四川农业大学动物遗传育种学2010年考博真题
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(各位好,有些地方记得不一定准啊)
中国农大2010年考博遗传真题
一、名词解释(每个4分,共32分)
1、表达序列标签(EST)
2、细胞凋亡
3、等位基因排斥
4、基因转换
5、假基因
6、增强子
7、BAC、YAC载体
8、功能基因组学
二、简述(每个8分,共40分)
1、什么是α互补?
2、miRNA产生及其作用机制?
3、什么是噬菌体的展示技术?
4、什么是表观遗传学?
5、什么是转录后的基因沉默?
三、论述题(三选二,每题14分)
1、各种转座子的结构及其作用机制?
2、论述动植物质量基因的定位方法及基因定位准确性验证?
3、论述分子遗传学的未来发展方向?
中国农大2010年考博基因工程真题
一、名词解释(每个6分,共30分)
BAC,Nick translation,cDNA,HAT选择
二、简述
1、简述同位克隆的原理和步骤。
2、PCR与RAPD的原理与区别。
3、已知一段未知功能的基因克隆如何验证其功能,以你熟悉的一种作物为例加以说明。
4、琼脂糖凝胶电脉分离DNA与聚丙烯酰氨分离蛋白质的异同点。
5、三种基因转化的方法,并说明其原理。
三、论述题
试论述基因工程(植物)的研究进展及在农业生产中的意义。
中国农大2010年考博英语题型
一、词汇题(20分):1、同义词选择,2、词义与词性选择。
二、阅读理解(40分):6篇文章
三、完形填空(15分)
四、翻译(10分):英译汉
五、作文(15分)。
四川农业大学2010年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题科目名称:3089兽医临床诊断学(总分:100分)适用专业:临床兽医学考生注意:所有答案必需写在答题纸上,否则无效!本试题随同答题纸交回!一、多项选择题(请选出每题的所有正确答案,漏选或多选,该小题均不得分;每小题2分,共20分)1. 下列指标,那一项对脱水程度判定最为可靠()。
A. 皮肤弹性减退B. 血液浓缩C. 尿量减少或无尿D. PCV升高2. 湿咳多见于()。
A. 肺炎B. 结核钙化期C. 胸膜炎D. 气管异物E. 肺水肿F. 肺脓肿3. 犬呕吐不止甚至出现干呕,空腹也发生,多见于()。
A. 脑部损伤B. 过食C. 食物性胃肠炎D. 食道异物阻塞E. 中毒F. 肠梗阻4. 多尿可见于下列()情况。
A.大量饮水或输液后B.慢性肾炎C.膀胱结石D.呕吐或腹泻E.急性肾炎F.犬糖尿病5. 白细胞数减少,见于()。
A. 炎症性疾病B. 犬瘟热等病毒病C. 细菌感染D. 放射性损伤E. 白血病F. 化脓性疾病6. 下列因素,哪些可引起猪出现流产()。
A. 细小病毒感染B. 大肠杆菌感染C. 猪瘟D. 霉败饲料E. 弓形体感染F. 伪狂犬病7. 犬腹部触诊检查时,发现腹腔有质地坚实的团块,可能是()。
A. 子宫蓄脓B. 肿瘤C. 妊娠的胎儿D. 肾脏E.肠套叠F. 膀胱结石8. 器质性心内缩期杂音见于()。
A.心包摩擦音B.房室瓣闭所不全C.房室口狭窄D.动脉口狭窄E.动脉瓣闭所不全F.贫血性杂音9. 肺泡呼吸音减弱或消失,见于()。
A.大叶性肺炎B.发热C.渗出性胸膜炎D.贫血E.小叶性肺炎F.猪萎缩性鼻炎10. 下列因素,哪些可引起断奶仔猪出现腹泻()。
A.饲料干燥,饮水不足B.断奶应激C.霉败饲料中毒D.天气突然变冷E.高热性疾病F.饲料粗蛋白过高二、简要回答下列问题(20分)1、怀疑动物肾脏功能障碍,在临床及检验方面,应作哪些项目检查(列出可能出现的病理性变化指标,10分)2、反应反刍兽消化功能障碍的主要指标有哪些,并列出可能的主要变化(10分)三、某规模化养猪场发生疫病,发病猪有逐日增多的趋势,请你作检查,可能的疾病类型有哪些?请阐述检查的主要步骤?(30分)四、在临床检验中,反应肝脏病变的指标主要有哪些?在肝脏病变时上述指标分别有哪些变化?(30分)。
四川农业大学2008年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题动物营养类专业科目名称:3086高级动物营养学(总分:100分)适用专业:考生注意:所有答案必需写在答题纸上,否则无效!本试题随同答题纸交回!一、术语解释(每小题3分,共15分)1.理想氨基酸平衡模式2.蛋白质周转代谢3.基础代谢4.动态营养需要模型5.饲料养分生物学效价二、填空或选择题(每空或每题1分,共20分)1.饲料在动物体内的消化方式包括、和。
2.新生仔猪最易缺乏的微量元素是,其典型缺乏症状为。
3.幼龄动物缺钙的典型症状是。
4.动物出现肌肉营养不良,可能与缺乏和有关。
5.确定动物养分需要量常采用的方法包括和。
6.动物采食量的长期调节机制一般用理论解释。
7.产蛋家禽的钙需要量很高,一般为非产蛋家禽的倍。
8.下列有机物经燃烧彻底氧化分解后释放热量最高的物质是()。
A. 蛋白质B. 脂肪C. 碳水化合物D. 纤维素9.下列哪种氨基酸不是猪的必需氨基酸()。
A. LysB. MetC. IleD. Gly10.下列哪种脂肪酸不是动物的EFA()。
A. linolenic acidB. linoleic acidC. oleic acidD. arachidonic acid11.反刍动物常用能量体系是()。
