英语词汇学复习提纲

《英语词汇学》复习资料以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。

我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。

希望对还没有过的人有所帮助。

大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write，though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animalsaction， size， domain， statenumerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – pastelectricity， machine， car， plane —— now3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra，trigonometry， calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch，holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuadercant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame，lough， bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）– do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar，rajar， status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky第二章Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflectionsleveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social， economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%第三章1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are boundmorphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before） we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。

高一英语必修I unit 1 复习提纲I．根据中文意思写出单词。

点，分数n. 列出vt. 不理睬,忽视vt.( ) ( ) ( )在户外,在野外adv. 松散的adj. 涉及vt.; 关心,关注n.( ) ( ) ( )欺骗,作弊vt & vi. & n. 理由,原因n. 使不安vt.&vi.;心烦意乱的adj. ( ) ( ) ( )分享vt. 份额n, 感觉,感情n. 德国人,德语n. 德国的adj. ( ) ( ) ( )疯狂的,狂热的adj. 自然界n. 敢,胆敢vt.& v.aux( ) ( ) ( )雷声n.; 打雷vi 完全地,整个地adv. 能力,权力n.( ) ( ) ( )信任,信赖vt.& n. 在室内adv. 遭受,忍受vt.& vi.( ) ( ) ( )十几岁的青少年n. 忠告,建议n. 测验n.; 对…进行测验vt. ( ) ( ) ( )情形,位置n. 编辑n. 习惯,习性n.( ) ( ) ( )II.根据中文意思写出词组。

合计合计达平静下来，镇定下来＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿不得不，必须关心，挂念遛狗＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿经历，经受躲藏，隐藏放下，记下，登记＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿一连串的，一系列故意为了…＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿面对面地按照;根据…所说与…相处,进展＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿相爱,爱上参加,加入对…疯狂的＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿太多/ 太…如此…以致于与…交流＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿考试作弊与…交朋友寻求建议＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿高一英语必修I unit 2 复习提纲在…中担任角色充分利用不仅仅_________________ _________________ _________________ 因为,由于大量的信不信由你_________________ _________________ _________________ 尽管,即使…的数目,…的数量靠近,接近_________________ _________________ _________________ 与某人交流例如…关心,挂念_________________ _________________ _________________ 以…为基础举例说明与…不同_________________ _________________ _________________ 走近,上来在17世纪_________________ _________________高一英语必修I unit 3 复习提纲I．根据中文意思写出单词费用n 运送,运输n&vt 最后,最终adv说服,劝说vt 坚持; 强调vt 适当的;恰当的adj 海拔高度;高处n 态度;看法n 决定;确定n坚决的;有决心的adj 短裤n 营地;阵营n 设营;扎营vi记录;录音vt&vi 记录;唱片n 话题;主题n 熟悉的adj勇敢的adjII.根据中文意思写出词组梦想从……毕业坚持要说服某人做某事对……感兴趣在乎,在意下定决心做某事一次有趣的经历决定屈服放弃穿过改变主意如常对某事熟悉对某人熟悉细节；详情n 在半夜搭起一方面……另一方面与……不同高一英语必修I unit 4 复习提纲I．根据中文意思写出单词摇动v 颤抖；震动n 井n 上升；升起vi 增加n发臭的adj 爆裂；爆发vi 蒸汽；水汽n污垢；泥土n 废墟；毁灭n 破产；毁灭vt&vi 损害；伤害vt&vi破坏；毁坏；消灭vt 无用的；无效的adj 使震惊vt&vi 休克；打击n 地震n 援救；营救n&vt 电；电流n灾难；灾祸n 陆军；军队n 组织；组织起来vt&vi埋葬；掩埋vt 矿；矿山n 煤矿新的；新鲜的adj 百分比；百分数n 演说；讲话n裁判员；法官n 断定；判断vt 荣誉；光荣n 尊敬；给于荣誉vt准备；预备vtII.根据中文意思写出词组立即；马上太…以至不能从…跑出寻找跳出来往常一样看起来结束；终结毁坏；严重受损成千上万对…评价不高……的数量掘出；发现泪水夺眶而出由…判断为了纪念/尊敬某人/某事准备做为…做准备作为…的准备怎么…也不过分高一英语必修I unit 5 复习提纲I.、据中文意思写出单词英雄，男主角n. 质量，品质n. 积极的，活跃的adj. （）（）( )打仗，打架，搏斗n. 监狱n. 时期，学时，周期n. （）（）（）法律，法学n. 劝告，忠告vt. 继续v.（）（）（）接受，认可，同意vt. 相等的，平等的adj. 恐怖，害怕n.＆vt.（）（）（）权利n. 总统，校长n. 领导，领袖n.（）（）（）乐意的/自愿的青年位置、形势守卫、看守有教养的判决、句子II、根据中文意思写出词组发现，找出，查明乐于丧失勇气，灰心（）（）（）处于不幸中，遇到麻烦对抗相信，信仰（）（）（）为……而战失业担心（）（）（）关进监狱使爆炸掌权，上台（）（）（）即使设立，开业，建立与……竞争（）（）（）允许做……能，会不得不做，必须做（）（）（）事实上被判死刑与……相处得好积极参与犯法高一英语必修II unit 1 复习提纲I、根据中文意思写出单词文化的adj. 幸免于，幸存v. 保持，仍是vi. 赠品，礼物，天赋热，热度n.加热vt. 设计，计划vt 点火，点燃，照亮vt. 奇迹，惊奇n. 疑惑，怀疑n. 考虑，照顾，认为vt. 意见，看法，判断n. 证明，证实假装，装扮vt. 除……之外希罕的风格、类型镜子移动、搬开家具秘密地木制的水手财富II、根据中文意思写出词组考虑，关心，想起浏览，观察属于搜索，寻找做为报答尊重，看重处于交战中增加，加到在吃饭注意，重视同意，适合确定，确信调查、向里面看拆开供职、充当增添而不是说实话同意（某人）高一英语必修II unit 2 复习提纲I．根据中文意思写出单词。

