语言学概论第一章要点
(2011-08-26 10:30:48)
第一章Introduction
1.Linguistics定义It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Nowadays, the generally accepted definition of language is that language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2.The scope of linguistics语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？
1.General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study
①Phonetics,which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication
②Phonology,which studies how sounds are put together and used in communication
③Morphology,which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words
④Syntax,which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences
⑤Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language.
⑥Pragmatics,which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of use
⑦Sociolinguistics,which is the study of language with reference to society
⑧Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind.
⑨Applied linguistics,which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics.
3.现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？
Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language . It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not.
4.Some important distinction in linguistics语言学五对基本概念1、descriptive(描述性) :A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
2、prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct” behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say.
1、synchronic(共时语言学): It refers to the study of variation in language in different places and among different groups at a given point in time.
2、diachronic(历时语言学): Studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
什么叫共时研究Synchronic study;？什么叫历时研究diachronic study？
The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a
