Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION.1.Most instances of meaning errors fall into one of three categories (three kinds)2.Help ing verbs3.The meaning of should4.Un der what circumsta nces should you chose a more con cise an swer?1.1)choose your words 2) place your words 3) match your words2.Help ing verbs express various levels of certa in ty, obligati on, and reality, simply by swapp ing these verbs,the GMAT can completely cha nge the meaning of the sentence3.Should means moral obligati on ” not "likelihood ”4.1) If two choices are both grammatically correct and clear in meaning, but one is more con cise tha n the other,the n choose the shorter one.2) Ano ther aspect of con cisi on is redu ndan cy. If a word can be removed without subtract ingfrom the meaning of the sentence , it should be eliminated.Chapter 3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT1.Three requireme nts for subject and verb in a sentence2.How to ide ntify the subject and verb? mon types of middle men and warm-ups4.Additive phrases5.Or, either…or & neither … nor6.Collective nouns7.In defi nite pronouns8. 5 in defi nite pronouns that can be either sin gular or plural depe nding on the con text9.Each &every10.The number of & a number of11.Majority &totality &plurality12.Subject phrase & clauses13.Subject in an in verted con struct ion14.Emergency1.1) subject and verb must both exist 2) subject and verb must make sense together3)subject and verb must agree in nu mber2.1)elimi nate the middleme n, and skip the warmup 2) use the structure to decide3.1) prepositi onal phrases 2) subord in ate clauses 3) other modifiers 4) commas are ano ther help sig n4.only the word and can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subject followed by additive phrasesrema in sin gular subjects.5.1) If one of the nouns is singular and the other noun is plural , what verb form should be used? The answer issimple: find the noun nearest to the verb, and make sure that the verb agrees in nu mber with this noun.2) when the words either or neither are in sentence alone (without or or nor), they are con sidered sin gular andtake only sin gular verbs.)6.In some rare circumstances, collective nouns can be considered plural (e.g., when you emphasize the in dividualactors, not their un ity or whe n there is a tip in non-un derl inedcon struct ion ). However, on the GMAT, collective nouns are almost always con sideredsin gular and therefore require sin gular verb forms.ually singular . An Indefinite Pronoun is not specific about the thing to which it refers. Note . that all thepronouns that end in -one, --body, or -hing fall into this category.8. A new noun in a prepositi onal phrase cannot be the subject of the senten ce, with limitedidiomatic excepti ons.There are, however, 5 in defi nite pronouns that can be either sin gular or plural depe nding on the con text of the senten ce. You can remember these 5 by the acronym SANAM.Look at the Of-phrase which usually follows the pronoun. You may recall that you are gen erally supposed to ignore Of- preposti onal phrases (since they are misleadi ng middlema n). The SANAM pronouns are exceptions to this rule.9.Any subject preceded by the word each or every is singular.each following a subject has no bearing on the verb form.10.Singular ; plural11.treat quantity phrases in the same way as SANAM pronouns: the noun in the Of-prepositional phrase will in dicatewhether the verb is sin gular or plural.12.Always singular13.the GMAT occasi on ally attempts to con fuse you by inverting this order and placi ng the subject after theverb . In sentences in which the subject follows the verb, flip the word order of the sentence so that thesubject precedes the verb.14.You may have noticed that confusing subjects are more often singular than plural.When in Doubt, Think Sin gularChapter 4 PARALLELISM1.Two importa nt no tes for parallelism2.Parallel makers (especially the three com mon conjunctions )3.Parallel clause should start with the same word4.The use of comma in the and con struct ion5.Do n ot assume that all verbs and verbal forms in a sentence must be parallel6.Watch out for linking verbs (treat any linking verb as parallel marker )1.1) According to the principle of parallelism, comparable sentence parts must be structurally and logicallysimilar.2)Notice that we do not gen erally have to make every word parallel in the parallel eleme nts. However, the mostimporta nt word must be parallel.2.and, but and or3.just remember4.No right answer omits and in a list just before the last item. Moreover, the GMAT always in serts a comma beforethe and in lists of 3 or 4 items. However, if you join 2 clauses with and, you can put an optimal comma before the and. Doing so is especially recommended when the clauses are long, in depe