A. DEB. DE and MEC. MED. NE12.下列哪种氨基酸不属于半必需氨基酸()。
A. 半胱氨酸B. 酪氨酸C. 苯丙氨酸D. 丝氨酸13.下列哪种维生素是唯一含有金属元素的维生素()。
A. 生物素B. 维生素B2C. 维生素B12D. 维生素B614.不同营养素热增耗不同,其中热增耗最大的是()。
A. 脂肪B. 蛋白质C. 碳水化合物D. 矿物元素第 1 页共8 页。
生物化学历届博士考题1 名词解释:(1)Rnase /ribozyme:Rnase:核糖核酸酶,即水解核糖核酸的酶,是一种蛋白质;ribozyme:核糖酶,某些RNA分子具有酶活性,1982年Cech等实验发现四膜虫的rRNA分子在没有任何蛋白质酶的存在下,能切除自身的内含子,使两个外显子拼接起来变成成熟的rRNA分子,证明RNA分子具有酶活性。
为区别传统的蛋白质酶,对这种具有催化活性的RNA成为ribozyme。
(2)别构酶:酶分子的非催化部位与某些化合物可逆地非共价结合后发生构象改变,进而改变酶的活性状态,称为酶的别构调节。
具有这种调节作用的酶称为别构酶。
(3)抗体酶:抗体是专一于抗原分子,有催化活性的一类具有特殊生物学功能的蛋白质,它由抗原分子促进而大量产生,并与抗原分子间有结合专一性,这种专一性和酶与底物间结合的专一性非常相似。
因而,人们设想是否可以认为抗原分子能促使机体产生大量的新酶,并模拟酶与底物的过渡态结构合成一些类似物(称半抗原,hapten)对动物进行免疫,诱导出具有相应酶活性的“抗体酶”。
(4)拓扑异构酶:可以改变DNA拓扑异构体的L值(连环数)的酶,称拓扑异构酶。
拓扑异构酶有两类,拓扑异构酶Ⅰ使双超螺旋DNA转变成松弛形环状DNA,每一次催化作用可使L值增加1,反应不需能量;拓扑异构酶Ⅱ相反,可使松弛形环状DNA 转变成超螺旋DNA,每一次催化作用使L值减少2,由ATP供应能量。
(5)同工酶:指催化相同的化学反应,但其蛋白质分子结构、理化性质和免疫性能等方面都存在明显差异的一组酶。
(6)原级同工酶:多基因座或复等位基因编码的一组酶。
(7)寡聚酶:两个或两个以上亚基组成的酶,称为寡聚酶。
这些亚基可以是相同的,也可以是不同的。
(8)Km:酶反应速率达到最大反应速率一半时的底物浓度。
单位:mol/L。
(9)Tm:加热变性使DNA双螺旋结构失去一半时的温度称为该DNA的熔点或熔解温度,用Tm表示。
《动物育种与繁殖(专科)》20年12月作业考核
试卷总分:100 得分:100
一、单选题 (共 20 道试题,共 100 分)
1.核心群取得的遗传改进扩展到商品群是通过()
A.繁育体系
B.杂交
C.选择
D.繁殖
答案:A
2.为了综合两个品种的优良特性以培育新品种,不应采用()
A.育成杂交
B.级进杂交
C.导入杂交
D.经济杂交
答案:B
3.进行早期选择,可采用的信息是()
A.后裔
B.亲本
C.本身
D.家系
答案:B
4.选择强度与留种率之间呈()相关
A.正相关
B.负相关
C.不相关
D.偏相关
答案:B
5.合并选择可以利用()的信息
A.家系
B.个体
C.个体和家系
D.亲属
答案:C
6.育种值估计不能利用的信息是()
A.本身
B.亲本
C.杂交
D.同胞
答案:C。
1.轮回杂交中母本群除第一次使用纯种外,以后各代均用()A.杂交所产生的杂种母畜B.杂种母畜C.上代亲本D.纯种母畜【参考答案】: A2.产生选择极限的原因在于()A.选择间隔太长B.无可利用的遗传变异C.选择强度太小D.育种值估计不准【参考答案】: B3.合并选择可以利用()的信息A.家系B.个体C.个体和家系D.亲属【参考答案】: C4.结合个体表型值与家系均值进行的选择叫()A.个体选择B.家系选择C.家系内选择D.合并选择【参考答案】: D5.畜群大小一般用()表示A.个体数B.实际含量C.有效含量D.公母比例【参考答案】: C6.发源于一头优秀种公畜的畜群称为()A.单系B.品族C.近交系D.群系【参考答案】: A7.育种值是指基因的()A.加性效应值B.显性效应值C.上位效应值D.互作效应值【参考答案】: A8.核心群取得的遗传改进扩展到商品群是通过()A.繁育体系B.杂交C.选择D.繁殖【参考答案】: A9.育种值估计不能利用的信息是()A.本身B.亲本C.杂交D.同胞【参考答案】: C10.形成合子的两个配子来自同一个共同祖先的概率称为()A.亲缘系数B.近交系数C.相关系数D.回归系数【参考答案】: B11.进行早期选择,可采用的信息是()A.后裔B.亲本C.本身D.家系【参考答案】: B12.为了获取最大的杂种优势用于商品生产,应采用()A.育成杂交B.级进杂交C.导入杂交D.经济杂交【参考答案】: D13.为了综合两个品种的优良特性以培育新品种,不应采用()A.育成杂交B.级进杂交C.导入杂交D.经济杂交【参考答案】: B14.下列那种多性状的选择方法的选择效率最高()A.合并选择法B.顺序选择法C.独立淘汰法D.指数选择法【参考答案】: D15.同胞测定是利用()信息评价种畜A.双亲B.后裔C.同胞D.祖父【参考答案】: C16.选择差与留种率之间呈()相关A.正相关B.负相关C.不相关D.偏相关【参考答案】: B17.绵羊在动物分类学中的地位是()A.羊科、羊属B.牛科、绵羊属C.牛科、羊属D.绵羊科、绵羊属【参考答案】: B18.猪的瘦肉率与背膘厚之间的关系是()A.呈正相关B.呈负相关C.不相关D.呈偏相关【参考答案】: B19.生产性能测定按照测定规模可分为大群测定和()A.场内测定B.同胞测定C.后裔测定D.抽样测定【参考答案】: D20.以下那种留种方式下的群体有效含量最大()A.公母数量不等,随机留种B.公母各半,随机留种C.公母各半,各家系等数留种D.公少母多,各家系等比例留种【参考答案】: C。
