下面分享一下一些牛课题组论文撰写的基本程序：
1. 学生整理好实验数据；与导师讨论论文的基本构思、框架、插图；学生说明其实验结果的创新点；讨论决定投寄何种杂志。
2. 学生向导师提供与该课题有关的主要综述和研究论文（20～30篇）。
3. 由学生本人撰写论文初稿，送交导师。
4. 导师对初稿作出评论；请学生补充实验数据，并提出修改意见，但通常并不立即修改。
5. 参考导师评论和修改意见，学生撰写第二稿，送交导师。
6. 导师在第二稿基础上进行修改，部分内容完全重写，交回学生，请学生提出修改意见（用不同字体标明），形成第三稿。
7. 导师与学生对第三稿进行讨论后，由导师拟就第四稿，交回学生再评论和修改。
8. 对学生的评论和修改意见作认真考虑后，拟就第五稿（半定稿），请学生评论、修改，并对英文做仔细润色。
9. 导师最后定稿（第六稿），并对英文作仔细润色。
10. 由学生严格按投寄杂志的要求整理定稿、送审。
本文来自: 小木虫论坛 /bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2104144
1. 前言部分
1.1 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性
通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如
However, little information...
little attention has been devoted to…
little work...
little data / little research
or few studies / investigations / few attempts have been don on…
or none of these studies
高中英语写作议论文万能句型
一. 引出话题万能句
1.Recently, the problem of… has aroused people's concern.
最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。
2.The Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.
It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。
3.Nowadays, overpopulation has become a problem we have to face.
如今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题了。
4.It is commonly believed that…=It is a common belief that …
人们一般认为……
5.Many people insist that…
很多人坚持认为……
6.With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe
that…
随着科技的发展，越来越多的人认为……
7.A lot of people seem to think that…
很多人似乎认为……
二. 结尾万能句
1.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion
that…
把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论……
2.Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion
19. Bottom retail prices—anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia—have attracted some 47 millionvisitors， who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994.
[参考译⽂]⽐欧洲和亚洲低30%~70%的零售价价格吸引了约四千七百万的游客于1994年涌⼊美国，⽽这些游客为美国留下了79亿美元的收⼊。
20. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive（欺骗性的）packaging rumpus（喧嚣）startedbecause Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him， Mrs. Hart， and their children werebecoming higher and narrower， with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces， without any reduction in price.
[参考译⽂]参议员哈特⼀家在购买合装麦⽚时发现，包装盒变⾼了，变窄了，⾷品的分量也减少了，然⽽价格却分⽂未降。据说，由此在公众和议会中引发了⼀场关于欺骗性商品包装的轩然⼤波。21. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights andvolumes， but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes，materials， shape， art work， and net weights that are used for improving a product‘s market position.
Useful expressions for paper-writing
Notice:All of the following sentences are derived from papers and the internet.
目 录
一、研究方法表述类： ........................................................ 2
二、摘要总结类： ............................................................... 9
三、公式表述类： .............................................................10
四、其他表达： ................................................................11
一、研究方法表述类：
A great number of research results have been reported , for example[1]—[5]
★A neural network based dynamics compensation method has been
proposed for trajectory control of a robot system[11].
A combined approach of neural network and sliding mode technology for
both feedback linearization and control error compesation has been
presented[12].
1、研究目的的表示方法
The purpose of this investigation is to ...