ndent, or both .5.just remember6.To Be Other Linking Verbsis appear seemare become smellwas feel sou ndwere grow stayam look tastebee n remai n turnbe represe ntbei ng resembleChapter 5 PRONOUNS1.The first thing you should do whe n you encoun ter a pronoun2.The properties of the an tecede nt that you are look ing for the pronoun3.The an tecede nt & pronoun must make sense together4.The an tecede nt must be un ambiguous (in a logical sen se)5.The an tecede nt & pronoun Must Agree in Number6.Pronoun case (some preferred rules, but not a hard-a nd-fast rule)7.The differe nee betwee n it, they or other pers onal pronouns and that, those1.Just ide ntify the an tecede nt of the pronoun2.The an tecede nt must actually exist i n the sentence and be functioning as noun Watch out for nouns used usadjectives!3.Just remember4.Just remember5.Just remember6.a) Sometimes (though not always ), pronouns show a tendency to refer to nouns in the same case, especially whenthey are embedded in parallel structures. In particular, a pronoun in subject position in one clause may often be presumed to refer to the subject of a parallel clause, even if that subject is relatively far away.b) Nouns in the possessive case(with ' s orare dften poor antecedents .7.when you use it, they or other personal pronouns , you mean the same actual thing as the an tecede nt.Those and that are not meaning the same thing, they just refer to the nouns.The GMAT insists that any “ NewCopy” that or those agree in number with the previous versi on.On the GMAT, do not use this or these in place of nouns. Also, do not use that or those in place of nouns (uni ess you modify that or those). Use it, they, or them in stead.Chapter 6 MODIFIERS1.what does adjective or adverbs modify?2.Two grammatically correct phras ings which do n ot_mea n the same thi ng3.Pay particular attention to opening modifiers4.Positi on of noun modifiers5.Watch out for possessives, modifiers cannot no rmally modify in the possessive case6.Some importa nt no tes about the relative pronouns7.How to ide ntify and choose betwee n an Esse ntial and a non-esse ntial noun modifiers8.Verb modifiers can be placed more freely than noun modifiers9.The differe nee betwee n which and prese nt participle1.An Adjective modifies only a noun or a pronoun, whereas an Adverb modifies almost anything but a noun or apronoun.2.one phras ing might be < Adjective + Adjective + Noun>, in which the two adjectives bothmodify the noun. The other phrasing would be <Adverb + Adjective + Noun>, in which the adverb modifies theadjective, which in turn modifies the noun. These two phrasing do notmean the same thing. Pick the phrasing that reflects the author ' s intent3.Just remember4. A NOUN and its MODIFIER should TOUCH each other. (a preferred rule ,n ot absolutelyright ; there are some excepti ons)5.Just remember6.Clauses led by pronoun that cannot modify people.Surprisingly , the pronoun whose can modify either people or things.Who is used as the subject of the verb in a relative clause, whereas whom is used as the object of the verb or of a prepositi on.That or whom can be dropped when the modified noun is the object of the modifying clause.The pronoun where can be used to modify a noun place, such as area, site, country or Nevada. Where cannot modify a metaphorical ” place, such as condition, situation, case, circumsta nces, or argume nt. I n these cases, use in which rather tha n where.7.Put COMMAS between NON-ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nou ns.Put NO COMMAS between ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nou ns.Un dersta nd the logical meaning of the senten ce, and decide whether the modifier isesse ntial or non-esse ntial8.Just remembere WHICH only to refer to the noun immediately precedi ng it ---n ever to refer to anen tireclause.The -ng form is very flexible. It can modify nouns directly(e.g., the cha nging seas on s). It can modify verbs and their subjects (e.g., I lifted the weight, whistling ) It can even modify an en tire clause , as long as the en tire clause con verted into a noun phrase could fun cti on as the subject of the verb that is now in -ng form.This use of the -ng form works best whe n you want to express the result of the main clause.Chapter 7 VERB TENSE, MOOD, & VOICE STRATEGY1.In any give n sentence you should try to keep all verb tense con siste nt, uni ess the meaning clearlydictates otherwise2.you can use the Past Progressive to describe a backgro und event, while you use Simple Past to describe amore importa nt event in the foregro und3.Prese nt Perfect no tes /simple past4.Past perfect5.Do not use the perfect ten ses whe n the simple tense will do whe n the seque nee of time does not n eed tobe clarified or emphasized.6.Avoid mixing Past tense with Future Tense7.The Hypothetical Subjunctive8.If …the n con struct ion9.The comma nd subj unctive1.Just remember2.Just remember3.the Present Perfect indicates either continued action or continued effect of acompleted action.If you use since, you must use the Present Perfect to indicate continued action or effect.