座位号绝密★启用前四川农业大学网络教育专科考试动物育种学试卷(课程代码)注意:1、答题前,请在密封线内准确、清楚地填写各项目;2、姓名(按学员证相同字)、学号不写、乱写、涂改及模糊不清者,试卷作废;3、开卷考试,若有雷同以零分计。
一、不定项选择(每题2分,共20分)1.下列交配类型中,属于种间杂交的组合是()。
A 太湖猪×长白猪B 水牛×黄牛C 马×驴D 山羊×绵羊2.下列那种措施是防止近交衰退最有效的措施( )。
A 异质选配B 选择淘汰C 环境控制D 后裔测定3.下列品种中属于我国地方品种的有( )。
A内江猪 B波尔山羊 C九斤黄鸡 D黑白花奶牛4.下面哪个因素不会影响选择反应( )。
A 遗传变异B 选择强度C 世代间隔D 留种率5.引入品种的管理和选育中应采取()等措施。
A 集中饲养B 慎重过渡C 逐步推广D 开展品系选育6.杂交改良品种的方法有()。
A 引入杂交B 改良杂交C 轮回杂交D 三元杂交7.品系繁育的作用主要有()。
A 加速现有品种的改良B 促进新品种的形成C 鉴定远缘优秀个体D 充分利用杂种优势8.家畜具有( )特征。
A依赖于人类而生存繁衍 B生产力高 C经济价值高 D只有种的区别9.提高选种效果的途径有()。
A早期选种 B准确选种 C从优选择 D家系选择10.遗传率的作用有( )。
A确定选择方法 B预测选择反应 C预估杂种优势 D估计育种值二、名词比对解释(每题5分,共25分)1.驯养和驯化2.选种和选配3.个体育种值和综合育种值4.单系和群系5.QTL和MAS三、简答题(每题5分,共25分)1.在家畜育种中,近交有哪些方面的用途?2.生产性能测定的重要性表现在哪些方面?3.请简述杂交育种的基本步骤。
4.家畜品种应具备的条件有哪些?5.请简要说明BLUP法的含义及优点?四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)1.什么杂种优势?杂种优势利用主要包括那些主要环节?2.我国畜禽地方品种有哪些的优良特性?如何合理的开发利用这些优良特性?(参考答案)一、不定项选择1.B2.B3.A C4.C5.ABCD6.AB7.ABD8.ABC9.ABC 10.ABCD二、名词比对解释6.驯养和驯化驯养指人类对野生动物的饲养;驯化指人类在野生动物驯养过程中,经过长期饲养、选择和培育,使动物的体型外貌、生活习性、生产性能等发生根本性变化(遗传基础发生改变),完全丧失野性而依赖于人类生存繁衍的过程。
四川农业大学2010年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题一、简述现代畜禽品质育种的技术需求与发展趋势(20分)1 优质畜禽新品种改良技术(1)畜禽优良品种(系)的选育以常规技术为主,结合高新技术的畜禽改良方法,提高育种水平,培育优质高产畜禽新品种(系),尽快解决良种问题。
通过畜禽主要经济性状的分子遗传、数量性状主效基因的检测与利用研究,探讨基因型育种的新途径。
关键技术:准确、系统的生产性能测定技术体系;遗传评定新技术、新方法;大规模联合育种技术;繁殖生物学技术。
(2)优质高效配套系的开发杂种优势利用是畜牧生产的重要增产手段之一,在猪禽生产中广泛利用。
品种愈丰富,愈具多样性,就愈能适应环境条件和社会需求的变化。
我国具有丰富的品种遗传资源,有很大的选育潜力。
关键技术:杂种优势设计和配合力预测新技术;畜禽优势性状在配套系框架中的利用技术;繁育体系优化育种规划研究;适合不同需要的品系配套、产业化研究。
2. 畜禽品种资源保护开发利用调查、收集优良畜禽种质资源,建立种质资源数据库;研究种质资源保存新技术,建立优化包种方案,为保种和利用提供依据,使许多独特的优良畜禽品种资源得到完整保存;保护好畜禽遗传资源的多样性,为畜牧业的持续、高效发展创造条件。
关键技术:畜禽品种特性、特异性状及遗传基础研究;遗传资源保护技术的研究包括:冷冻精液、冷冻胚胎、冷冻卵细胞技术及其DNA文库研究;遗传资源管理技术和多样性保护监测程序研究;畜禽遗传资源持续利用研究。
3. 动物品种遗传监测技术畜禽遗传种质监测是品种资源高效利用的前提,也是我国良种工程的基础。
对整个畜牧业的未来发展有着极其重要的作用关键技术:新的畜禽品种标准的修订和制定;个体水平监测的特征特性的选择及其测定方法;群体水平的先进的参数估计方法;细胞水平监测的规范化的实验室分析技术,细胞染色体的计算机图象分析技术;可用于品种监测的生化及免疫遗传标记筛选;分子水平监测的分子遗传标记测定技术。
四川农业大学
2010年招收攻读博士学位研究生考试试题
科目名称:2081植物遗传学(总分:100分)适用专业:作物遗传育种
考生注意:所有答案必需写在答题纸上,否则无效!本试题随同答题纸交回!
