浅谈文化与翻译之间的关系作者：王雪甲来源：《大东方》2019年第06期摘要：翻译作为一种跨文化的交际行为，不仅涉及语言问题，而且涉及文化问题。
在翻译中，文化因素起着重要的作用，因此了解中西方文化的差异就显得尤为重要。
本文从文化和翻译这两个方面着手，探讨这两者之间的关系，以期达到最佳的翻译效果，实现不同民族之间文化交流的最终目的。
关键词：文化;翻译;关系一、引言翻译是信息的一种语际转换过程，是一种跨文化的交际行为。
文化是一个民族知识、经验、价值态度等方面的总和，渗透在社会的各个方面。
人类社会的各种语言，在一定程度上都与文化有着密切的联系。
为了能够准确地用译文表达出原文的信息，在翻译的过程中，文化这一因素必须考虑在内。
二、文化的定义文化的定义一般有广义和狭义之分。
从广义上来看，文化包括物质和意识形态两个领域，也就是物质文明和精神文明两大方面。
根据这个广义的定义，美国著名的翻译理论家尤金·奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：生态学、物质文化、社会、宗教和语言。
从狭义上来看，文化仅仅指的是精神文明。
三、翻译的定义翻译是将一种语言信息转变为另一种语言信息的行为。
然而在近几年，越来越多的翻译学者都把翻译看作是一种“跨文化活动”。
下面列举两个翻译学者对翻译作出的定义。
玛丽·斯奈尔·霍恩（Mary Snell-Hornby）指出“翻译并不是从一种语言到另一种语言的单纯的词句转码，而是一种更复杂的活动形式，人们通过这种形式在新的情境下对一个文本提供相关信息，并在已经发生改变了的功能、文化以及语言环境下，尽可能接近地保持原文本的各个方面。
”拉尔森（Mildred rson）把翻译定义为“一组具体符号从一种文化到另一种文化的意义传输。
”根据以上两位翻译学者对翻译的定义可以看出，翻译更多地被看作是一种文化的传输，而不是语言的传输。
翻译不再是简单地从一个文本解码到另一个文本的活动，而是一种文化之间相互交流的活动。
一、单项选择题1、As hard as nails:if a starving beggar were to ask her for a crust of _____D_ bread, she'd turn her back on him.A.staleB.sourC.rottenD.dry2、It's harmful to one's health to ___B___ smoking and drinking.A.take onB.take inC.take toD.take off3、Like most animals, hens will work hard for __D____ to food.A.wayB.subjectC.intentionD.access4、More quickly than anyone could have imagined, East Germany is being __A____ in the Western market economy.A.absorbedB.adoptedC.caughtD.charmed5、There were no tickets __D____ for Friday's performance.A.preferableB.considerableC.possibleD.available6、It wasn't such a good dinner __A____ she had promised us.A.thatB.whichC.asD.what7、The bridge was named ____A__ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.A.afterB.withC.byD.from8、Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ___B___ and we never have time to carry them out.Ａ.spontaneous B.ambitious C.strenuous D.desirous9、You can always __A____ different kinds of people, dictionaries or books to find out what you wish to know.Ａ．consult Ｂ．convert Ｃ．contest Ｄ．contact10、__A_to miss the lecture on Sunday ,I had to cut short the visit and came back on SaturdayA)Reluctant B)Mysterious C) Spontaneous D)Emotional11、At what point in his or her career should s singer decide to B __the stage and concert platformA)arrest B)quit C)exit D)conclude12、Irene was evidently s heavy smoker ,for the first two fingers of her right hand were__ B_with nicotineA)addicted B)stabbed C) stained D)radiated13、Ann was_D_ when she was chosen to speak at the graduation ceremony ,but at the same time she was pretty scared.A）flattered B)applauded C)puzzled D)bewildered14、In addition to tax cuts ,the government is also expected to make it easier for foreign investors to take _C_out of the countryA）investment B) properties C) profits D)technologies15、In February ,after a(n) __Bseries of tests ,the doctor told us my father was nearing the end of his lifeA）relaxing B)consuming C) exhausting D)liberating16、A(n)_B_agreement is not as binding as a written contractA)editorial B)verbal C)surgical D)essential17、The nests are__C_ __structures beautifully woven by the male birds to attract females.A)intricate B) complacent C)competent D)compound18、Edward had done extremely well in the entrance examinations ,which convinced his father that he was_B ____ financial support.A)worthy of B) capable of C) short of D) sure of19、Mary sat on the edge of her chair and looked about with D__glances like a trapped animalA) intelligent B) confident C) intellectual D)uneasy20、During the talks both sides agreed to _C_____possible areas of co-operationA) register B) explore C) conclude D)undo21、Our firm can help you ______a scheme to meet your needs in the most cost-effective wayA) devise B) resolve C)extend D)appreciate22、The ability to sing and dance has become increasingly important in the entertainment industry nowadays ,and there are few actors don’t ______some musical and dance skillsA) own B)occupy C) pursue D)possess23、Susan is never known to be ______to follow fashions ,however attractive they may seemA)granted B)prompted C) tempted D)addicted24、The majority of reported _____on the football field concerned bad language and unsportsmanlike conduct.A) accidents B) incidents C) events D)actions25、There is no real ______to suggest high-protein diets improve our performance at school.A) evidence B)intelligence C)indication D)likelihood26、His views have