给--Figures of speech.-高级英语doc

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heigh ten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing fi guratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speec h.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resem blance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstraction s(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration t o achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, i mpressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mi ghtier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentio ned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meani ng of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Solipsism: (一语双叙）It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or m ore words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only o n of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, an d desired us to follow him. (Here we are used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sente nce. For example, while he was fighting, and losing limb and mind, and dying, othe rs stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in liter al; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to gover n two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to o nly one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, the sun shal l not burn you by day or the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel realgood.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundab out (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small f lies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary t oestablished fact or practice, but which onfurther thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoinin g(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-s weet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or i deas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or inte nsity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I co nquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降） It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or perso n (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said.For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly m odify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I s pent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of wo rds for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the soun ds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sug gestive(提示的) of some action or movement。

phenomena
without name directly
“讽”言“讽”语
• Irony（反语）
（1）Definition:It achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. （2）Effects:To create ironic and humorous effect.
Forms: A.部分和整体互代； B.以材料代替事物； C.抽象和具体互代； D.以个体代替集体。
COMPARISON
Metonymy（转喻） Synecdoche（提喻）
The Same
Focuses The Different
Features
Substitution
association; relevance by the name of sth.
（2）Features:It attacks in a taunting（嘲弄）and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage（蔑视）， ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. （3）Example:
（3）Example:
——Hiroshima---the "Liveliest" City in Japan.
(much use of "little" in the context)
• 'Sarcasm（讽刺）

SIMILE(明喻)
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。 They will never be able to save money to buy a new house——they both spend money like water. The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out oa fairy tale. (as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石 (as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 (as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶 (as) mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉 (as) strong as a horse 强壮如牛 (as) cool as a cucumber 泰然自若 (as) sure as a gun 千真万确
在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体 需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。 英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体 现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、 定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单 词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。
METAPHOR(隐喻/暗喻)
Still waters run deep. 水静深流，人静心深。 A little pot is soon hot. 小锅易沸，小人易怒。 A new broom sweeps clean. 新官上任三把火。 He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned. 金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以 淹没在其中。 The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it. 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。

1.文章一The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds——even thousands ——of years(hyperbole) (personification).2.stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. (hyperbole)3.As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. (onomatopoeia)4.It grows louder and mire distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes(personification). (metaphor)5.The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters’market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazzaar. (metaphor)6.and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick walls and vaulted roof are only dimly visible. (hyperbole)7.its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels.(onomatopoeia)(personification)8.the heat and glare of a big ,open square (metaphor)9.innumerable lamps and braziers…;…some of them incredibly young…(hyperbole)10(alliteration头韵)①…thread their way among the throngs of people…②make a point of protesting…11.(assonance元韵)…the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels…12.(antithesis对比) ①…a ting apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows…②…which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels.13.文章二（sarcasm讽刺）①Hiroshima-the “liveliest”City in Japan (the title)②If you write about this city ,do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even if…14.(alliteration头韵)①…as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station.②…and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. 15.(hyperbole)…and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment…16.(simile明喻)Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down repeatedly in little bows…(climax层递)No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially, the people who were born here or who lived through it.(metonymy)the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.(anticlimax)①“Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”.②But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me . (synecdoche)There were fresh bows ,and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated .17.文章三（personification）①Where there should havebeen gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand-as far as I could see in all directions .②At the very bottom of the earth,high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky…18.(hyperbole)Like the population explosion, thescientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century.19.(metaphor)①On some nights, in high northernlatitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress.②What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky?③…a sudden and startling surge in human population…20.(metonymy转喻或借代)①Two and a half years laterI slept under the midnight sun at the other end ofour planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-foot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean.②…the relationship between the two superpowers…③According to our guide ,the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America-which means we are silently thousands of songs we have ever heard .21.(analogy类比metaphor)But one doesn’t have totravel around the world to witness humankind’s assault on the earth.(alliteration)Acre by acre ,the rain forest is beingburned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef . 22.文章四（hyperbole）①…chin on chest, eyes onground, feet in shuffle…②She put on some sunglasses that hid everything above the tip of her nose and her chin.23.(analogy类比)…perhaps a dog run over by somecareless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him?24.(simile)①…my skin like an uncooked barleypan-cake.②It is like an extended living room.③Maggie’s hand is as limp as a fish.④Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s⑤Wangero said sweet as a bird.⑥She gasped like a bee had stung her .25(metonymy) Out she peeks next with a Polaroid.26.(metaphor)①Every once in a while he and Wangerosent eye signals over my head.②You didn’t even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood .27.(Irony)”Your heritage,” she said.28. (exaggeration) ①I feel my whole face warmingfrom the heat waves it throws out .②And she stopsand tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe.。