一、解释下列名词(20分)(可用英文解释,如果正确每个加1分)
⑴mutation and variation ⑵autopolyploid and allopolyploid
⑶male sterility ⑷chromosome translocation
⑸RNA editing ⑹DNA methylation
⑺transcription ⑻cis-trans test
二、回答下列问题
1. 基因的概念是如何发展的?(20分)
2. 遗传重组是新性状产生的重要机制之一,有哪些基本类型的遗传重组,各自作用如
何?(20分)
3. 分子生物学研究中常见的作图群体有哪些?各有何有缺点(20分)
4. 红花(R)对白花(r)为完全显性,如今有两个染色体结构相同、均开红花的三体植株
A和B,发现A×B和B×A时,后代分别呈现5:1与4:1的红花与白花分离比例,试分析A和B的基因型,基因的分离方式及各自产生的配子类型?(20分)。
中国农业科学院和中国农业大学2004年动物遗传育种与繁殖专业的博士入学试题(回忆版),
上半部分为《动物分子生物学》,下半部分为《家畜遗传育种学》。
中国农业大学生物学院部分专业也考《动物分子生物学》
《动物分子生物学》
一、名词:
RQ—PCR 微卫星DNA SNP SARS 转换
同源重组可变剪切基因簇端粒酶无义突变
二、简答
1. 真核生物RNA聚合酶启动子的特点
2. 转座子的作用机理及遗传效应
3. 核糖核酸中戊糖2’—OH的作用
4. Z—DNA的结构和生物学作用
5. 终止子和终止密码的区别
6. 举例说明免疫球蛋白的遗传重排的过程。
《动物遗传学》
一、名词:
育种目标REML 连锁不平衡微效多基因和主效基因家系选择÷
二、简答:
1. MAS的原理、方法及应用?
2. Hardy-Weinberg原理的基本内容
3. 什么是个体育种值?BLUP相对于常规选择的优点?
4. 近交增量为0.05,计算15代的近交系数
5. 杂交繁育体系的结构及其应用
6. 生产性能测定的几种方法及应用
7. 后裔测定会延长世代间隔,但为什么在奶牛育种中还在应用?
8. (记不起)
三、计算(记不起没有原始数据)
1. 关于遗传进展和辅助选择的计算
2. 用女母回归法和半同胞相关法估计遗传力
四、问答
1. 家畜遗传多样性保护的意义,存在的问题及对策
2. 阐述《分子数量遗传学》的主要研究内容,方法,进展和自己的看法。
(以上资料仅凭回忆,如有不符,请多原谅。
《育种学(本科)》21年6月作业考核
红字部分为答案!
一、单选题
1.30.自花授粉作物纯系为什么也会产生遗传的变异?因为有()的发生。
A.自交分离
B.基因杂合性
C.基因型纯合化
D.天然杂交和基因突变
2.50.对于生产应用而言,下列作物杂种优势指标中,以()更为重要。
A.平均优势
B.对照优势
C.超标优势
D.营养优势
3.在人工选择的过程中,自然选择起作用吗?
