波士顿倾茶事件名词解释

美国历史知识点梳理美国历史是世界历史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的丰富内容。

本文将对美国历史的一些重要知识点进行梳理，以帮助读者更好地了解和掌握这段历史。

一、殖民地时期（Colonial Period）1. 罗斯托克定居点（Roanoke Colony）：是英国在1587年在北美建立的第一个永久性殖民地，但最终失踪成为“失落的殖民地”。

2. 普利茅斯殖民地（Plymouth Colony）：由清教徒建立于1620年，被认为是美国最早的永久性英国殖民地之一。

3. 马萨诸塞湾殖民地（Massachusetts Bay Colony）：由清教徒建立于1630年，成为新英格兰地区的中心，对美国的政治、宗教和文化发展产生了深远影响。

二、独立战争与建国初期（Revolutionary War and Early Republic）1. 波士顿倾茶事件（Boston Tea Party）：1773年，美国殖民地居民抗议英国的茶叶税法，把大量茶叶倾入波士顿港口，成为独立运动的重要事件之一。

2. 独立宣言（Declaration of Independence）：1776年7月4日，美国大陆会议通过的宣言，宣布美国独立，成为美国历史上的重要里程碑。

3. 美国宪法（United States Constitution）：1787年制定，成为美国的最高法律，确立了联邦制度和三权分立的原则，为美国政治体系奠定了基础。

三、南北战争与重建时期（Civil War and Reconstruction）1. 南北战争（American Civil War）：1861年至1865年，是美国历史上的一场内战，以南方联盟（Confederate States of America）与北方联邦（Union）之间的冲突为主，结束了奴隶制度，巩固了联邦政府的权威。

2. 解放宣言（Emancipation Proclamation）：1862年颁布，林肯总统宣布解放南方奴隶，成为南北战争中的重要政治举措。

世界近代史名词解释《1787年联邦宪法》美国宪法，也是近代西方国家第一部成文宪法。

1787年9月17日费城制宪会议上通过。

宪法以三权分立为基本原则。

以立法、行政、司法的三权分立为国家机构的组织原则，实行总统制。

行政权属于总统，总统任期4年，有权任命部长、缔结条约，但须经国会同意，国会对总统、部长的渎职行为有权弹劾；国会是立法机关，由参、众两院组成，负责批准条约，制订税率立法。

