浪漫主义时期的美国文学-课件

TheRomanticPeriodLecture美国文学浪漫主义时期Lecture 2 The Romantic Period (1800-1865)1. What is Puritanism?2 What is “original sin”?Original sin: the tendency to evil supposedly innate in all human beings, held to be inherited from Adam in consequence of the Fall. The concept of original sin was established by the writings of St. Augustine.3 What are major works by Franklin?(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography（1）Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort 劝告the reader in pithy精练的, memorable sayings.In "The Way to Wealth," which originally appeared in the Almanack, Father Abraham,"a plain clean old Man, with white Locks," quotes Poor Richard at length."A Word to the Wise is enough,"he says. "God helps them that help themselves.""Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise." Poor Richard is a psychologist ("Industry pays Debts, while Despair encreaseth them"),and he always counsels hard work ("Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck").Do not be lazy, he advises, for "One To-day is worth two tomorrow." Sometimes he creates anecdotes to illustrate hispoints: "A little Neglect may breed great Mischief....For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail." Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point: "What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children." "A small leak will sink a great Ship." "Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them."（2）Franklin's Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-improvement. Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is "Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation."A pragmatic实用主义的scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject.Romantic Period1． Brief Introduction 2. Early Romantic Period3 .Summit of Romanticism – American Transcendentalism超自然论，超越主义4. Late Romanticism5. Romantic PoetsDuring the Revolutionary Age,1765-1790, some of the greatest documents of American history wereauthored.In 1776, Thomas Paine authored Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson wrote The Declaration of Independence.In 1781, The Articles of Confederation were ratified.Between 1787 and 1788, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote The Federalist Papers. Finally, in 1787, The Constitution of the United States was drafted and in 1789 it was ratified.（2）The Early National Period of American Literature saw the beginnings of literature that could be truly identified as "American". The writers of this new American literature wrote in the English style, but the settings, themes, and characters人物角色were authentically American. In addition, poets of this time wrote poetry that was relatively independent of English precursors先驱者. Three of the most recognized writers of this time areWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文, James Fenimore Cooper库柏, and Edgar Allan Poe.埃德加·爱伦·坡（女The period1828-1865in American Literature is commonly identified as the Romantic Period in America, but may also be referred to as the American Renaissance or the Age of Transcendentalism超自然论. The writers of this period produced works of originality and excellence that helped shape the ideas, ideals, and literary aims of many American writers. Writers of the American RomanticPeriod includeRalph Waldo Emerson,拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗, Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡, Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔, Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑, Harriet Beecher Stowe哈里特·比彻·斯托,Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹渥斯·朗费罗,Emily Dickinson艾米莉·迪金森, and Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼.Elements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization 两级分化of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agricultural.Romantic Subject Matter主题1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty."2. The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective历史展望: antiquarianism古物研究; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque奇异风格, Gothicism 哥特式风格, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer同性恋者3. Escapism空想；逃避主义 - from American problems.4. Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty:a. Nature as source for the knowledge of the primitive.b. Nature as refuge. 避难所c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitudes态度，看法1. Appeals to imagination; use of the "willing suspension of disbelief."2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality. 亲切，温暖舒适3. Subjectivity. 主观性，主观: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques技术1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.2. Improbable plots.3. Inadequate不充分的，不适当的or unlikely characterization.4. Authorial subjectivity.5. Socially "harmful morality;" a world of "lies."(Compare the above with Realistic T echniques.)6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns. 废弃的；老式的8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective formPhilosophical Patterns哲学的模式1.Nineteenth century marked by the influence of French revolution of 1789and its concepts of liberty自由, fraternity友爱, equality平等:a. Jacksonian democracy杰克逊民主 of the frontier. (Andrew Jackson on the Web)b. Intellectual and spiritual revolution - rise of Unitarianism 政府集权制.c. Middle colonies - utopian experiments like New Harmony, Nashoba,Fourierism傅立叶主义, and the Icarian community.2. America basically middle-class and English - practicing laissez-faire放任政策；不干涉主义(live and let live), modified because of geographical expansion and the need for subsidies forsetting up industries, building of railroads, and others.2.Institution of slavery in the South - myth of the master and slave - WilliamGilmore Simms' modified references to Greek democracy (Pericles' Athens which was based on a slave proletariat, but provided order, welfare and security for all) as a way of maintaing slavery1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?(1) An approach from ancient Greek: Plato 柏拉图(2) A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)Characteristics of romanticism1. Subjectivity 主观性，主观(1) Feeling and emotions, finding truth(2) Emphasis on imagination(3) Emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship,Natural goodness of human beings2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1) unrestrained by classical rules 自然的，无限制的，放纵的(2) full of imagination(3) colloquial language通俗语(4) Freedom of imagination(5) Genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3. back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau卢梭)American Romanticism1. Background(1) Political background and economic development(2) Romantic movement浪漫主义运动 in European countriesDerivative衍生物，派生物– foreign influence2. features(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of“a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1. Several names attached to Irving(1) First American writer(2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3) father of American