由，向既定社会制度和传统的挑战，与古典主义形式分离。

③尽管如此，美国浪漫主义文学仍有自由的独特风格。

A.美国浪漫主义本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达，因新大陆充满生机与活力使美国浪漫主义有种异国情调。

B.清教主义对美国浪漫主义有显著影响。

④美国浪漫主义作家包括：华盛顿欧文，詹姆斯库伯，艾默生，梭罗，纳撒尼尔霍桑，麦尔维尔，惠特曼等。

2.新英格兰的超验主义①超验主义是1836年到1860年在新英格兰发起的一场文化，哲学，艺术运动，是浪漫主义在新英格兰的代名词。

②这场运动由爱默生领导，由其他一些有影响力的知识分子发起。

③核心思想是人能够超越感觉和理性直接认识真理。

超验主义者强调超灵，个人和自然的重要性。

人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才能使神性和天性相互融合，从而超验主义者强调个人主义，自立，拒绝传统的权威思想。

超验主义者从自然中汲取灵感④美国的超验主义作为一种文化遗产，对美国的道德观产生了深远的影响，对美国的浪漫主义的影响也十分显著。

代表作：艾默生的《论自然》《美国学者》，梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》3.象征主义象征主义是19世纪末在文学和视觉领域中始于法国的一次运动，它首先出现在法国诗人波德莱尔的诗歌中。

Epic: it’s an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. They summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. Eg: Paradise Lost, the Divine Comedy.Romance: the romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The medieval romances were tales of chivalry or amorous adventure occurring in King Arthur’s court. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight are both examples of a medieval romance.Renaissance: it first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it’s a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities.Sonnet: a lyric poem of 14 lines whose rhyme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. The petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines, and the second id of six lines. The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza: Spenser invented a new verse form for his poem. The verse form has been called “Spenserian Stanza” since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.Enlightenment: the Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was “Enlightenment”or “education” for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers.Classicism: a movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that while Romanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline.Sentimentalism:it appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism. Sentimentalism emphasize “the human heart” and show sympathy to the poor. Thomas Gray is one of the models.Pre-romanticism: the romantic movement was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of pre-romanticism in poetry. It was represented by Blake and Robert Burns. They struggled against the neoclassical tradition of poetry.Gothic novel: the term “gothic” derived from the frequent setting of the tales in the ruined, moss0covered castles of the Middle Ages. Gothic novel exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror. These novels, in rebellion against the increasing commercialism and rationalism, opened up to later fiction the dark, irrational side of human nature - the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind.Stream-of-consciousness: is the continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind: or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue.Non-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in the literature. John Dryden was the first person who started the movement at the end of the 17th century, while Alexander Pope brought it to its culmination.Realism: a term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes to an emphasis on sordid details. Allegory: a story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings. In Dante Alighieri’s “Divine Comedy,” Dante, symbolizing mankind, is taken by Virgil the poet on a journey through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise in order to teach him the nature of sin and its punishments, and the way to salvation.Conceit: a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. In the following example from Act V of Shakespeare’s “Richard II” the imprisoned King Richard compares his cell to the world in the following line: I have been study how I may compare this prison where I live unto the world.Metaphysical Poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Iambic Pentameter: is a commonly used metrical line in traditional verse and verse drama. The term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line. That rhythm is measured in small groups of syllables; these small groups of syllablesare called "feet". The word "iambic" describes the type of foot that is used. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet."Heroic Couplet:is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales.Terza Rima:is a rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri. Terza rima is a three-line stanza using chain rhyme in the pattern A-B-A, B-C-B, C-D-C, D-E-D. There is no limit to the number of lines, but poems or sections of poems written in terza rima end with either a single line or couplet repeating the rhyme of the middle line of the final tercet.Soliloquy: is a device often used in drama when a character speaks to himself or herself, relating thoughts and feelings, thereby also sharing them with the audience. Other characters, however, are not aware of what is being said. A soliloquy is distinct from a monologue or an aside: a monologue is a speech where one character addresses other characters; an aside is a comment by one character towards the audience.Blank verse: is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the sixteenth century"and Paul Fussell has estimated that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.Byronic Hero: is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron. It first appears in Byron’s semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. It typically exhibits the following characteristics: high level of intelligence and perception, criminal tendencies, sophisticated and educated, ect.。

英美文学常用术语及解释下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学常用术语及解释，希望对大家有帮助。

01. Allegory(寓言)Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples.02. Alliteration(头韵)Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.3>Robert Frost’s Acq uainted with the Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”03. Ballad(民谣)Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.04. epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actionsof goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.05. Lay(短叙事诗)It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.06. Romance(传奇)Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3>chivalry is the spirit of the romance.07. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.08. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.09. Comedy(喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.10. Essay(随笔)The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.11. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2>it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)12. History Plays(历史剧)History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.13. Masques or Masks(假面剧)Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many have political overtones.14. Morality plays(道德剧)A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does notnecessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.15.Sonnet(十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.16. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>Spenser’s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.17. Stanza(诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.18. Three Unities(三一原则)Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics<诗学>:2>the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.19. Tragedy(悲剧)In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.20.Conceit(奇特比喻)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.21.Metar(格律)The word”meter” is derived from the Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.2>in English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3>the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)22. University Wits(大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”23.Foreshadowing(预兆)Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.24. Soliloquy(独白)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line“to be, or no t to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.25.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads,epics, metrical romances.3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.26.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.3>the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people’s hero.27. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-Saxons. 2>the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.28. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)This is originally a term of abuse applied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或散文.29. Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.30. Elegy(挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.31. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and sexually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is sexual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.。