但总统对国会立法有否决权。

司法权属最高法院，大法官由总统任命，须经国会批准，任取终身，有解释宪法的权力。

以上三条旨在将立法、行政、司法之权分立，互相制约。

宪法同时也带有明显的种族压迫条款，没有触动奴隶制。

后增加了10项关于人权的补充条款，规定言论、出版、集会等权利。

宪法对加强联邦政府权力，巩固资产阶级统治有很大作用，沿用至今。

俄国二月革命俄国二月革命是发生在1917年3月3日（俄历2月18日）的一次民主革命。

被认为是俄国第二次资产阶级民主革命。

第一次世界大战后，俄国经济衰退，1400万劳动力应征入伍，导致全国缺少劳动力。

加上军事上指挥不当，造成巨大的人员伤亡。

1917年3月3日，首都彼得格勒的工人和士兵起义，逮捕沙皇政府的官员，罗曼诺夫皇朝就此结束。

二月革命后，工人和士兵成立了苏维埃政权，而资产阶级、孟什维克、社会革命党人则成立了临时政府，造成两个政府并存的局面。

柏林墙柏林墙的正式名称叫"反法西斯防卫墙"，是第二次世界大战和东西方冷战关系的产物。

第二次柏林危机中苏联和民德联合修建，目的是阻止民德人西逃，同时给西方施加压力，于1964年建成。

建成之后一直西方的强烈反对，随着东西方的缓和，两德即将实现统一。

1990年6月，民德政府开始拆除全部柏林墙。

文艺复兴十四至十六世纪欧洲的资产阶级文化运动。

开始于意大利，并扩展到其他欧洲国家。

随着资本主义生产关系在封建社会内的萌芽，新兴资产阶级为反映自身的利益，求得发展，日益要求摆脱封建制度的束缚。

主要英国国家概况英国诺曼征服（Norman Conquest）以法国北部诺曼底公爵威廉为首的法国封建主对英国的征服。

1066年初，英王忏悔者爱德华（1042～1066在位）死后无嗣，威塞克斯伯爵哈罗德二世被推选为国王。

威廉以爱德华曾面许继位为理由，要求获得王位。

率兵入侵英国。

英王哈罗德迎战。

英军战败，哈罗德阵亡，伦敦城不战而降。

12月25日，威廉在伦敦威斯敏斯特教堂加冕为英国国王，即威廉一世(征服者)。

诺曼王朝（1066～1154）开始对英国的统治。

残存的英国贵族顽强抵抗，均遭残酷镇压。

1071年，威廉一世巩固了他的统治，获得征服者的称号。

诺曼征服加速英国封建化的进程。

威廉一世建立起强大的王权统治，没收反抗的盎格鲁萨克逊贵族土地，分封给随他而来的法国封建主。

通过这种土地分封建立起封建土地的等级所有制。

威廉一世还极力摆脱教皇对英国教会的干涉，把英国教会控制在自己手中。

在统治机构、法律上仍沿用英王旧制。

诺曼征服后，在英国出现了封建庄园，封建领主是庄园最高统治者，大部分农民丧失人身自由，沦为农奴。

引进法国文化，语言，建筑。

《大宪章》（Great Charter），1215年6月15日（一说1213）英王约翰被迫签署的宪法性的文件。

其宗旨为保障封建贵族的政治独立与经济权益。

又称《自由大宪章》或《1215大宪章》。

这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力，日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。

百年战争(Hundred Years' War)是指英国和法国，以及后来加入的勃艮第，于1337年 - 1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年。

战争胜利使法国完成民族统一，为日后在欧洲大陆扩张打下基础；英格兰几乎丧失所有的法国领地，但也使英格兰的民族主义兴起。

原因：12～13世纪，法国国王逐渐夺回部分被英王占领的土地。

14世纪初，英国仍占据法国南部阿基坦地区，成为法国政治统一的最大障碍，法国人试图把英国人由法国西南部赶走，从而统一法国。

概况名词解释：When, where, who, why, what, result1.WASP(White Anglo-Saxon Protestant)WASP的原义是指美国的新教上流社会，即殖民时代来自英国的移民,现在可以泛指信奉新教的欧裔美国人。

此群体拥有庞大的经济、政治势力，构成美国上流社会和中上阶层的绝大部分。

尽管美国社会日益多元化，但他们的文化、道德观和价值取向仍在很大程度上影响着美国的发展。

WASP, White Anglo-Saxon Protestant in America, is immigrated from England in the colonial era. This group constitute the vast majority of the American upper class and upper middle class, and has huge economic and political forces.Despite the increasingly diverse American society, but their culture, ethics and values are still significantly influenced the development of the United States.2.Cold War二战结束后，由于美国和苏联的目的和利益产生了冲突，他们都想主宰世界，但是双方为了避免世界大战爆发，核战争，其对抗通过科技，军备竞赛，外交竞争等冷方式进行，即“相互遏制，却又不诉诸武力”，因此称之为“冷战”。

1991年12月25日苏联解体，标志冷战正式结束。

After World War II, the US and the Soviet Union had a conflict of aims and interests, that is, they all wanted to dominate the world. But in order to avoid the outbreak of another world war, they competed with each other through science and technology, namely "mutual containmen t, but do not resort to force,” so it was called Cold War. On December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, which means the end of the Cold War.3.New Deal1929年，美国股票市场崩溃导致了持续四年的经济大萧条，1933年富兰克林·罗斯福出任美国总统，并实行一系列新经济政策，三个核心是:救济(Relief)、复兴(Recovery)和改革(Reform)。

