操作系统课程英文词汇_1.操作系统Operating System2.计算机Computer3.内核映像Core Image4.超级用户Super-user5.进程Process6.线程Threads7.输入/输出I/O (Input/Output)8.多处理器操作系统Multiprocessor OperatingSystems9.个人计算机操作系统Personal ComputerOperating Systems10.实时操作系统Real-Time Operating Systems11.处理机Processor12.内存Memory13.进程间通信Interprocess Communication14.输入/输出设备I/O Devices15.总线Buses16.死锁Deadlock17.内存管理Memory Management18.输入/输出Input/Output19.文件Files20.文件系统File System21.文件扩展名File Extension22.顺序存取Sequential Access23.随机存取文件Random Access File24.文件属性Attribute25.绝对路径Absolute Path26.相对路径Relative Path27.安全Security28.系统调用System Calls29.操作系统结构Operating System Structure30.层次系统Layered Systems31.虚拟机Virtual Machines32.客户/服务器模式Client/Server Mode33.线程Threads34.调度激活Scheduler Activations35.信号量Semaphores36.二进制信号量Binary Semaphore37.互斥Mutexes38.互斥Mutual Exclusion39.优先级Priority40.监控程序Monitors41.管程Monitor 42.管道Pipe43.临界区Critical Section44.忙等待Busy Waiting45.原子操作Atomic Action46.同步Synchronization47.调度算法Scheduling Algorithm48.剥夺调度Preemptive Scheduling49.非剥夺调度Nonpreemptive Scheduling50.硬实时Hard Real Time51.软实时Soft Real Time52.调度机制Scheduling Mechanism53.调度策略Scheduling Policy54.任务Task55.设备驱动程序Device Driver56.内存管理器Memory Manager57.引导程序Bootstrap58.时间片Quantum59.进程切换Process Switch60.上下文切换Context Switch61.重定位Relocation62.位示图Bitmaps63.链表Linked List64.虚拟存储器Virtual Memory65.页Page66.页面Page Frame67.页面Page Frame68.修改Modify69.访问Reference70.联想存储器Associative Memory71.命中率Hit Ration72.消息传递Message Passing73.目录Directory74.设备文件Special File75.块设备文件Block Special File76.字符设备文件Character Special File77.字符设备Character Device78.块设备Block Device79.纠错码Error-Correcting Code80.直接内存存取Direct Memory Access81.统一命名法Uniform Naming82.可剥夺资源Preemptable Resource83.不可剥夺资源Nonpreemptable Resource84.先来先服务First-Come First-Served85.最短寻道算法Shortest Seek First86.电梯算法Elevator Algorithm87.引导参数Boot Parameter88.时钟滴答Clock Tick89.内核调用Kernel Call90.客户进程Client Process91.服务器进程Server Process92.条件变量Condition Variable93.信箱Mailbox94.应答Acknowledgement95.饥饿Starvation96.空指针Null Pointer97.规范模式Canonical Mode98.非规范模式Uncanonical Mode99.代码页Code Page100.虚拟控制台Virtual Console101.高速缓存Cache102.基地址Base103.界限Limit104.交换Swapping105.内存压缩Memory Compaction 106.最佳适配Best Fit107.最坏适配Worst Fit108.虚地址Virtual Address109.页表Page Table110.缺页故障Page Fault111.最近未使用Not Recently Used 112.最久未使用Least Recently Used 113.工作集Working Set114.请调Demand Paging115.预调Prepaging116.访问的局部性Locality of Reference 117.颠簸Thrashing118.内零头Internal Fragmentation 119.外零头External Fragmentation 120.共享正文Shared Text121.增量转储Incremental Dump 122.权限表Capability List123.访问控制表Access Control List。
Operating system concepts操作系统概念：An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware.It also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an intermediary between the computer user and the computer hardware.操作系统的组成部分：A computer system can be devidded roughly into four components : the hardware ,the operating system ,theapplication programs , and the user.内存：1.main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and data permanently. 2.main memory is a volatile storage device that loses its contents when power is turned off or otherwise lost.多道程序设计：Multiprogaramming incereases CPU utilization by organizing jobs (code or data) so that the CPU always has one to execute.分时系统：Time sharing requires an interactive (or hands -on) computer system .which provides direct communication betweeen the user an the system.Dual - mode Operation: user mode . kernel mode进程：A program in execution ,as mentioned,is a process ,A time - shared user program such as compiler is a process用户接口（user interface）: 1.CLI 2.batch interface 3.CUI通信：共享内存、信息传递系统调用（System calls）：process control . File manipulation .device maniputlation .information maintenance .communications.