高二英语单词复习提纲梳理由于高二开头努力，所以前面的学问确定有肯定的欠缺，这就要求自己要制定肯定的方案，更要比别人付出更多的努力，信任付出的汗水不会白白流淌的，收获总是自己的。

这里我给大家共享高二英语单词复习提纲，期望对大家有所帮忙。

高二英语单词复习提纲1disability n. 伤残;无力;无能disabled adj.伤残的hearing n. 听力;听觉eyesight n. 视力△syndrome n. 综合病征;综合症状△infantile paralysis 小儿麻痹△Rosalyn n. 罗莎琳(女名)lap n. 跑道的一圈;重叠部分;(人坐着时)大腿的上方ambition n. 雄心;野心ambitious adj. 有雄心的;有野心的dictation n. 口授;听写(的文字)△Sally n. 萨利(女名)noisy n. 吵闹的;嘈杂的suitable adj. 适合的;相宜的entry n. 项目;进入;入口beneficial adj. 有益的;受益的△Marty 马蒂?菲尔丁in other words 换句话说clumsy adj. 笨拙的△bump vi. 碰撞;撞击outgoing adj. 外向的;友好的;外出的;离开的adapt vt. 使适应;改编adapt to 适合bench n. 长凳cut out 切去;省略;停止(做某事)microscope n. 显微镜out of breath 上气不接下气absence n. 缺席;不在某处fellow adj. 同伴的;同类的n.同伴;同志;伙伴annoy vt. 使……不悦;惹恼annoyed adj. 颇为生气的△annoyance n. 苦恼all in all 总而言之firm n. 公司adj.牢固的;结实的;坚决的software n. 软件sit around 闲坐着as well as 和;也parrot n. 鹦鹉tank n. (盛液体、气体的)大容器;缸;大桶tortoise n. 陆龟;龟in many ways 在许多方面psychology n. 心理(学)psychologically adv. 心理(学)地;精神上地make fun of 取笑encouragement n. 鼓舞;嘉奖conduct n. 行为;品德vt.指挥;管理;主持△mainstream n. 主流;主要倾向△fulfilling adj. 令人满足的;令人开心的 never mind 不必担忧politics n. 政治(学)abolish vt. 废除;废止△abolition n. 废除;废止resign vi. vt. 辞职;辞去(工作、职位等)slavery n. 奴隶制literature n. 文学(作品);著作;文献△Barry Minto 巴里?明托△Mount Kilimanjaro n. 气力马扎罗山(位于坦桑尼亚;非洲较高山)companion n. 同伴;伙伴assistance n. 帮助;救济congratulate vt. 庆贺;庆贺文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。

1. Motivation 分类 :onomatopoeic motivation拟声理据 , morphological motivation形态理据 , semantic motivation语义理据 , etymological motivation词源理据 .2. Types of meaning:grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,Associative meaning : 1 associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc.4Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.3. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.4. 同形同音异义关系 Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name; homographs (same spelling and homophones (some sound . Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n female adult pig. Homophones referto the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n a loved person; deer /dia/ (n a kind of animal.5. 同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.6. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Sources of Synonyms1 Borrowing 2Dialects and regional English 3 Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4 Coincidence with idiomatic expressions如何区分同义词?1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application7. What are the characteristics of antonyms?1 Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition2 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.4 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 8. 上下义关系 :Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes9. 词义变化的种类 There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy. 10. 词义的扩大 Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less词义的缩小 Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense; 词义的升格 Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense;词义的降格 Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,; 11. 词义的转移 Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation. 12. 语境的种类 :非语言语境。

英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。

它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇，我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。

第一部分：英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言，人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。

最初，人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物，逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。

1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加，语言发生了演变和变异。

英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段，包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等，每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。

第二部分：英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分，它通常具有基本含义，并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。

例如，"write"是一个词根，可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite"，通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。

2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前，用于改变词的意义或形态。

常见的前缀包括"un-"（表示否定）、"re-"（表示再次）等。

例如，"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐，"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。

2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后，用于改变词的类别或形态。

常见的后缀包括"-er"（表示职业或性别）、"-able"（表示能力或性质）等。

例如，"act"变为"actor"表示演员，"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。

第三部分：英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。

大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling￥c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary ——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.！1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.￥. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus |2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialect，beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning . microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning . mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.)b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%…本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）– retained their original pronunciation and spelling. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quoloans–formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.}1）. Word translated according to the meaning. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sound. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another language. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）$It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected languageBut the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.}By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.·After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development . old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost..3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.￥3. Borrowing –to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. . the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.]5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect –free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。