（prep有见到since和过去完成时连用的，待考究）Likewise, Prese nt Perfect should be used with with in phrases, such aswith in the past five minu tes orwith in the last ten days, to in dicate con ti nued action or continued effect.If you want to talk about a specific, completed time period , use the Simple Past, not the Prese nt Perfect.4.you should use Past Perfect only to clarify or emphasize a sequenee of past events . The earlier eve ntshould somehow have a bearing on the context of the later event . Moreover, if the sequenee is alreadyobvious , we often do not need Past Perfect.5.Just remember6.Just remember7.We use the Hypothetical Subjunctive form in a few circumstances to indicate uniikely orun real con diti ons. Prin cipally, this form occurs after if, as if, or as though. The basic form of theHypothetical Subjunctive is equivale nt to the Simple Past of every verb, with one exception. For the verb to be, the form were is always used.8.Sentence that use the word if do not always use the Hypothetical Subjunctive(1)Gen eral Rule with no un certa intyIF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill.IF Present, THEN Present.This pattern is equivale nt to whe never. WHENEVER Sophie EATS pizza, she BECOMES ill.(2)Gen eral Rule with some un certa intyIF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she MAY BECOME illIF Present, THEN Can or May.Here, the help ing verb can or may can be used to allow for a somewhat un certa in outcome.(3)Particular Case (in the future) with no uncertaintyIF Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she WILL BECOME ill.IF Present, THEN Future.(4)Un likely Case (in the future)IF Sophie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she WOULD BECOME ill.IF Hypothetical Subjunctive, THEN Conditional.Here, the writer thinks that Sophie is unlikely eat pizza tomorrow.(5)Case that Never Happe ned (in the past)IF Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she WOULD HA VE BECOME ill.IF Past Perfect, THEN Conditional Perfect.Other patter ns are possible, but if …these ntences that you encoun ter on the GMAT should conform to one of these five patter ns.The helping verbs would and should should NEVER go in the if part of the sentence!!!9.The Comma nd Subjun ctive is used with certa in Bossy Verb , such as require or propose. Bossy Verbs tellpeople to do thingsTwo importa nt excepti ons: (1) there is no -S on the end for third pers on sin gular (2)the form of theverb to be is always just be, not is, are, or am.What makes the Comma nd Subj un ctive complicated is that not every Bossy Verb uses the Comma nd Subjunctive. In fact, with some of the most com mon Bossy Verbs, such as warn , you cannot use the Comma nd Subjun ctive, but rather an infin itive (to + bare form< e.g. the infinitive without to>)A few Bossy Verbs, most no tably prohibit, take other con struct ion altogether:The Comma nd Subjunctive can also be used with nouns derived from Bossy Verbs, such as a dema nd or a request.Avoid the use of the Comma nd Subjun ctive after whether. This usage is old-fashi on ed.Chapter 8 COMPARISON1.Three steps to tackle with the comparis on problems2.The differe nee betwee n like and asparisons must be logically parallel and structurally parallel.4.You can also omit units, verbs, and even whole clauses from the second term, as long as there is no ambiguity5.Do n ot throw out an an swer choice simply because of an unn ecessary Help ing verb in thesec ond term of a comparis on.1.1) learn certain sign words or phrases 2)identify the two parts of the sentence that are being compared to eachother 3) ensure that these two parts are truly parallel , both structurally and logically2.Like is a preposition. This means that LIKEmust be followed by nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. Never put aclause or a prepositional phrase after like!!On the other hand, as can be either a preposition (appearing with a noun) or a conjunction (appeari ng with a clause). You can correctly use as to compare two clauses. Aga in, however, you cannot use like to compareclauses.3.Just remember4.Just remember5.Just rememberChapter 10 ODDS & ENDS1.Connecting wordsma3.Semico Ion4.Colo n5.Dash6.Three rules about Quan tity1.Coordin at ing conjunctions; subord in ator2.remember that non-essential modifiers are set off by commas, but essential modifiers are not separated by commas.Do not use a comma before and to separate two verbs that have the same subject. Either elim in ate the comma or add a subject to the sec ond