Lecture Four
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Lecture Four
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to
social factors, that is, social class, educational level and
type of education, age, sex, ethnic origin etc.
4.1 Speech Communication
4.2 Language Variation
4.3 Bilinguals and Bilingualism
4.4 Multilingualism
4.1 Speech Communication
4.1.1 Speech Event\Communicative Event
Dell Hymes suggested that any speech event is
constituted by eight factors, each associated with a
different function:
S setting temporal and physical circumstances
Scene subjective definition of an occasion
P participant speaker\sender\addressor
hearer\receiver\audience\addressee
E ends purposes and goals\outcomes
A act sequence message form and content
K key tone, manner
I instrumentalities channel( verbal and non-verbal; physical forms
of speech drawn from community repertoires)
N norms of interaction specific properties attached to speaking
and interpretation interpretations of norms within cultural belief system
G genre
Underlying the event is a complex set of socially
recognized rules, which can be most easily recognized by
considering possible breaking of them.
4.1.2 Conversational structure
turn-taking
floor( the right to talk at any given moment)
4.1.3 Politeness and politeness formulas
politeness theory:
Grice’s cooperative principle
Leech’s politeness principle
Lakoff’s three politeness rules
Brown and Levinson’s face theory
Searle’s indirect speech act
Greetings
words for politeness
4.1.4 Terms of Address
study on T\V
choice of title
4.2 Language variations
speech community
For general linguistics, a speech community is all
people who speak a single language and so share notions
of what is same or different in phonology or grammar.
This would include any group of people, wherever they
might be, and however remote might be. The possibility
of their ever wanting to or being able to communicate
with each other, all using the same language.
Language variation：
Language variation are differences in grammar,
pronunciations or word choice within a language.
Variation in a language may be related to region( see
dialect. Regional dialect),to social class or to educational
background( see sociolect) or to the degree of formality
of a situation in which language is used (style).
Dialect: regional dialect
---a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a
country( regional dialect), or by people belong to a
particular social class( sociolect), which is different in
some words, grammar or pronunciation from other forms
of the same language.
Sociolect( social dialect)
---a variety of a language used by people belong to a
particular social class, the speakers of a sociolect usually
share a similar socioeconomic or educational
background.
Standard or standard Form
The variety of language which has the highest status in
a community and which is usually based on the speech
and writing of educated native speakers of the language.
Style:
Variation in a person’s speech or writing, style usually
varies from casual to formal according to the style of
situation, the person addressed, the location, the topic
discussed.
formal
Style informal
colloquial
slang
Slang:
Causal, very informal speech, using expressive but informal words and expressions.
Social factors of language variation
1) Gender
For example:
(1) John is here, isn’t he?
(2) A: How do you like the film?
B: I kind of like it.
(3) It’s so nice.
How absolutely marvelous!
(4) You are so kind.
(5) It’s really charming.
2) Age
3) Audience
Audience design:
A speaker who can control more than one variety
chooses a level of speech according to the audience he
or she is speaking.
Accommodation:
We automatically adjust our speech to more like our
interlocutor.
(1) My kid’s a real pain these days. (talk to a friend )
My daughter can be very troublesome these days.
(2) The policeman said to a judge:
I apprehended the alleged peretrator. In a bar the police said to his colleagues:
I collared this creep.
4) Identity
5) Register
Speech variety used by a particular group of people,
usually sharing with the same interests.
Social Network Relations
6) Geographical and Social Mobility
4.2 Bilinguals and bilingualism
4.2.1 Bilingual
a person who knows and uses two languages.
Bilingualism:
The use of at least two languages either by an
individual or by a group of speakers, such as the
inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