Literary TermsAlliteration[ə,lɪtə'reɪʃn]头韵The repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close to one another. Alliteration occurs most often at the beginning of words, as in ―rough and ready.‖ But consonants within words sometimes alliterate, as in ―baby blue.‖The echoes that alliteration creates can increase a poem’s rhythmic and musical effects and make its lines especially memorable. Alliteration is an essential feature of Anglo-Saxon poetry; in most lines, two or three of the four stressed syllables alliterate.Frame StoryAn introductory narrative within which one or more of the characters proceed to tell a story.Perhaps the best-known example of stories contained in a frame story is the Persian collection called The Thousand and One Nights. In English literature, Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales uses a frame story involving a group of people on a pilgrimage; within the narrative frame, each of the pilgrims then tells his or her own story. Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron contains another notable example of the frame-story device.Couplet['kʌplɪt]对句, 对联Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. The couplet has been widely used since the Middle Ages, especially to provide a sense of closure. A couplet that presents a completed thought is called a closed couplet. Shakespeare used closed couplets toend his sonnets, as in Sonnet 18.A couplet written in iambic pentameter is called a heroic couplet. Although the heroic couplet has been used in English literature since Chaucer, it was perfected during the eighteenth century.CharacterAn individual in a story or play. A character always has human traits, even if the character is an animal, like the March Hare in Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in wonderland; or a god, as in the Greek and Roman myths; or a monster, as in Beowulf.A character may also be a godlike human, like Superman. But most characters are ordinary human beings, like Geoffrey Chaucer’s colorful pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales.Characterization[‚kærəktəraɪ'zeɪʃn]特性描述; 性格描述The process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character is called characterization. A writer can reveal a character in the following ways:1. By telling us directly what the character is like: humble, ambitious, impetuous, easily manipulated, and so on2. By describing how the character looks and dresses3. By letting us hear the character speak4. By revealing the character’s private thoughts and feelings5. By revealing the character’s effect on other people –showing how othercharacters feel or behave toward the character6. By showing the character’s actionsThe first method of revealing a character is called direct characterization. The other five methods of revealing a character are known as indirect characterization.Classification of CharactersCharacters can be classified as static or dynamic. A static character is one who does not change much in the course of a story. A dynamic character, on the other hand, changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action. Characters can also be classified as flat or round. Flat characters have only one or two personality traits. They are one-dimensional –they can be summed up by a single phrase. In contrast, round characters have more dimensions to their personalities –they are complex, solid, and multifaceted, like real people.End-stopped and Run-on LinesAn end-stopped line is one in which the grammatical unit, be it clause or sentence, is coterminous with the line. Thus, there is the satisfaction of finding the line and the sense ending together.A run-on line (sometimes called an enjambed line) is where the grammar, and thus the sense, is left unfinished at the end of the line.Run-on lines create pleasurable feelings of expectation, as the reader has to lookfurther for the full sense of what is being said.Oxymoron ['ɒksɪ'mɔːrɒn]矛盾修饰法A figure of speech that combines apparently contradictory or incongruous ideas.“Bitter sweet,‖ ―cruel kindness,‖ and ―eloquent silence‖ are oxymorons. The classic oxymoron ―wise fool‖ is almost a literal translation of the term from the Greek –oxys means ―sharp‖ or ―keen,‖ and moros means ―foolish.‖A famous oxymoron in literature is John Milton’s description of Hell in Paradise Lost:A dungeon horrible, on all sides roundAs one great furnace flamed; yet fromthose flameNo light, but rather darkness visible. . .Soliloquy [sə'lɪləkwɪ]独白A long speech in which a character who is usually alone onstage expresses his or her private thoughts or feelings.The soliloquy is an old dramatic convention that was particularly popular in Shakespeare’s day. Perhaps the most famous soliloquy is the ―To be or not to be‖ speech in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet.A soliloquy can be public, in which case the character directly addresses the audience, or private, in which case the audience overhears the character talking to himself or herself.In Shakespeare, soliloquies are usually only given to important character.For instance, Hamlet has a number of private soliloquies, and Iago a number of public ones.Characters very rarely tell lies in soliloquies, so you should pay particular attention to them."O brawling love, O loving hate,O anything of nothing first create!O heavy lightness, serious vanity,Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms,Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health,Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!"—This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Romeo, Act I Scene IPoetic ComparisonsPoetic comparisons may take a variety of forms: simile, metaphor, conceit, synecdoche, metonymy, and juxtaposition.Each form of comparison, however, serves the same basic set of purposes.Poets generally use comparisons to express abstract ideas in imagisticlanguage,thereby stimulating the reader’s imagination, providing additional information, and opening up endless opportunities for entertainment and persuasion.In the poem ―The Flea‖ the speaker tries to seduce a young woman by comparing theconsequences of their lovemaking with those of an insignificant flea-bite.ConceitA fanciful and elaborate figure of speech that makes a surprising connection between two seemingly dissimilar things.Although a conceit may be a brief metaphor, it usually forms the framework of an entire poem.One of the most important kinds of conceits is the metaphysical conceit, so called because it was widely used by the seventeenth century metaphysical poets.Eg.《金缕衣》(The Gold-Threaded Robe)To the Virgins, to Make Much of TimeUnfortunate CoincidenceOn My First Son_ by Ben Jonson-----Background:This poem is about Jonson’s son, Benjamin, who died of the plague on his seventh birthday. (Jonson and his wife also lost a daughter, Mary, in infancy.)The name Benjamin in Hebrew means ―a child of the right hand‖ and, ironically, connotes ―a lucky, clever child.‖Dr. Johnson and Dryden on the Metaphysical PoetsJohnson: “Their courtship was void of fondness and their lamentation of sorrow.”（他们的求婚缺乏爱情，他们的悼亡缺少悲伤。