verb, creati ng a sec ond main clause.3.When you use a semico Ion, you should en sure that the two sentence parts are related in an in depe ndent, balaneed way . If it seems that the author origi nally meant to subord in ate one part to the other, you mustpreserve that intent.The semicoIon is often followed by a Coniunctive Adverb or other transition expression, such as however,therefore, or in additi on .In this way ,we can modify the equal relati on ship that a bare semico Ion implies.Note that these tran siti onal eleme nts are not true conj un cti ons like and. As a result, you must use semico Ions, not commas, to join the sentence.A minor use of the semicoIon is to separate items that themselves contain commas.4.The colon (:) provides further expla nati on for what comes before it.What comes before the colon must be able to sta nd alone as a sentence.Whatever n eeds expla natio n should be placed as close to the colon as possible.You can put a main clause after a colon as well. The key is that this clause must explain what precedes the colon---perhaps the en tire precedi ng clause.5.The dash (---) is a flexible mark that the GMAT occasi on ally employs. You can use a dash as an emphatic comma,semicoIon or colon .You can also use the dash to restate or expla in an earlier part of the sentence . Un like the colon, the dash does not n eed to be immediately preceded by the part needi ng expla nati on.In short, you cannot really go wrong with a dash!!6.Rule #1: Words used for countable things vs. words used for uncountable thingsIf you are un sure as to whether someth ing is coun table or not, perform the coun ti ng test.(just by trying to count them)Rule #2: Words used to relate two things vs. words used to related three or more things To relate twothings ,you must use differe nt words from the words you use to relate three or more thi ngs. Remember that you must use comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs(better, worse, more, less) to compare 2 things or people, but you must use superlative forms (best, worst, most, least) to compare 3 or more things or people.Rule #3: The Number or Number of versus A Number or The Number Of1)The number of is singular, and A number of is plural.2)The nu mbers of is almost always in correct. Stick to the expressi on the nu mber of.3)However, nu mbers is possible in a few con texts. If you wish to make a comparison, use greaterthan , not more than (which might imply that the quantity of nu mbers is larger, not the nu mbersthemselves)Rule #4: In crease and Decrease vs. Greater and LessThe word in crease and decrease are not the same as the words greater and less. In crease and decrease express the cha nge of one thing over time . Greater and less signal a comparison betweentwo things.Watch out for redu ndancy in sentences with the words in crease and decrease.Chapter11 GMC/S-V/ PARALLELISM (ADVANCED )1.Specific patter ns of con cisi on2.Some circumstances that don ' “make it too short”3.Parallelism : con crete nouns vs. actio n nouns4.Simple gerund phrasesplex gerund phrases6.What else is con sidered parallel1.V- A- N = Verb > Adjective ( or Adverb) > NounAn active Verb is usually stronger and more concise than an Adjective or an action Noun .The preferred form m ay differ slightly in meaning from the non-preferred form. In general, the preferred form is what the author inten ded to say any way, so kill two birds with one stone: make the expressi on more con cise and clarify the mea ning.V- A- N Pattern 1: Prefer a V erb to an Action nounV- A- N Pattern 2: Prefer a That-Clause (with Verbs) to a Series of Phrases (with Nou ns)V- A- N Pattern 3: Prefer a V erb to an AdjectiveV- A- N Pattern 4: Prefer an Adjective to a Nou nV- A- N Pattern 5: Prefer an Adverb to a Prepositional PhraseCon cisi on Pattern 6: Prefer an Adjective to an Adjective Clause with BeConcision Pattern 7: Remove IT IS …THAT…Aga in, none of these Con cisi on patter ns expresses a rule but rather a preference. Make use of these patter ns judiciously .In particular, be wary of shortcuts. Words or phrases such as being or the fact that do not automatically indicate that an answer choice is wrong.2.1: Keep the Prepositio nal Phrase if You Need ToThis process works the best whe n the prepositi on is of, the simplest and most com mon preposition in English.However, if the preposition is n _ of, then you should avoid collaps ing the prepositi onal phraseMoreover, you should not collapse certain Of-prepositional phrases into Noun-Adjective.When ever you have a time-period , qua ntity or other measureme nt as the first word, keep the prepositi onal phrase with of. Also, you should gen erally avoid us ing a possessive ( ' s or s ') to modify a measureme nt.2: Keep That Of or Those Of if You Need to3: Keep That after a Report