A.不起作用
B.起一定作用
C.起主要作用
D.起有利作用
4.单倍体育种时宜选择()进行离体培养。
A.母本花药
B.父本花药
C.杂种F1或F2花药
D.都可以
5.5.基因工程改造植物必需首先具有()。
A.工具酶
B.目的基因
C.基因载体
D.蛋白质
6.制定作物育种目标应当
A.全面
B.详细
C.抓主要矛盾
D.灵活机动
7.28.玉米品种南种北引生育期会()。
A.延长
B.缩短
C.保持不变
D.不可预测
8.杂合基因型的作物,自交后代的生活力(?);
A.衰退
B.增强。
动物遗传育种试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 动物遗传育种的主要目的是()。
A. 提高动物的抗病性B. 提高动物的生产性能C. 增加动物的数量D. 保护动物的多样性答案:B2. 下列哪项不是遗传育种的基本原则?()。
A. 遗传多样性B. 选择压力C. 人工选择D. 自然淘汰答案:D3. 动物遗传育种中,选择的依据是()。
A. 个体的表型B. 个体的基因型C. 个体的生活环境D. 个体的繁殖能力答案:A4. 以下哪个不是动物遗传育种中常用的育种方法?()。
A. 近交B. 杂交C. 基因编辑D. 克隆答案:D5. 动物遗传育种中,基因型与表型的关系是()。
A. 基因型决定表型B. 表型决定基因型C. 基因型和表型无关D. 基因型和表型相互影响答案:A6. 动物遗传育种中,下列哪项不是基因型的表现?()。
A. 毛色B. 体重C. 性别D. 行为答案:D7. 动物遗传育种中,下列哪项不是表型的表现?()。
A. 毛色B. 体重C. 性别D. 基因序列答案:D8. 动物遗传育种中,近交的目的通常是为了()。
A. 增加遗传多样性B. 减少遗传多样性C. 保持遗传稳定性D. 改变遗传性状答案:C9. 动物遗传育种中,杂交育种的目的通常是为了()。
A. 增加遗传多样性B. 减少遗传多样性C. 保持遗传稳定性D. 改变遗传性状答案:A10. 动物遗传育种中,基因编辑技术可以用于()。
A. 增加遗传多样性B. 减少遗传多样性C. 改变特定基因D. 改变所有基因答案:C二、多项选择题(每题3分,共15分)1. 动物遗传育种中,以下哪些因素会影响动物的表型?()。
A. 基因型B. 环境因素C. 饲养管理D. 疾病答案:ABCD2. 动物遗传育种中,以下哪些技术可以用于改善动物的遗传性状?()。
A. 人工选择B. 基因编辑C. 基因克隆D. 基因重组答案:ABD3. 动物遗传育种中,以下哪些方法可以增加遗传多样性?()。
Part I Reading Comprehension (45 points)Questions 1--5 are based on the following passage:Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker "sell" his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listener interest.A successful speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table, are "regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest."To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone.Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues(暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.1. This passage is mainly concerned with _______.a. the importance of eye contactb. the potency of nonverbal techniquesc. successful speech deliveryd. an effective way to gain visual feedbacks2. According to the passage, a good speaker must _____.a. "sealo" his or her ideas to an audienceb. maintain direct eye contact with listenersc. be very persuasive and believabled. be exceptionally well-disposed3. The word "target" in the last sentence of the first paragraph can best be replaced by________.a. "destination"b. "goal"c. "audience"d. "followers"4. In daily life, when the glances of two passers-by happen to meet, these two persons willinevitably ____.a. smile to each otherb. feel awkward and look away immediatelyc. try to make a conversation with each otherd. none of the above5. Eye contact with an audience, according to the author, has all the following benefits forthe speaker EXCEP that it doesn't ________.a. help the speaker to control the audienceb. help the speaker to gain audience interest and esteemc. help the speaker to know whether he is talking too much about a certain pointd. help the speaker to analyze his audience when he is beginning his speech Questions 6--10 are based on the following passage:After the very active and successful tenure(任职) of office by the Senegalese President as the head of the Organization of African Unity, it was highly logical to think that the successor, whoever he might be, would have a difficult task in doing a better job.The Congolese president set to work as soon as he was elected. His first step was to suggest to the dean of heads of State present in the Ethiopian capital, President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, to summon a meeting of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa. Its aim: to define a strategy in order to overcome the reprisals(报复行为) that the racist regime of Pretoria is likely to take against its neighbors in case sanctions(制裁) are imposed by the international community.President Sassou Ngueso has already undertaken a number of trips abroad. He thus went to Harare (Zimbabwe) where he delivered a speech, on September 1, on behalf of Africa before the summit meeting of non-aligned(不结盟的)nations.At the end of September, he was in New York, for a statement before the General Assembly of the United Nations, and then in Washington, for talks with high-ranking members of the Reagan Administration. He then went to Ottawa, for consultations with leading members of the Canadian government.The Congolese president's aim, in all these endeavors, is to convince still reluctant countries of the imperious necessity of imposing sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.6. In the first paragraph, the word "successor" refers to ________.a. a person who enjoyed a successful career in politicsb. a person who was very popular in the political arenac. the person who was to lead the organizationd. the former head of the organization7. According to the passage, Denis Sassou Nguesso ______.a. is Congoleseb. knew that it was very difficult for him to be electedc. was elected without any oppositiond. has held a meeting in the Ethipion capital8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?a. President Sassou Nguess has decided to visit as many African countries as possible.b. President Sassou Nguesso made a suggestion to President Kenneth Kaunda that ameeting be held of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa.c. President Sassou Nguesso went to Harare and delivered a speech there.d. If sanctions are imposed against South Africa by the international community, theracist regime of Pretoria will probably take revenge on its neighbors.9. We may draw the conclusion that President Sassou Nguesso has been working reallyhard to ________.a. prove himself a trustworthy presidentb. convince some reluctant countries that it is highly necessary to impose sanctionsagainst the racist regime of Pretoria.c. show to the whole world the strength and power of the Organization of AfricanUnityd. seek financial support from some advanced countries to promote African economy.10. This piece is most probably taken from _____.a. a newspaper reportb. a biographyc. a history bookd. a Who's WhoQuestions 11--15 are based on the following passage:Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working).This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working─temperature will rise─milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car fromstarting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself,as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors─pedestrians or other cars in the intersection ─must also be present.In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.11. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _______.a. relationships between causes and resultsb. classification of reasoningc. some other common types of reasoningd. some special type of reasoning12. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason _______.a. from cause to effectb. from effect to causec. from effect to effect and on the caused. from effect to cause and on to another effect13. A necessary cause is ______.a. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurb. one of the causes that can produce the effectc. one that is enough to make the effect occurd. none of them14. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has beencut off. The power failure is a ________.a. necessary causeb. sufficient causec. contributory caused. none of them15. This passage mainly discusses ______.a. causal reasoningb. various types of reasoningc. classification of causesd. the causal processQuestions 16-20 are based on the following passage:I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teen-agers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another's hands for reassurance.They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way isthat the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon(蚕茧) ─into a larger cocoon.It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come─with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.16. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to tell _______.a. readers how to be popular with people aroundb. teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselvesc. parents how to control and guide their childrend. people how to understand and respect each other17. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on theirown, but, in fact, most of them ______.a. have much difficulty understanding each otherb. lack confidencec. dare not cope with problems single-handedd. are very much afraid of getting lost18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?a. There is no popularity that really counts.b. What many parents are dong is in fact hindering their children from finding theirown paths.c. It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.d. Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actuallydoing he same.19. The author thinks of advertisements as _______.a. convincingb. influentialc. instructived. authoritative20. During the teen-age years, one should learn to _____.a. differ from others in as many ways as possibleb. get into the right season and become popularc. find one's real selfd. rebel against parents and the popularity waveQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage:It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates(变坏) as they move up school, they are more likely to leave school early, and are more often delinquent(犯法的) and sexually precocious(早熟).Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood.There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarettes, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters.It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit once established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises(大楼及附属建筑物). This rule has been introduced at Summer hill School where I spent my rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal(肉体的) punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in front of children.21. In this passage the author puts an emphasis on ______.a. the effect of smoking among childrenb. the difficulty in preventing children from smokingc. the reasons why children start smoking among childrend. the measures to ban smoking among children22. Which of the following is a common characteristic of young smokers?a. Disobedienceb. Lazinessc. Lack of intelligenced. Vanity23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?a. Some children start to smoke out of curiosityb. Many children start to smoke because they want to appear mature.c. In order to have fewer children smokers, parents, teachers and health care workersshould not smoke.d. It is not as difficult to prevent children from starting to smoke as to dissuade adultsfrom smoking.24. The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking ______.a. should be introduced, for it really works at the school where he once studied.b. should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance.c. should be introduced though it may not work effectively.d. needn't be introduced as long as teachers don't smoke in front of children.25. The author's attitude towards his writing is ______.a. objectiveb. emotionalc. criticald. indifferentQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage:When astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time, on July 20,1969, it represented one of the most inspiring achievements in man's history to millions of people throughout the world. But to a small organization called the International Flat Earth Research Society, it was nothing more than a piece of cleverly stage managed science-fiction trickery.And Armstrong's historic words when stepping down from the Eagle module(宇宙飞船船舱) onto the dusty lunar surface about 240,000 miles from earth─"one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" ─was a phrase that could have come only from the pen of a scriptwriter.As for the pictures reputedly(一般被认为地) taken in space showing the earth to be a rotating sphere, well, they were just