机制和策略（Mechanisms and plolicies）: Nechanisms determine how to do something; policiesdetermine what will be done;进程声明图表（Diagram of process state）:It is important to realize that only one process can be running on any processor st any instant . Many processes may be readyand waiting , however ,The state diagram corresponding to these states is presented in 图3.2 P83调度(scheduler):1. long-term scheduler or job scheduler 2. short-term scheduler or CPU scheduler.上下文切换：Swirching the CPU to another process requires performing a state save of the cuurent process and a state restore of a different process . This task is konwn as a context switch.独立协作进程：P96信息传递共享内存图：P97缓冲（Buffering ）: 1. Zero capacity 2.Bounded capacity 3.Unbounded capacityMessage passing may be either Blocking or nonblocking , --- also known as synchronous and asynchronous .Thread (线程)：A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization ; it comprises a thread ID , a program counter , a register set , and a stack .Multithreading Models（多线程模式）：1. Many to One Models 2.One to One model 3.Many to Many model.CPU-scheduling : 四种情况P155.Scheduling Criteria (调度准则)：1 ,Cpu utilization 2 .Throughput 3.Turnaround time 4.Waiting time 5.Response time调度算法大题：P158Critical-Section (临界区域): no two processes are executing in their critica; sections at the same time .Solution : 1. Mutual cxclusion 2.progress 3.Bounded waiting.Two general approaches are used to handle critical sections in operating systems : 1. Preemptive kernels 2.nonpreemptive kernels.Deadlocks an Starvation (死锁和饥饿): ……Deadlock (死锁条件)：1.Mutual exclusion 2.Hold and Wait 3.No preemption 4.Circular wait.资源分配图：P250银行家算法：P259图：P277Addess Binding: plie time 2.load time 3.execution time.MMU: P279Contiguous memory allocation: the memory is usually divided into two partitions : one for theresident operating system and one for the user processes.图：P285内存分配三种方法: First fit Best fit Worst fit内外fragmentation：External fragmentation internal fragmentationSollution : CompactionBasic method : frames pagesTwo parts : page number(p) page offest(d)Page-table base register (PTBR)分段：SegmentationSegment table : Each entry in the segment table has a segment base and a segment limit.Virtual memory : is a technique that allows the execution of processes that are not completely in memory页面替换算法：P331Thrashing : A process is thrashing if it is spending more time paging than executing .We can limit the effects of thrashing by using a local replacement algorithm (or priority replacement algorithm)文件系统接口：the file system consists of two distinct parts : a collection of files each storing related data and a directory structure .Access Methods: 1. Sequential Access 2.Direct Access 3.other Access MethodsMany systems recognize three classifications of users in connection with each file :1.Owner2.Group3.UniverseDirectory Implementation: 1.linear list 2.hash tableAllocation Methods : 1. Contiguous Allocation 2.Linked Allocation 3.Indexed Allocation图：P452Disk Scheduling : 1. FCFS Scheduling 2.SSTF Scheduling 3.SCAN Scheduling 4.C-SCAN Scheduling . 5.LOOK SchedulingThe two main jobs of a computer are I/O and processing .The role of the operating system in computer I/O is to manage and control I/O operaitons and I/O devices.An I/O port typically consists of four registers : 1. Status 2.control 3.data-in 4.data-out registers。
