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Abstract Single-ended Coding Techniques for Off-chip Interconnects to Commodity Memory

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Single-endedCodingTechniquesforOff-chip

InterconnectstoCommodityMemory

MihirChoudhury,KyleRinggenberg,ScottRixner,andKartikMohanram

RiceUniversity

{mihir,kringg,rixner,kmram}@rice.edu

Abstract

Thispaperintroducesaclassofsingle-endedcodingschemesto

reduceoff-chipinterconnectenergyconsumption.State-of-the-art

codesforprocessor-memoryoff-chipinterfacesrequirethetrans-

mitterandreceiver(memorycontrollerandmemory)tocollaborate

usingcurrentandpreviouslytransmittedvaluestoencodeandde-

codedata.Modernembeddedsystems,however,cannotaffordto

usesuchdouble-endedcodesthatrequirespecializedmemoriesto

participateinthecode.Incontrast,asingle-endedcodeenables

thememorycontrollertoencodedatastoredinmemoryandsub-

sequentlydecodethatdatawhenitisretrieved,allowingtheuse

ofcommoditymemories.Inthispaper,single-endedcodesare

presentedthatassignlimited-weightcodewordsusingtrace-based

mappingtechniques.Simulationresultsshowthatsuchcodescan

reducetheenergyconsumptionofanuncodedoff-chipinterconnect

byupto42.5%.

1.Introduction

Mostmodernsystem-on-a-chip-based(SoC-based)embedded

systemsrequiremorememorycapacitythancanreasonablybeem-

beddedintotheSoCcore.Insuchsystems,theinterconnectbe-

tweenthecoreandexternalmemorycanconsumeasmuchormore

energythanthecoreitself.Eventhoughexternalmemoryandits

associatedinterconnectaremajorcontributorstotheoverallenergy

consumptioninSoC-basedembeddedsystems,suchsystemswill

continuetorequirethememorycapacityaffordedbyexternalmem-

oryintotheforeseeablefuture.Therefore,itisessentialtodevelop

memorycontrollerarchitecturesthatreducetheenergyconsump-

tionoftheoff-chipinterconnecttoexternalmemory.

Manytechniqueshavebeenproposedtoreducetheenergycon-

sumptionofoff-chipinterconnectsandexternalmemories.Energy

canbereducedbyminimizingthenumberofexternalmemoryac-

cesses[1–4]andthenusinglowenergymemorymodeswhenthe

externalmemoryisnotinuse[5,6].However,externalmemoryis

includedinmostsystemsbecausethatistheonlywaytoprovidethe

necessarymemorycapacityforthesystem.Therefore,asignificant

numberofexternalmemoryaccesseswillalwaysremain.Memory

compression[7–11]andcoding[12–25]arewell-knowntechniques

tofurtherreducetheenergyconsumptionoftheprocessor-memory

interconnectandtheexternalmemory.However,memorycom-

pressiontechniquesarebestsuitedforinstructions,notdata,which

leavescodingastheprimarytechniqueforreducingenergycon-

sumptionontheinterconnectfordatatransfers.

Memorycodingreducesenergyconsumptionontheinterconnect

byreducingswitchingactivity,i.e.,bittransitions.However,prior

ThisresearchwassupportedinpartbygiftsfromTexasInstrumentsandAdvancedMicroDevices..codingtechniquesarealmostallcontext-dependent,double-ended

codesthatrequireacodec(coder/decoder)onbothendsofthein-

terconnect[12–24].Context-dependentcodesuseaone-to-many

mappinginwhichthecodewordischosenbaseduponboththecur-

rentandpreviousdatavaluestocrosstheinterconnect.Forexam-

ple,bus-invertcodingselectsthevaluethatminimizestheHam-

mingdistancetothevalueontheinterconnect,byeithertransfer-

ringthedatavalueunchangedorinvertingit[24].Sincethecontext

ofatransmissionisonlyknownatthetimeofthetransfer,such

context-dependentcodesmustalsobedouble-ended,meaningthat

thereceivermustparticipateinthecodetorecovertheoriginaldata

value.

Modernembeddedsystems,however,cannotaffordtouse

double-endedcodesovertheprocessor-memoryinterconnect.As

embeddedsystemsdevelopmentisdrivenbycostandtime-to-

marketconsiderations,suchsystemsmustusecommoditymem-

ories.Thesecommoditymemoriesdonothavethelogicrequired

toparticipateindouble-endedcodingschemes.So,whiledouble-

endedcodingschemescanreduceenergyconsumptionwhenthey

areappropriate(suchasforon-chipinterconnects,specializedsys-

temsthatcanaffordtheuseofcustommemories,etc.),theyarenot

usefulforthevastmajorityofembeddedsystems.