too ludicrous (可笑的) for words. The sun, say the Flat Earthier, circuits the earth instead of the earth revolving around the sun─a notion that most people take for granted.The society, whose membership is currently estimated to be about 1,400, dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense and is convinced that the entire human race is being subjected to the greatest hoax(骗局) in history.From its headquarters in Lancaster, California, the society wages a war of words through newsletters and pamphlets against the evils of science.The society was founded about 1800 in Great Britain and the United States and, says its American president Charles Johnson, was descended from the Zetetic society, which took its name from an ancient Greek philosophical school of skeptics. It survived under this name until 1956, when its general secretary, Samuel Shelton, of Kent, England, changed the name to the present title.The society's belief is this: that the earth is flat, with the land masses grouped around the central point of the North Pole.The Antarctic region is not the compact island mass it is commonly believed to be but an impenetrable ice-cold girdle(环形物) around the earth. The Flat Earthier argue that transantarctic expeditions have never happened. Explorers, misled by instrument faults, merely traveled an icy arc within the girdle.26. To the International Flat Earth Research Society, man's first landing on the moon was_______.a. one of the most inspiring events in man's historyb. only a well-conducted experimentc. just a smartly-performed trickd. a science-fiction piece produced by a certain scriptwriter27. Which of the following is NOT true about the society?a. It now has about 1,400 members.b. Its headquarters are in both Great Britain and the United States.c. After its foundation in 1800, it was called the Zetetic Society.d. In 1956, Samuel Shelton changed its name to the present title.28. According to the society's belief, ________.a. the earth is flat and the Arctic is an impenetrable ice-cold girdle around the earthb. the Antarctic region is a compact island massc. some explorers had made successful transantarctic expeditionsd. much of the accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth is sheernonsense29. Which of the following is an appropriate title for the Passage?a. The International Flat Earth Research societyb. Man's First Landing on the Moonc. The Zetetic Societyd. The Evils of Science30. This piece is written ______.a. in a matter-of-fact wayb. in a sarcastic tonec. with a touch of ironyd. as a jokePart II Translate the following into Chine( 10 points)I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one's own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction (收缩) of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocer's shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing(排队) up at a supermarket. And the proprietor(店主)knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 points)31. Mr. White was told again and again to ______ smoking but he just wouldn't listen.a. cut throughb. cut offc. cut downd. cut away32. The Greyhound ______ outside of New York Bus Station at 6 p.m. and started forWashington D.C. at 6:20p.m..a. pulled upb. pulled downc. pulled outd. pulled on33. Can you give me another hint without _______ the answer?a. giving offb. giving awayc. giving upd. giving in34. Columbus was ___ his times in his belief that the Earth was round.a. in front ofb. in advance ofc. befored. ahead of35. Nowadays a large number of people buy ___ Christmas trees instead of real ones.a. falseb. fakec. shamd. artificial36. Though he is only 7years old, he has a ______ imagination.a. faithfulb. fertilec. frankd. furious37. The doctor _____ me that the discomfort would disappear in a couple of days if Ifollowed his advice.a. assuredb. confirmedc. ensuredd. confessed38. It is not considered _____ to litter in public.a. respectfulb. respectivec. respectedd. respectable39. The industrial community should be close enough to the crowded centers but distantenough to reduce _______ hazards(危险).a. feasibleb. positivec. potentiald. substantial40. We ____ so as not to wake the child.a. whisperedb. moanedc. gruntedd. muttered41. Electric eels use charges to ______ prey and also stun them before they eat them.a. examineb. detectc. determined. search42. Metal must be hammered and cooled rapidly to ______ internal stress caused byheating.a. retainb. releasec. relieved. replace43. Almost every layman I have met exhibits ______ and how they are written.a. the real curiosity about the songsb. a real curiosity about the songsc. real curiosity about the songsd. a real curiosity about songs44. Rosa is quiet and introverted(内向的), and she objects to _______ her living room withdozens of people in the apartment.a. shareb. sharingc. having sharedd. have shared45. We haven't seen our neighbor for over a week. They ______ on a trip abroad.a. could gob. must goc. may have goned. should have gone46. The Government has promised to do ____ lies in its power to ease the hardships of thehomeless.a. whatb. allc. thatd. which47. The bartender walked out ____ the counter and began to drive the drunk out of the bar.a. from beforeb. from underc. from behindd. from across48. ______ how to operate a switchboard, I had to ask the office supervisor to show me thecorrect procedures.a. Not knownb. Not knowingc. Not to knowd. Having not known49. The pilot felt something _____ wrong with the engine just before the plane took off.a. gob. wentc. was goingd. to go50. I prefer his plan to yours, ___ it is more practical and easier to be carried out.a. for whichb. for thatc. in whichd. in that51. ______ that they're young and inexperienced, they've done quite a good job.a. Beingb. Providedc. Givend. Now52. ______ the door than somebody started knocking on it.a. I had closed no soonerb. I had no sooner closedc. No sooner have I closedd. No sooner I closed53. The medical record shows that it was the drug, not the disease, ______ killed him two years ago.a. the effects of whichb. the effects of itc. finallyd. that54. In my opinion, he's ________ imaginative of all the contemporary poets.a. quite the mostb. very the mostc. by far the mostd. rather the most55. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he ______ out of a painting by XuBeihong.a. comeb. has comec. is comingd. had come56. Pumas, which are large, cat-like animals, will not attack human beings if they _______undisturbed.a. leaveb. leftc. are leftd. have left57. When we sold our ranch and moved to town, mother had decided _______ opening aday nursery.a. tob. onc. ind. for58. Their dog was a substitute ______ the children they had never had.a. asb. ofc. tod. for59. Please drop in whenever you can. I'd like to keep _____ touch.a. inb. onc. tod. with60. Everybody knows that the earth is spherical, ______?a. doesn't heb. doesn't shec. don't theyd. doesn't itPart IV Cloze( 10 points)In the month of September, in Britain, you may see large numbers of birds __61__ on roofs and telegraph wires. These birds are swallows. They are __62__ together because, very soon, they will be flying __63__ to much warmer lands, where they will find __64__ the small flying insects on which they __65__. There are no such insects __66__ in Britain during the winter; it is __67__ cold for them.The swallows settle, fly off, swoop, and __68__ again. this they do many times, for they are making short __69__ flights in order to be fit for the long journey __70__ them.__71__ of these migrating birds leave Britain in the autumn. They fly __72__ for hundreds of miles __73__ they reach the warm lands of Africa. But not all the birds get there, for many of them perish in the stormy weather they meet with __74__.In the spring of the following year they __75__ the long and tiring journey back to Britain. They return to the identical barn or tree in the __76__ district which they had left the __77__ autumn. How do these birds find their__78__ there and back over such vast distances? Nobody knows exactly __79__, but it has something to do __80__ winds and air currents.61. a. being perched b. perchedc. being perchingd. be perched62. a. gathering b. assemblingc. waitingd. forming63. a. to south b. the southc. to southwardsd. south64. a. a great number of b. a great deal ofc. plenty ofd. numerous65. a. feed b. are fedc. eatd. rely66. a. near b. about c. nearby d. over67. a. too b. a bit c. very d. much68. a. fly off b. swoop c. settle d. turn back69. a. practical b. practicingc. practiced. practiced70. a. in advance b. ahead ofc. in front ofd. in front71. a. Swarms b. Herdsc. Flocksd. Schools72. a. firmly b. stoutlyc. harshlyd. steadily73. a. until b. before c. when d. as74. a. in the way b. on the wayc. half the wayd. all the way75. a. take b. fly c. find d. make76. a. old b. originalc. familiard. identical77. a. before b. previousc. above goingd. former78. a. way b. path c. course d. route79. a. why b. when c. how d. what80. a. against b. away c. for d. withPart V Writing (20 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled THE V ALUE OF SCIENCE. You should write no less than 150 words.ANSWER SHEETRPart I 、 III 、IV1 a b c d2 a b c d3 a b c d4 a b c d5 a b c d6 a b c d7 a b c d8 a b c d 9ab c d 10 a b c d 11 a b c d 12 a b c d 13 a b c d 14 a b c d 15 a b c d 16 a b c d 17 a b c d 18 a b c d 19 a b c d 20 a b c d 21 a b c d 22 a b c d 23 a b c d 24 a b c d 25 a b c d 26 a b c d 27 a b c d 28 a b c d 29 a b c d 30 a b c d 31 a b c d 32 a b c d 33 a b c d 34 a b c d 35 a b c d 36 a b c d 37 a b c d 38 a b c d 39 a b c d 40 a b c d 41 a b c d 42 a b c d 43 a b c d 44 a b c d 45 a b c d 46 a b c d 47 a b c d 48 a b c d 49 a b c d 50 a b c d 51 a b c d 52 a b c d 53 a b c d 54 a b c d 55 a b c d 56 a b c d 57 a b c d 58 a b c d 59 a b c d 60 a b c d 61 a b c d 62 a b c d 63 a b c d 64 a b c d 65 a b c d 66 a b c d 67 a b c d 68 a b c d 69 a b c d 70 a b c d 71 a b c d 72 a b c d 73 a b c d 74 a b c d 75 a b c d 76 a b c d 77 a b c d 78 a b c d 79abcd80abcd———————— 密—————————封 ——————————线 ——————————————————————————。
作物育种学历年考题及答案四川农业高校2023年招收攻读博士学位讨论生入学考试试题382作物育种学看到此处一、名词解释(20分,每小题2分)0378考过名词解释1.品种:是在一定的生态条件和经济条件下,按照人类的需要所选育的某种作物的群体,这种群体具有相对稳定的遗传特性,在生物学、形态学,经济性状上的相对全都性,与同一作物的其他群体在特征、特性上有所区分,在相应的地区和耕作条件下种植,在产量,品质,抗性等方面都能符合生产进展的需要,是人工进化和人工挑选的结果,是重要的农业生产资料。
2.杂交种:利用不同基因型的品种或类型杂交,以制造变异,获得新类型,并通过哺育和挑选而育成的品种。
杂交种品种是在严格挑选亲本和控制授粉的条件下,生产的各类杂交组合的F1植株群体,他们的基因型是高度杂合的,群体又具有不同程度的同质性,表现出很高的生产力。
杂交种品种通常只种植F1,即利用XXX优势。
杂交种不能稳定遗传,F2将发生基因型分别,杂合度降低,导致产量下降。
自交系品种又称纯系品种,是对突变或杂合基因型经过延续多代的自交加挑选而得到的同质纯合群体,它实际上包含了自花授粉作物和常异花授粉作物的纯系品种和异花授粉作物的自交系品种。
3.测交种:用不育系作母本,用恢复系作父本举行杂交获得的品种。
测验自交系协作力所举行的杂交叫测交,测交所得的后代成为测交种。
用不育系作为母本,恢复系作为父本,测验自交系协作力举行的测交,所获得的后代称为测交种。
4.XXX:不同基因型的品种或类型杂交后获得的基因型混杂的未经挑选的种群。
5.制种:根据良种繁殖技术规范举行大规模种子繁殖称为制种。
6.系统育种:按照育种目标,从现有品种的自然变异类型中,选出具有优良变异的个体,分离种植,每一个体形成一个系统,经延续比较鉴定,选优去劣而育成新品种的办法。
7.系谱法:自交种第一次分别世代开头选株,分离种植成株行,即系统,以后各世代均在优良系统中继续举行单株挑选,直至选出性状优良全都的系统升级举行产量试验。
动物繁殖学复习试题(四川农大压缩版)[整理]动物繁殖学复习试题(四川农大压缩版)一名词解释1.睾丸下降:指家畜等哺乳动物雄性个体在出生前后,睾丸从腹腔内经腹股沟管降入阴囊内的生理过程。
2.适配年龄: 指种畜适于开始配种繁殖的年龄。
3.母畜的诱发发情:利用外源性生殖激素使不发情或发情不正常的母畜出现正常发情,也叫催情。
4.同期发情:让一群母畜同步发情5.超数排卵:使母畜在一次发情中超常规地发育更多的卵泡,增加排卵数——提高多胎率、生产用于移植的胚胎 6 .精子发生:指精子在睾丸内产生的全过程,也叫精子生成。
7. 精子发生周期:指精细管上皮细胞出现的精子发生序列,即由A1型精原细胞分裂开始,直至精子细胞变成精子这一过程所需的时间。
8.精细管上皮周期:在曲精细管同一部位或横断面上出现两次相同细胞群的时间间隔。
9.精细管上皮波:精细管上皮波是指在同一时间内生精细胞群沿着曲精细管的纵长排列的状态。
10.射精量:是指公畜一次射出精液的多少,以毫升数表示。
11.精子密度:指单位容积的精液内所含有的精子数目,通常用亿/ml表示。
12.精子活力:指精子运动的能力。
13.精子活率:指在显微镜视野内呈直线前进运动的精子数占精子总数的百分比,但有时也可与“精子活力”通用。
14.精子的“冷休克”(cold shock):是指精子在缺乏抗冷保护的条件下,受到急剧降温造成的低温打击后,不可逆地丧失正常活动力或生活力的现象。
15.自发性排卵指发育成熟的卵泡自然地发生破裂而排出卵子的哺乳动物排卵类型。
16.诱发性排卵(也称刺激性排卵)指只有受到交配刺激或外源性排卵激素的刺激才发生排卵的哺乳动物排卵类型。
17.发情周期:从一次发情的开始(或结束)到下一次发情的开始(或结束)所间隔的时间。
18.液态精液:指未经冷冻而处于液体状态的精液,包括原精液(新采出的未经稀释的精液)、常温保存的稀释精液和低温保存的稀释精液。
19.冷冻精液:是在超低温条件下进行冻结和保存的固态精液。