ing verb3.Concrete noun : refer to things, people, places, and even time periods or certain events.Rock, con ti nent, electr on, politicia n, regi onAction noun : refer to actions, as their name implies. They are often formed from verbs.Erupti on, pollutio n, nomin ati on, withdrawal, developme ntTo mai ntai n logical parallelism, avoid mak ing con crete nouns and acti on nouns parallel.4.Simple gerund phrases are “ Nouns on the Outside, Verbs on the In side "Th at is ,the un derli ned phrase actsas a noun:plex gerund phrases are “ Nouns Through and Throughing for” isrmade fullyinto a noun; in fact, it is often preceded by articles ( a, an, or the) or adjectives (accurate). The object is put into an Of-prepositional phrase (e.g., the running of marathons) or placed in front of the -ing form (e.g., marathon runningOf the two types of gerund phrases, only complex ones can be parallel to action nounsIn any list of action nouns, always choose the complex gerund phrases (often with articlesand the word Of) over the simple gerund phrase!Also, if an appropriate action noun for a particular verb already exists in the English, then avoid creati ng a complex gerund phrase. In stead, use the pre-existi ng action noun.6. 1. Worki ng verbs2.infin itive3.adjective, past participle, and prese nt participle4.clauseChapter 12 PRONOUNS & MODIFIERS: ADV ANCED1.The an tecede nt of there2.The reflexive pronouns3.One an ther/ each other4.Such and other/a no ther5.One6.Do so versus Do it7.The use of Placeholder it8.How to deal with a pronoun problem9.Nuances of pronoun reference (absolute rule & preferred rule)10.(modifiers) : some exceptions to Touch Rule11.You should not choose OF X ' on the GMAT. Choose either the form OF X or the form X '12.The correct form of some subgroup modifiers13.Difference between relative clauses vs. Participles14.The use of absolute phrases1.Technically an adverb, there means "in that place ^theThasts a lot like a pronoun . The antecedent place is oftenreferred to in a prepositional phrase and should be a noun, not an adjective.Note that we also use there as a d u mmy ” pronoun in expressions such ashere is a cat in a tree or there are roses on my doorstep. In these cases, you do not need an antecedent.2.The Reflexive Pronouns itself and themselvesare used as objects to refer directly back to the subject.Since you must use a reflexive pronoun to indicate when the subjects acts upon itself , another pronoun may be less ambiguous tha n you think.3.The Reciprocal Pronouns one ano ther and each other are used to in dicate in teract ionbetwee n parties. These pronouns are not in tercha ngeable with Themselves.4.The words such and other/a no ther ofte n comb ine with a gen eral noun to in dicate anantecedent. Such means "like the antecedent ”.Similarly, other and another mean “ additional of thsame type ” , though not necessarily “ exactly like ”.5.One in dicates an in defi nite copy or a sin gle, indefinite part of a collecti on.Note that, one, although singular, can take either a singular or a plural antecedent.6.Do so can refer to an en tire action, in cludi ng a verb, its objects, and its modifiers.On the other hand, in the phrase do it, the pronoun it must refer to an actual noun antecedent .When ever you see Do It a GMAT sentence, make sure that It has a good an tecede nt.7.1) postp one the infin itive subject2)postp one That-Clause Subjects3)postp one infin itive or That-Clause Objectsthe point of this discussion is that these uses of Placeholder It are legal and even strongly encouraged. If you come across Placeholder It, do not be an xious because you cannot find a noun an tecede nt for the it.There is no such noun an tecede nt for this use of it.8.Sometimes, the best way to deal with a pronoun problem is to eliminate pronouns, as we have seen. For instanee,at the end of a long sentence, a pronoun such asit or them might inevitably have ambiguous antecedents, no matter how you try to recast the sentence.It is ofte n smoother —and much more GMAT-like---to use a gen eric synonym for the an tecede nt tha n to repeat the noun exactly. Such a synonym sta nds in for the an tecede nt and functions just like a pronoun , but with none of the drawbacks. The synonym is often more general tha n the an tecede nt, which refers to an example of the gen eric synonym.9.1.Number: The antecedent must agree in number (singular, plural ) with the pronoun2.Gender: The antecedent must agree in gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) with thepronoun. He and his are masculi ne.The rema ining three prin ciples are not absolute3.Repeats: Repeated pronouns are presumed to refer to the same an tecede nt. That is, every itand its in the sentence should gen erally mean the same thing .4.Proximity: The pronoun should no rmally