《贸易史》期末复习资料名词解释1、市集通行证：随着中世纪商品交换的发展，西欧很多国家和大的封邑都出现了定期的市集，国王和封建主通过各种保障措施保证市集的安全。

为避免沿途封建关卡对各国商人的重重阻拦，市集创办者通常同许多国家和地区签订条约和公约，并给前往市集的商人发放“市集通行证”以负责保护商贾的安全。

如果持有“市集通行证”的商人受到勒索和侵袭，市集创办者便深究严查，保证使罪犯受到惩处，给商人以足够的补偿。

2、杰斐逊禁运：英法七年战争后美国宣布中立。

作为中立国，美国有权与包括英法在内的所有国家展开贸易。

但是1805年英国重又实施英法七年战争期间实施过的规定，即中立国船只运送的货物仅限于中立国船只传统上所运送的货物，不久又采取了一系列法令封锁欧洲大陆港口。

拿破仑也颁布法令宣布任何遵守英国规定的船只都有被法国抓获的危险。

于是杰斐逊于1870年12月宣布对大不列颠和欧洲大陆交战各国采取贸易禁运，该贸易禁令持续到1809年3月才被废止。

杰斐逊禁运使美国的对外贸易一落千丈，但国内工业却开始发展。

3、商业革命：顾名思义是指商业贸易领域的重大变革，具体指新航路开辟对西欧商业贸易领域产生的重大冲击。

表现为世界市场的形成、流通商品种类的增多、商业贸易中心由地中海沿岸转移到大西洋沿岸、价格革命、商业组织形式的创新、以及重商主义思想的形成等。

商业革命是工业革命前一系列革命性变化的真正起点。

4、香槟市集：中世纪的欧洲商人经常到某个城市出售从远方运来的商品，买回转运的商品。

于是在繁荣的国际贸易交换中心，产生了定期集市。

13世纪时发展起来的法国香槟市集是沟通欧洲南北两大贸易区的枢纽。

由于其优越的地理位置，把周围的商人和商品凝成一体。

香槟市集轮流在特鲁瓦、拉尼、普罗文斯、奥布河岸的巴尔等四个城市举行，几乎全年都有市集。

5、船难法：中世纪早期的西欧有不少阻碍海上贸易的习惯和法律。

当时流行的所谓“船难法”规定，所有从遇难船上漂流来的货物或已搁浅船只上的货物，全部或部分地归海岸所有人所有。

英美国家国情名词解释简答题论述题Ⅰ. Term explanation1. The battle of Hastings⿊斯廷斯战役：The battle took place William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated.2. The Great Charter⼤宪章：King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.3. The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争:I t refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485 to claim to the throne. 4．Mayflower Compact五⽉花号公约:the 1st governing document of Plymouth Colony, drafted by the “Pilgrims”who crossed the Atlantic abroad the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 11, 1620. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority role, and to have a right to choose their own leader .it was the beginning of the US democracy5. the Bill of Rights, 1791: it was the 1st ten amendments to the Constitution. It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.6. Domesday Book末⽇审判书：It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.7.Alfred the Great亚尔弗雷得⼤帝：He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal sys tem. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.8.Privy Council英国枢密院：A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.9. Thanksgiving Day感恩节：In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts. They suffered the first cold winter. Later with the help and advice of the native Indians, the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops. They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October, 1621, to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey. They called this their Thanks-giving Day. It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.10. fire of Lexington来克星敦的枪声：In April of 1775,some British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to disarm the American militiamen there. It is an incident happened before the war of Independence. The British soldiers were sent to seize the military supplies of the militia. They were stopped by the militia at Lexington.11.Heptarchy七王国：During the Anglo-Saxon's time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms, among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.12.British Parliament英国议会：It includes three elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It’s the Supreme law-making authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.13. The Cold War冷战: in the post war period the difference between USSR and the US increased and led to a new kind of war, a war without fighting, which was called the Cold War. It was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.14. the Gettysburg address盖茨堡演讲：It refers to the short speech president Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettysb urg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.15. the Great Lakes五⼤湖：The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ——the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, LakeErie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.16. The Celts凯尔特⼈：The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave was the Gales, the second wave was the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practiced farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.18. Missouri Compromise密西西⽐组成:In 1820, the North and the South reached a solution, “Missouri Compromise”. Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state; in addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line 36°30′parallel of latitude.19. Checks and balances权⼒制衡:The American government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial. Each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.20. Boston Tea Party波⼠顿倾茶事件: on the evening of Dec. 16, 1773, in Boston, when ships of tea reached Boston and the governor was determined to see that tea was legally protected in its distribution, a group of angry colonists, known as the Boston T ea Party, dressed themselves up as Indians and boarded the three company ships. Ripped open 342 chests of tea valued at ￡17000 and dumped all the tea into the harbor.21. Stonehenge巨⽯阵：It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on Salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.22. The Hundred Years’ War百年战争：It refers to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.23. The Black Death⿊死病：It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far reaching economic consequences.25.Blood Mary ⾎腥玛丽：It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.ⅡQuestions.1. What are the main functions of Parliament?The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.2. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain?(1)A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty’s Government —a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.(2)The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when King William and Queen Mary jointlyaccepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.3. Why did so many people move to the New World in the 17th Century?The new world was a great and rich land. In the new world there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development .The new world was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs. Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burden some church duties, to acquire large land holdings or merely to change their general pattern of living.4. What is the Monroe Doctrine?The essence of doctrine was America for Americans. This doctrine later became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Asthe new world developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.6. What was the significance of the Great Charter?The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.7. What do you know about the English Renaissance?Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe;(3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson, and William Shakespeare.8. How is the U.S. president’s power limited?In spite of his great power, the President is actually moving within the limits already drawn for him. For example, all appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare his policy, even if it has already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolish it. Finally, if he abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress. Impeachment simply means to bring formal charges; it does not mean conviction. In American history there have been two presidents who faced impeachment proceedings, but they were not convicted9. Why did the U.S. join the First World War so late?The United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began. Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause. Finally, the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships. That was to attack every ship that approached the British Isles.10. How did the Restoration take place?When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.11. How did the Labour Party come into being?As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. Sovarious working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of a political party, the Labour Party.The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardle, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs. The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another. Besides these economic and technological changes, important social factors were involved. Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superior schools. It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.13. What are the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?(1)On July 4th1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the representatives from all the colonies. Its principal author was Thomas Jefferson.(2) Five Parts: ①The Preamble which explains why Declaration was issued;②A statement of principles of government to which American people were committed.③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the "Colonies are Free and Independent States".14. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government?The sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the “supreme governor” of the established church of England.15. What is the doctrine of expressed power?"The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. The United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and their colonies. However, if later on, these types of wars were to occur in the Americas, the United States would view such action as hostile. President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress, a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States. Most recently, during the Cold War, the doctrine was invoked as a reason to intervene militarily in Latin America to stop the spread of Soviet Communism. “Source and further information:16. What were the basic causes of the American Civil War?The slave economy in the south was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. The economic antagonism led to increase the conflicts between the south and the north.17. What are the functions of the Congress?The Congress has many functions, but the most central is the passage of law. One of the most important non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate. A second important power is to compel testimony from unwilling witness and to cite for contempt of Congress witness who refuse to testify and for perjury those who give false testimony.18. What are the functions of the Prime Minister in Britain?The Prime Minister's chief duty is to "form a Government"—that is to say, to create a Cabinet or Ministry which will sustain the support of the House of Commons—when commissioned by the Sovereign. The Prime Minister also has a wide range of powers of appointment.19. What was the Roman influence over Britain?The Roman occupation lasted for almost 350 years. The resulting growth of its civilization was more obvious in urban areas than among the agricultural peasants and weakest in the resistant zone. In the southeasternpart the Romans influenced life and culture radically. The English upper classes were thoroughly Romanized and transformed into Roman landlords and officials. Yet the Romans came to govern and to trade, not to settle; and they were too few in number to change the language and customs of the people as they did in France and Spain. Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans; true slave society was introduced into England. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain's natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.20. What do you know about the Glorious Revolution?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary wereboth Protestants and becameco-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the be ginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.ⅢDiscussion1. The Norman Conquest and its influenceThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.3. What do you know ab out the Chartist Movement and the People’s Charter? What’s your comment on them?In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People’s Charter); The Cha rtist movement was the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem.Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.4.”British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?①(1Roman Britain: Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.(2.Anglo-Saxon People：The ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the south and east of the island of Great Britain Time: From around the early 5th century AD to the Norman Conquest of 1066. Language: closely related Germanic dialects. Ethnical groups: Identified as the descendants of three powerful Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons from today’s northern Germany, and the Jutes from today’s Denmark.(3.Viking: Invasion in the late 8th century Britain experienced Viking（北欧海盗）raids from Dane or Scandinavia.(4.Norman Conquest: The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), and his success at the Battle of Hastings resulted in Norman control of England.②The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons:(1. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence.(2. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system.(3. The conquest changed the English language and culture and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently until the 20th century.5. How did the Industrial Revolution exert a great influence on both British society and the world?（1. The Industrial Revolution exerts a great influence on both British society and the world.（2. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. （3. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production.（4. Britain began to produce large quality of low-priced goods in a more efficient manner. Many new cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged. British goods almost achieved a monopoly position in the world market. The Industrial Revolution laid a good foundation for the “factory of the world”.（5. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists. Two conflicting classeswere born.6. Describe roughly the powers of the U.S. present.The functions of both the British prime minister and monarch, The White House is his official residence, The Constitution requires:limiting a president to two successive terms only,the presidential election is held every four years, he “winner-take-all” system,Salary $ 200,000,7. Why and how did the English Parliament come into being?(1)The English Parliament originated in the Great Council;(2) The main purpose of the king’s summoning parliament was to get consent for taxation;(3)Henry III extended the membership of parliament;(4)Henry hoped that with Rome’s help he could defeat the lords and their charter;(5) The barons rose up in oppositi on under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother-in-law, they forced him to dismiss his foreign advisers and to accept their own council of advisers instead;(6) In 1264 Montfort defeated the royal army at Lewes and took the king prisoner. In the following year, he called Parliament. The parliament of 1265 which is known as the “All Estates Parliament” is generally considered the “beginning of parliament”.8. What were the causes and consequences of the War of 1812?①The causes leading to the war were the following:(1) A war between Britain and France was going on in Europe. First the American government adopted a policy of not allowing trading with both countries. Later the U.S. government changed its policy by stating that if any of the two countries gave up its blockade against American shipping, the U.S. world lift the prohibition. In 1811, the U.S., on the condition that France would drop its blockade against American shipping, lifted the ban. This angered the British.(2) The Americans resented the British practice of impressing or forcibly removing seamen from American ships on the grounds that they were British subjects.(3) The U.S. wanted to take advantage of the War in Europe, when Britain and France had no time to look after their interests in the New World, to expand into Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British.②The war had great impact on the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be solving through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.9. Describe the American Civil War and its significance.The Civil War lasted from 1861 until 1865. During this time, over 600,000 soldiers represented both sides were killed either by battle deaths or disease. Many, many more were wounded with estimates of more than 1/10th of all soldiers being wounded. Both the Northern States and the Southern States experienced major victories and defeats. However, by September 1864 with the taking of Atlanta the North had gained the upper hand and the war would officially end on April 9, 1865.1) The beginning of the Civil War: it was the first stage of the war (1861-1862), which characterized by an indecisive attitude of the Lincoln government. It was the Northern bourgeoisie’s vacillated attitude towards the Southern slave-owners, which reflected its tendency to solve the clash by compromised way without waging a war through the revolutionary way.a. In 1860s, some continent of the Southern States established South Alliance, and then instigated the Civil War.b. At the beginning of the war, the North troops suffered a steadily setback.2) Turning point of the Civil War: The characteristic of this stage (1863-1865) was that the change in its domestic political life and the tactics of the federal.a. Lincoln’s government had issued the “Homestead Act” and the “Emancipation Proclamation” to reverse the situation. (Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal and dissuaded the British from intervening. Jan 1, 1863 - President Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in territories heldby Confederates and emphasized the enlisting of black soldiers in the Union Army. The war to preserve the Union now became a revolutionary struggle for the abolition of slavery.)b. In 1863s, the North troops won the way in the Battle of Gettysburg and grasped the initiative of the war. 3）The Consequences of the Civil WarThe Civil War officially ended with the unconditional surrender of the South at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. As a result of the war about 360.000 Union troops and civilians and perhaps 260.000 in Confederate states died. Property damage was enormous in the South whereas the Union economically profited from the conflict because of the increasing demand for iron, uniforms and military products. Many southern towns, cities, plantations and railroads lay in ruins and for a long time the South lagged behind the rest of the nation economically. The war also caused deep and long-lasting feelings of bitterness and division between the people of North and South.。

