实用写作讲义

开放作文 1 写作指导 葛诵志采编2015-4-4 一．议论文写作

议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者的见解和主张. 作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人. 一） 议论文的三要素: 论点 是作者在文章中提出的对某一个问题或某一类事件的看法、观点、主张，它要求要正确 、鲜明、有针对性。一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证． 论据 是证明论点正确的证据，要想证明论点的正确，首先，论据必须让人觉得真实、可信， 能够充分证明论点。其次，论据要具有典型性，能收到“以一当十”的效果。第三，论据要 新颖， 尽可能寻找一些新鲜的、能给人以新的感受和启示的论据.一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据． 论证 是议论文中必不可少的部分。一段完整的议论，只有通过论证证明论据和论点之间的内在逻辑关系，才能将论据和论点融为一体，也才能构成一篇完整的、有说服力的文章。

二） 议论文的类型: ① “一分为二”的观点．从两方面去分析一个问题,然后阐述自己的观点. ② “两者选一”的观点．分析两种事物的优劣势,阐述自己的观点. ③“我认为……”型．阐述对某一事物的客观看法. 如“你对课外阅读的看法 ④“怎样……（how to）”型．分析怎样解决一个问题如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难” .⑤ 看图（表）作文．通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法． （一) “一分为二”观点的议论文模式 Introduction 第1段:Nowadays more and more people．．．/．．．plays an important part in．．．. like everything else, ．．．has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects/both advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows. Main body 第2段：Firstly,.. Secondly,…In addition/What’s more… 第3段: Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects/disadvantages are also apparent/obvious. To begin with…; To make matters worse…; Worse of all… Conclusion 第4段: Through above analysis/All things considered, we can see that the positive aspects/advantages outweigh the negative ones/disadvantages. Therefore… “一分为二”类作文范例 说广告（about advertisement）. 提示：有人说广告在现代社会是很重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太多，你认为…… （二) “两者选一”观点的议论文模式 模式⑴:A、B两者优劣势分析,要么选A,要么选B. Introduction 第1段:Some people hold the opinion that (A) is superior to (B) in many ways. Others, however, argue that (B) is much better. Personally, I would prefer (A) because I think (A) has more advantages. Main body 第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer (A). The main reason is that … Another reason is that…(赞同A的原因) 第3段: Of course, choosing (B) also has advantages to some extent, (列出1~2个B的优势) Conclusion 第4段: But if all these factors are considered, (A) is much better than (B). from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that …(总结观点)

模式⑵: A、B优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择A或B. Introduction 第1段:Which would you prefer if you are faced with the choice between (A) and (B)? Before you make the decision, you had better make a close comparison.

Main body 第2段：It is true that(选择A的优势之一). It is also true that(选择A的优势之二). But (选择A的劣势). 第3段: Though.(选择B的劣势), (选择B的优势之一). Furthermore, (选择B的优势之二).

Conclusion 第4段: Therefore, if you…, you should choose (A), but if you…, you should choose (B). (总结观点,提出建议)

“两者选一”类作文范例 ① 健康与财富(Health and Wealth) 提示: 健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hot topic),请简述你的观点. ② 哪里住更好(Where to live?) 提示: 有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬. 各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何? 图表类作文范例一： 假如你是李华，在最近的研究性学习当中，受《21世纪中学生英语报》 （The 21st Century）之邀，你对你所在的班60名同学（男女各半）进行了上网目的的调查。现将调查结果（如下表所示）用英语给报社的编辑写一封信，报道此事，以引起舆论的关注，并提出你的观点和建议。

注意：1、报道应包括图表所示全部内容，可适度发挥。 2、文章的开头与结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 3、词数：150 4、参考词汇：调查： make a survey Dear editor， I have recently made a survey among 30 boys and 30 girls in my class about their purpose of getting on the Internet. ______________________________________________

[思路点拨] 题材：书信； 说明+议论 时态：一般现在时 人称：第三人称 要点提示：（１）上网的目的；（２）读新闻； （３）发送邮件；（４）聊天；（５）学习；（６）玩游戏；（７）评语 范文 ： Dear editor, I have recently made a survey among 30 boys and 30 girls in my class about their purpose of getting on the Internet. The girls’ favorite is chatting, but few boys like it. What the boys like to do most is playing games and the girls also like it. Both boys and girls like to read news or send e-mails on the Internet. Maybe they think it’s the most convenient way

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to get information from keeping in touch with friends. As for studying, the numbers of boys and girls are equal, but altogether only several of them will use the Internet as a tool to study. In my opinion, useful as the Internet is, the students had better make better and wise use of it. Otherwise, it’s impossible for us to benefit from it. Moreover, I also hope the parents will pay enough attention to their children using the Internet in their spare time. Yours， Li Hua 图表类作文二 下列表格为某市1996年与2006年人们度假方式的情况比较，请按表格内容写一篇150词左右的短文，并对度假方式变化原因加以简要评析。 年度 1996 2006 原因 境外旅游 11% 22% 收入增加 海边度假 38% 31% 海水污染 爬山野营 11% 34% 回归自然 The way people spend their holidays changed a lot from1996 to 2006. 范文： The way people spend their holidays changed a lot from 1996 to 2006. The table shows that a greater number of people spent their holidays traveling abroad in 2006. The rate of 2006 (22%) doubled that of 1996 (11%). We are sure that the number will increase because with their incomes rising, more people can afford the journeys abroad. At the same time, the seaside attracted a lot of people. However, the rate slightly dropped from 38% in 1996 to 31% in 2006, the reason for which lies in the fact that sea water is being polluted. The polluted seaside is likely to drive more visitors away. The year 2006 saw a sharp increase in the number of people who went climbing and camping. The rate in 2006 (34%) was more than three times that in 1996 (11%). The reason is that more and more people are eager to get close to nature. 图表描述应注意的问题: 1) 要突出重点,抓住图表中的极端点。如：最大或最小、最多或最少、最好和最差。 2）总趋势的描述必须准确，要看出总的规律、趋势，抓住特征。 3）图表往往提供大量数据，应仔细观察分析，从中选择有效信息，图表上资料、数据的描述必须选择重点，不能事无巨细，一一列出。 4）充分利用图表中提供的文字或说明。同样，图表中没有的信息不能凭主观任意捏造。 5）说明、描述图表时应该注意动词时态，属于过去发生的应该用一般过去时，属于经常发生的应该用一般现在时。 6）句子结构要力求有变化、不要总是一个句型。 7）考生应该熟练掌握一些固定句型和表达方式。 8）拼图比较形象、直观，常用来表示总体与部分、部分与部分之间的比例关系，一般以百分比的数字呈现。 9）表格提供大量数据，应认真分析表格中各数据之间的内在联系，发现各项目的变化规律。 10）常见错误有1，主谓一致，2，时态，3，介词 英语图表写作套句精选 ：常用的描述用法 1）As is shown in the table... 如表格所示... 2）From the table/chart/diagram/figure, we can see clearly that...or it is clear/apparent from the chart that... 从图表 我们可以很清楚（明显）看到... 3）The diagram shows (that)... 该图向我们展示了... 4) The table/chart diagram/graph/ figures/statistics shows (that) 5) According to the table/chart diagram/graph 6) As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures, 7) It can be seen from the figures/statistics 8) We can see from the figures/statistics