literature2. life3. works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)(3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus 克里斯多弗·哥伦布（意大利航海家）(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada 格拉纳达（西班牙格拉纳达省会）(5) The Alhambra 阿罕布拉（美国加利福尼亚州的一个城市）；阿尔罕布拉宫（西班牙格拉纳达的摩尔人王宫）Literary career: two parts(1) 1809~1832a. Subjects are either English or Europeanb. Conservative love for the antique(2) 1832~1859: back to US2. style – beautiful(1) gentility文雅, urbanity都市风格；雅致, pleasantness 愉快(2) avoiding moralizing 说教– amusing and entertaining(3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4) vivid and true characters(5) humour – smiling while reading(6) musical languageJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏1. life2. works(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见)(2) The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3) Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲(his masterpiece, a series of five novels) The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3. point of view 观点立场the theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat贵族vs. democrat民主主义者, natural rights vs. legal rights法定权利4. style(1) highly imaginative(2) good at inventing tales 故事(3) good at landscape description(4) conservative 保守派，守旧者(5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6) language and use of dialect not authentic5 .literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.2. Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI. Background: four sources1. Unitarianism 政府集权制(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity 神；神性；神学of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3. Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”超灵 ,上帝4. PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismI. Appearance1836, “Nature” by Emerson ,爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson 美国思想家，诗人）II. Features1. spirit/oversoul 超灵；大灵2. importance of individualism3. nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4. focus in intuition直觉(irrationalism非理性主义and subconsciousness潜意识) III. Influence1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated提倡idealism唯心主义，理想主义t hat was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3. It helped to create the first American renaissance复兴–one of the most prolific period in American literature.Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生（美国作家）1. life2. works(1) Nature(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3. point of view(1) One major element of his philosophy哲学；哲理；人生is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”超灵.(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moralinfluence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual andimmanent God in nature.(3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become betterand even perfect. This iswhat Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.(4) Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.aesthetic ideas 美的；美学的(1) He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2) True poetry and true art should ennoble授予爵位.(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.2. his influenceHenry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗（美国作家及自然主义者）1. life2. works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2) Walden 瓦尔登湖(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3. point of view(1) He did not like the way a materialistic 唯物主义的；唯物论的America was developing and was vehemently 激烈地outspoken on the point.(2) He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system. ?(3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5) He was very critical of modern civilization.(6) “Simplicity…simplify!”(7) He was sorely disgusted with厌恶“the inundations of thedirty institutions of men’s odd-fe llow society”.(8) He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.3 Late RomanticismI. Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1. life2. works(1) Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2) The Scarlet Letter 红字，红色禁恋(3) The House of the Seven Gables(4) The Marble Faun3. point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).(3) He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science.aesthetic ideas美的；美学的；审美的(1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.(2) He was convinced that romance was the predestined注定的form of American narrative. T o tell the truth说实话and satirize 写讽刺作品and yet not to offend冒犯: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.2. style – typical romantic writer(1) the use of symbols(2) revelation启示of characters’ psychology(3) the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4) his stories are parable寓言 (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5) use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty –multiple point of viewHerman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（美国作家1. life2. works(1) Typee(2) Omio(3) Mardi(4) Redburn(5) White Jacket(6) Moby Dick 白鲸记(7) Pierre(8) Billy Budd3. point of view(1) He never seems able to say an affirmative肯定的，积极的yes to life: His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay不”(negative attitude towards life).(2) One of the major themes of his is alienation异化；疏远(far away from each other). Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress. 4 .h style(1) Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2) He tends to write periodic定期 chapters.(3) His rich rhythmical有韵律的prose and his poetic powerhave been profusely commented upon and praised.(4) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5) He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI. Walt Whitman惠特曼1. life2. work: Leaves of Grass草叶集 (9 editions)(1) Song of Myself(2) There Was a Child Went Forth(3) Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4) Democratic Vistas(5) Passage to India(6) Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking1. themes –“Catalogue of American and European thought”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment启蒙运动, idealism唯心主义，理想主义, transcendentalism超越论, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):equality of things and beingsdivinity of everythingimmanence of Goddemocracy民主evolution of cosmos 大波斯菊？multiplicity of natureself-reliant spirit自力更生death, beauty of deathexpansion of Americabrotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)pursuit of love and happiness4 style: “free verse”(1) no fixed rhyme or scheme(2) parallelism, a rhythm节奏；韵律of thought(3) phonetic recurrence(4) the habit of using snapshots(5) the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7) use of conventional image(8) strong tendency to use oral English(9) vocabulary –powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins,some even wrong(10) sentences –catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem linesinfluence(1) His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2) He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood. 使具有欧洲风味(3) He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4) Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.。