refer to the closest eligible an tecede nt. Note thatthere is such an idea as “too close ” .Inithttieesttdiwcehouse J^T iscon sidered taboo, the IT cannot refer to stati on house. Also, the an tecede nt normally occursearlier in the sentence. Rarely, the antecedent may come shortly after the pronoun. However, youshould usually place the an tecede nt first.5.Case: The pronoun and the an tecede nt should agree in case if they are in parallel structure . In particular, a subject pronoun in one clause often refers to a noun in subject positi on in another parallel clause. In general, subject nouns make strong antecedents, even for somewhat distant pronouns.These three principles do not have to agree for there to be unambiguous pronoun reference!!IF you eliminate every answer choice on the basis of antecedent ambiguity, go back and be less stringent on this issue . Truly wrong answers will have other problems as well.10. 1. A “ miss-ontical ” modifies flafetween. This modifier is often an Of-Phrase that defines the noun. The lessimportant modifier refers to the noun plus the first modifier.2. A very short predicate falls between, shifting a very long modifier back.3. A short non-essential phrase intervenes and is set off by commas.4.The modifier is part of a series of parallel modifiers, one of which touches the noun.11.Just remember12.When you want to describe a part of larger group with a modifier, use one of the followingthree Subgroup Modifier con struct ions.Right: This model explai ns all known subatomic particles, SOME OF WHICH WERE only recen tly discovered.Right: This model explai ns all known subatomic particles, SOME OF THEM on ly recen tlv discovered.Right: This model expla ins all known subatomic particles, SOME on ly recen tly discovered.Notice that only the which construction has a working verb (were) in it.13.In many cases, a relative clause (a clause headed by a relative pronoun) and a present participle modifier arepractically interchangeablePresent participles get their tense from the main verb in the sentence!if you want the cleaning to take place at a different time from the seeing, then use the relative clause, notthe prese nt participle. ( an example from the book)14.Absolute phrases are composed of a noun plus a noun modifier. These phrases do not have to modify what theytouch; rather, they modify the main clause in some way.In some cases, you can use an -I ng form (with a comma) in place of an absolute phrase. At the end of a sentence, either an-Ing form or an absolute phrase can in dicate a result of the precedi ng clause.An absolute phrase is typically separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.However, for an absolute phrase at the end of a sentence, you may also use a dash (-).Chapter 13 VERBS & COMPARISONS (ADVANCED)1.You can use help ing verbs to sta nd for Ion ger verbs or verbs phrases.2.In the rare case in which the tenses do not need to match, the exact verb form missing after the help ing verbshould be prese nt in the sentence.3.The use of modal verbs4.Some sentences in clude the con structi on be to in dicate obligation or future time. Si nee the form isambiguous , the GMAT avoids it. Use will or should in stead, depe nding on the inten ded meaning.5.Fin ally, express a con diti on by using the word if, not by inverting the subject and addi ng a modal verb suchas should. This in verted con struct ion is con sidered awkward by the GMAT.6.Pay attention to the implied subject when the infinitive is used to show purpose7.When to Use Which Verbal or Verb8.The differe nee betwee n like and as9.Numbers in comparis on10.The use of more and less11.The use of higher and lower12.Other comparisons1.Just remember2.Just remember3.Sometimes the GMAT uses modal verbs (or their substitutes, such as have to for must) in a redu ndant or awkwardmanner. The idea of obligati on or advisability may already be expressed elsewhere, or the modal verb may be placed in the wrong part of the sentence.4.Just remember5.Just remember6.Just remember。
My Manhattan(5th) Notes——DaisyotwCH1 SC Basics1.控制在60s~75s2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查CH2 Grammar&Meaning一.语法：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语二.语义：1.词的选择：(1)注意一词多义Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be-被承认…；known forLoss of –失去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于Range of –多种的；ranging-变化Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做Impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变(*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should)(3)选项和原文态度一致2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense三.避免冗余：1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have to–require及近义词then-later; so-in order to2.注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。
