历史学专业英语15

四、 半殖民地、半封建社会 （一）跨文化：Cross-culture
跨文化是跨越了不同国家与民族界线的文化，是不同民族、国家及群体之间 的文化差异，是通过越过体系以经历文化归属性的人与人之间的互动关系。
（二）租界：Concession
指两个国家议订租地或租界章程后，在其中一国的领土上为拥有行政自治 权和治外法权（领事裁判权）的另一国设立的合法的外国人居住地（土地国 有化）。在中国是指近代历史上帝国主义列强通过不平等条约强行在中国获 取的租借地的简称，多位于港口城市。
信仰主义 又称“僧侣主义”。一种贬低理性、宣扬盲目 信从、 以信仰代替知识或赋予信仰以一定意义的学 说。通常是神学家和 唯心主义者贬低科学、抬高信仰的一 种手段。其典型代表人物是 中世纪教父哲学家德尔图良。 信仰主义是一切怀疑论和不可知论 的最后归宿，是剥削 阶级愚弄劳动人民、维护反动统治的工具。 主要人物：德尔图良 思想：主张信仰和理性对立起来。
三、近代史 （一）优生学：Eugenics
优生起源于英国，意思为“健康遗传”。主要是研究如何用有效手段降低 胎儿缺陷发生率。现在优生已经成为一项国家政策，其主要的内容是控制先 天性疾病新生儿，以达到逐步改善和提高人群遗传素质的目的。目前可以通 过科技手段，来确保胎儿健康。目前，我国开展优生工作主要有如下几点： 禁止近亲结婚，进行遗传咨询，提倡适龄生育和产前诊断等。
玄学又称新道家是对《老子》、《庄子》和《周易》的研究和解说。产生 于魏晋。是魏晋时期的主要哲学思潮，是道家和儒家融合而出现的一种哲学、 文化思潮。
（二） 黄老之术：Daoism ['dauizəm]
道教，又称道家、黄老、老氏与玄门等，是中国土生土长的固有宗教。是中 国国人文化催生的，乃是中国人的根蒂，是东方科学智慧之源，是促进科技 发展的宗教以及全球最珍爱生命和尊重女性的宗教。深深扎根于中华传统文 化的沃土之中。据道经记载道教起于盘古开天辟地，元始立教说法。

历史英语词汇大全探索历史学术语重温历史的壮丽卷【历史英语词汇大全探索历史学术语重温历史的壮丽卷】一、简介历史是人类社会发展的重要组成部分，在研究历史时，人们常常会遇到许多专业术语。

这些术语既是历史学研究的工具，也是理解历史背后的深层次含义的关键。

本文将对历史学中的英语词汇进行全面探索，以期加深对历史学术语的理解，重温历史的壮丽卷。

二、历史学概念1. History - 历史History refers to the study of the past, particularly human past. It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of information about past events and experiences. By studying history, we can better understand the development of societies and civilizations.2. Archaeology - 考古学Archaeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains. It helps us reconstruct the past and learn about ancient cultures, technologies, and lifestyles.3. Anthropology - 人类学Anthropology is the study of humans and human societies, focusing on their culture, biology, language, and social structures. It provides insights into the diversity and evolution of human beings.4. Paleontology - 古生物学Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life through the examination of plant and animal fossils. It helps us understand the history of life on Earth and the evolutionary processes that have shaped different species.5. Historiography - 历史学方法论Historiography refers to the study of historical writing and the methods used by historians to gather and interpret information. It involves analyzing sources, evaluating evidence, and constructing narratives about the past.三、历史时期1. Ancient History - 古代史Ancient history refers to the period of human history before the Middle Ages, typically covering the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and others. It encompasses a wide range of cultures and developments.2. Medieval History - 中世纪史Medieval history covers the period between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance. It includes the rise of feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the development of chivalry and Gothic art.3. Renaissance - 文艺复兴The Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement in Europe that spanned from the 14th to the 17th century. It marked a shift from the medieval to the modern world, with significant advancements in art, science, and philosophy.4. Enlightenment - 启蒙运动The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the 18th century. It emphasized reason, rationality, and science, challenging traditional authority and promoting individual freedom and equality.5. Industrial Revolution - 工业革命The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in human history, characterized by the transition from handmade goods to machine production. It began in the late 18th century in Britain and had far-reaching impacts on society, economy, and technology.四、重要历史事件1. American Revolution - 美国革命The American Revolution was a political and military conflict between Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America. It resulted in the formation of the United States of America and inspired revolutionary movements worldwide.2. French Revolution - 法国大革命The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France, resulting in the overthrow of the monarchy and the riseof Napoleon Bonaparte. It had a profound impact on European history andthe spread of democratic ideals.3. World War I - 第一次世界大战World War I was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918, involving many of the world's major powers. It caused unprecedented destruction and loss of life, leading to significant political and social changes.4. Cold War - 冷战The Cold War was a period of political tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. It was characterized by the arms race, ideological competition, and proxy wars, shaping global politics for several decades.5. Civil Rights Movement - 民权运动The Civil Rights Movement was a social and political struggle for equal rights and racial equality, primarily in the United States. It challenged racial segregation and discrimination, leading to significant legal and social changes.五、结语通过对历史学术语的探索，我们可以更深入地理解过去文明的发展和演变。

一些形容词和副词用法短语一些连词和短语thereforeHistoricans, therefore, have to assess their evidence with a critical eye.It is therefore difficult to offer mor than a vague description…I shall therefore propound answers to my four questions…moreoverMoreover, the purpose of history as a serious endeavor to understand human life is never fulfilled by the mere sifting of evidence for facts.furthermoreEach such revolution, furthermore, has occurred in a particular way in a unique set of social –structural and international circumstances.henceHence this part demonstrates how the conflicts unleashed in the revolutionalry crises led to social –revolutionary outcomes, with certain patterns common to all three Revolutions and others distinctive to one or two of them…thus…the experience of historical thinking which hey have thus acquired…be inclined toHistorians are increasingly inclined to discuss the struggle for power at the level of the factory, the school, or even the family.in so far asIt is scientifically valuable only in so far as the new arrangement gives us the answer to a question we have already decided to ask.sum up… the contrast between old and new history might be summed up in six points.be dated from, be dated back to…democracy, as a practical word, can be dated from about the same time..to a large extent, to some extentIt is true that all these advancces were based to a large extent on the exploitation of the many and benefited them very little.in principleEverything has a past, which can in principle be reconstructed and related to the rest of the past.in particularHe must be not only an histrian but a philosopher; and in particular his philosophical thought musthave included sepeical attention to the problems of historical thought. 提出观点用语I think…I suggest…I argueI propound…I propose..。

reality’ (Elton)
Development
• Arthur Lovejoy (1930s) ‘Unit ideas’ traced through time
• Foundation of ideas • Psychological impact • 1940 – Journal of the History of Ideas
Criticisms
• Not welcomed by traditional historians • Some concerned about the impact of theory • Geoffrey Elton ‘the virus of theory’ • ‘by its very nature, likely to lose contact with
created against this background? • The ‘Zeitgeist’ (spirit of the time)
Key questions
• How does cultural and intellectual change happen?
• Replacement of intellectual frameworks • How do people respond to intellectual
Foundations
• Universality • Roots in Aristotle’s thoughts • Science, politics, ethics, aesthetics, rhetoric,
poetry, history • Anything that creates ‘wonder’
Changes in society