十九世纪（上）（浪漫主义部分）美国文化的勃兴与第一次文学高潮具有自身特点的新文学的出现是一个新的国家正在形成的标志。

从旧大陆获得了政治上的独立之后，接踵而来的便是建立独立文学的呐喊声。

独立后的美国由于政治、经济方面取得的巨大成就，文化事业在原殖民地文化的基础上也得到了很快发展。

东部沿海比较发达的城市相继办起了学校、图书馆和博物馆；19 世纪20 年代后又发现了许多报纸和杂志。

1828 年，著名的韦氏大词典的出版标志着美国规范化的民族语言业已形成。

这一切都为文学艺术的发展创造了必要的条件。

在独立后相当长的时间里，滋养美国文学的土壤虽然是贫瘠的，所产生的作品往往只不过是对英国文学的模仿，但高涨的民族意识有着与过去彻底决裂的强烈要求。

在这种背景下，19 世纪初爆发了英美之间的一场“文学之争”。

在这场文化战中，英美作家隔着大西洋互相指责，英国人讥讽地问：“四海之内有谁读美国书？”这个问题强烈地刺痛了美国作家，他们决心奋发图强发展自己民族的文学。

此后很长时期内，报刊上不断就创造民族文学问题进行研讨。

诗人布莱恩特的论文《论诗歌和我们的民族、时代的关系》，超验主义文学家爱默生的演讲《论美国学者》，诗人朗费罗的长诗《卡瓦那》等都从不同角度论述了创造美国文学的重要性。

美国19 世纪浪漫主义文学运动就是当时社会发展的产物，它的形成和发展与当时的整个历史时代密不可分的。

19 世纪起，由于美国政权不断巩固，经济发展逐步走上正轨，从而进入了这个世纪前60 年第一个大规模的经济腾飞时期。

1801 年，杰弗逊就任总统，在政治上推行了一条更加符合国家、民族和民众利益的路线，使当时的资产阶级民主空气为之一振。

1814 年，第二次独立战争的胜利，最后清除了英国殖民主义势力在美国的残余，为年轻共和国的独立自主、稳步发展提供了主权上的保证。

从1814 年到1861 年南北战争爆发之前，美国的工业总产值增长了10 倍，跃居世界第四位。

19 世纪初，在英法战争、欧洲混乱之际，美国大力发展贸易，掌握了世界贸易的三分之一。