been clearly expressed in _____speeches and newspaper articlesA) graceful B)consistent C)numerous D)numerical27、The new project designed to create more jobs for the laid-off has been __quietly and without fuss.A) applauded B)launched C) established D)criticized28、Disposable income is steady and consumption has barely fallen ,though people have become more __about buying luxuriesA) cautious B)dreary C)reluctant D)alert29、They got to the airfield that night and started to place their bombs ,but as the aircraft were widely __,this took time in the darkA) reinforced B)dispersed C)relayed D)display30、They will give presentations on those aspects of engineering that are having an __on the development of military equipment.A) application B)indication C)intent D)impact31、More than ＄10 million in research costs has been lost on a(n)__nuclear safety programA)abandoned B)deduced C)melted D)resolved32、Can you list a few problem likely to __the human race in the next few decades?A) fracture B)confront C)occupy D)fructrate33、The spending cuts made it impossible to fill the posts left __by retired teachers.A) depressed B) jealous C)vacant D)dissatisfied34、They took emergency steps to protect themselves from the __diseaseA) conveyed B)dreaded C) dispersed D)exploded35、We had better move forward ,for it will not do us any good to __the past.A) shrug off B) dwell on C) live on D)single out36、My attitude to ageing is that it’s __so there’s very little we can do about it.A) inevitable B) psychological C)contagious D)steady37、I feel __you will extend a helping hand to those who are suffering from cold and hungerA) unlike B) complacent C) apparent D)confident38、In view of warming ,coastal buildings should __sea-level riseA) prevent B) anticipate C) discourage D)prompt39、My uncle lived in a comfortable home __from farm buildings some 15miles to the northwest of the city .A)continued B) converted C) stretched D)acquired40、More and more people are taking to their bikes as a(n) ______to driving or using public transportA) choice B) opportunity C) alternative D)rejection41、The body cannot store vitamin C so it is ______to have a fresh supply every dayA)essential B)visible C) ultimate D)profound42、That’s just a(n) ______-nobody really knows what the figure is because nobody bothers to calculate itA) estimate B)range C) balance D)factor43、As a matter of fact ，all those countries with whom we are failing to _______invest more in education than we doA)balance B)compete C) emerge D)involve44、As a teacher ，he thinks his business to stir up _______in his students rather than insist on obedienceA) observation B) curiosity C) superiority D)judgment45、Henry’s actually ______of telling lies，pretending to be sick when he’s healthyA) capable B) spontaneous C) competent D)expert46、The ______to this problem is anticipation that is preventing it from developing by thinking ahead and taking action EarlyA) action B)ambition C) strategy D)solution47、Andrew was determined to __a computer career after graduationA) apply B)shave C) pursue D)select48、Henry seemed ___by this completely unexpected turn of eventsA) consumed B)bewildered C) liberated D)melted49、the rise in unemployment_______the government’s plans for economic recovery.A) converted B)frustrated C) collapsed D)dismayed50、this technique is traditionally thought to be of Chinese_____.A) origin B)architecture C)source D)civilization51、The workers in factory stopped working in __ against their foreman using bad language 。
英语翻译中英语文化的作用及其对翻译效果的影响随着全球经济和文化交流的日益加深，英语翻译在外贸、文化交流等方面起到了重要的作用。
而中英文化之间的差异，也极大地影响了英语翻译的质量和效果。
本文将探讨中英文化对英语翻译的影响，以及如何通过了解文化差异来优化翻译效果。
1、语言形式的差异中英两种语言的语法结构、语言形式、词汇表达等方面存在明显的差异，这些差异会对翻译产生深刻的影响。
例如，在英语中，表达感叹的单词"wow"非常常见，而在中文中却很少使用。
因此在翻译时，如果直接将"wow"翻译为“哇”，可能会失去原文中的情感表达效果。
同样，在英语中，有很多不太直接的表达方式，如隐喻、比喻等，而这些表达在中文中可能并不适用。
因此，为保持翻译的准确性和流畅性，翻译者需要根据原文和目标文的文化背景和语言环境进行适当的调整。
2、文化背景的影响文化背景是两种语言之间最显著的差异之一，也是影响翻译效果的主要因素之一。
中英文化背景的差异主要体现在值观、习俗、社会习惯、历史、地理、宗教等方面。
因此，翻译者需要对不同文化进行深入了解，才能准确揭示原文中的文化内涵。
3、审美标准的不同审美标准的不同是中英文化差异中最常见的一种。
中英两种文化的审美观念有很大的不同，包括对颜色、音乐、艺术、建筑、服装等方面产生了深刻的影响。
例如，在西方文化中，黑色通常被视为一种高质量、高档次的颜色，而在中国文化中，黑色通常被用于哀悼和纪念等场合，因此使用不当就有可能引起误解。
二、如何通过中英文化差异优化翻译效果1、了解不同文化背景由于中英文化背景的不同，翻译者需要了解并掌握不同文化的价值观念和习惯，以便更好地理解原文和转化为目标文。
2、尊重文化习惯和价值体系翻译者需要尊重两种文化的差异和多样性，避免在翻译过程中出现冲突或误解。
例如，在翻译中国的风景描述时，翻译者需要避免仅使用与中国传统文化相关的词汇，而应使用符合西方审美标准的描绘方式。