Thispaperintroducestheconceptofsingle-ended,limited-

weightcodesforinterconnectenergyreduction.Thesesingle-

endedcodescanbeusedinmodernembeddedsystemswithcom-

moditymemory,yetarestillabletoachievesignificantreduction

intheprocessor-memoryinterconnect’senergyconsumption.The

proposedcodesseparatecodewordgenerationfromcodewordas-

signment.Thegeneratedcodewordsarelimited-weightcodewords

(codewordswithalimitednumberofones),whichareselected

fromalargercodespace[25].Asinitiallyproposed,suchlimited-

weightcodes(LWCs)wereusedwithastraightforwardassignment

strategytoimplementasingle-ended,context-independentcode.

However,usingsuchanassignment,LWCsonlymodestlyreduce

theswitchingactivityontheinterconnectcomparedtostate-of-the-

artcodes.Thispaperintroducesatrace-basedassignmentstrategy

forlimited-weightcodewordsthatreducestheswitchingactivity

ontheinterconnectasmuchormorethanstate-of-the-artdouble-

ended,context-dependentcodeswithoutrequiringtheparticipation

合集下载

4翻译

4翻译

毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考

资 料 及 译 文

译文题目： CIC MegaCore Function

学生姓名： 高佳 学 号： 1021129024

专 业： 通信工程

所在学院： 龙蟠学院

指导教师： 姜志鹏

职 称： 讲师

2013年11月06日

1 CIC MegaCore Function

----From

Description

This document describes the Altera CIC MegaCore function. The Altera CIC

MegaCore function implements a cascaded integrator-comb filter with data ports that

are compatible with the Avalon Streaming interface. CIC filters (also known as

Hogenauer filters) are computationally efficient for extracting baseband signals from

narrow-band sources using decimation, and for constructing narrow-band signals from

processed baseband signals using interpolation.CIC filters use only adders and

registers, and require no multipliers to handle large rate changes. Therefore, CIC is a

直拉法单晶炉随动式加热器设计

直拉法单晶炉随动式加热器设计

第５０卷第２期２０２１年２月人　工　晶　体　学　报

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（１．青海大学机械工程学院，西宁　８１００１６；２．阳光能源（青海）有限公司，西宁　８１００００）

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关键词：单晶炉；加热器优化；高效热场；单晶硅生长；热场模拟

中图分类号：Ｏ７８ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：１０００９８５Ｘ（２０２１）０２０３６１０７

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博士学位论文

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（涉密的学位论文在解密后应遵守此规定）

签名：绿扮翩签名：铺够日期：如－啤６，同；目

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本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本学位论文的研究成果不包含任何他人享有著作权的内容。对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的其他个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

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移动通讯专业术语中英文对照

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. 文档. 移动通讯词汇〔中英〕 数字、英文 1/4比特数 quarter bit number AGC恢复时间 AGC recovery time AGC启动时间AGC attack time ATM技术asynchronous transfer technics, 异步转移模式，为多种速率信息的情况下研究的一种适宜的传输与交换方式。 GSM 泛欧数字蜂窝移动通信系统 GSM PLMN接入能力 GSM PLMN access capability GSM PLMN连接类型属性GSM PLMN connection type attribute GSM公共陆地移动网GSM PLMN 用户身份模块：SIM J-K触发器 J-K flip-flop M-序列M-sequence N进制数字信号n-ary digital system RS-232总线 RS-232 bus A 平安地线 safe ground wire 平安特性 security feature 安装线 hook-up wire 按半周进展的多周期控制 multicycle controlled by half-cycle 按键机push-button telephone set 按需分配多地址 demand assignment multiple access(DAMA) 按要求的电信业务 demand telemunication service 按组编码 encode by group B 八木天线Yagi antenna 白噪声white Gaussian noise 白噪声发生器white noise generator 半波偶极子halfwave dipole 半导体存储器semiconductor memory 半导体集成电路semiconductor integrated circuit 半双工操作semi-duplex operation 半字节Nib 包络负反响 peak envelop negative feed-back 包络延时失真envelop delay distortion 薄膜thin film 薄膜混合集成电路 thin film hybrid integrated circuit 保护比〔射频〕protection ratio (RF) 保护时段guard period 通信secure munication 报头header 报文分组packet 报文优先等级message priority 报讯alarm 备用工作方式spare mode 背景躁声background noise 倍频frequency multiplication 倍频程actave 倍频程滤波器octave filter 被呼地址修改通知 called address modified notification 被呼用户优先priority for called subscriber 本地PLMNlocal PLMN 本地交换机local exchange 本地移动用户身份 local mobile station identity ( LMSI) 本地震荡器local oscillator 比功率(功率密度)specific power 比特bit 比特并行bit parallel 比特bit number (BN) 比特流bit stream 比特率bit rate 比特误码率bit error rate 比特序列独立性bit sequence independence 必要带宽necessary bandwidth 闭环电压增益closed loop voltage gain 闭环控制closed loop control 闭路电压closed circuit voltage 边瓣抑制side lobe suppression 边带sideband 边带非线性串扰sideband non-linear crosstalk 边带线性串扰sideband linear . . -.