影响美国独立战争的因素美国独立战争是美国历史上的一场重要事件，是自由和独立的关键转折点。

这场战争对美国独立的实现产生了深远的影响。

以下是影响美国独立战争的一些因素。

1.英国对殖民地的控制：英国在美洲建立了13个殖民地，这些殖民地享有相对的自治权。

然而，英国政府试图加强对这些殖民地的控制，增加贸易限制和征税，引发了美国殖民地的不满情绪。

2.税务政策：1764年，《糖法》，1765年，《印花法》，1767年，《印花税法》、《纳闷法》等一系列英国税务政策引发了美国殖民地居民的怒火。

这些法律对殖民地的商业和贸易活动产生了严重的负面影响。

3.代议制：殖民地在这一时期已经形成了一套相对完善的代议制，包括殖民地议会和各个殖民地代表。

这些代议制的发展为美国独立战争提供了组织和动员的基础。

4.启蒙思想：启蒙哲学思想在殖民地得到了广泛传播。

思想家如约翰·洛克、孟德斯鸠等的思想启发了殖民地的民众，强调了个体权利和政府责任的重要性。

这些思想提供了反对英国殖民者权威的理论基础。

5.波士顿倾茶事件：1773年，在对英国殖民地的贸易限制不断加强下，波士顿港爆发了著名的倾茶事件。

这一事件表明殖民地居民对英国政府的抗议已经进一步升级，为独立战争埋下了伏笔。

6.统一行动：1774年，美洲殖民地的代表在费城成立了第一届大陆会议，通过了《大陆权利法案》，其中包括反对英国的经济措施并做出了最后的抗议。

这个组织的建立表明了殖民者的团结和其对独立的决心。

7.独立宣言：1776年7月4日，美国大陆会议通过了《独立宣言》，正式宣布了美国独立，成为继英国之后第一个宣布独立的殖民地。

8.军事支持：法国在独立战争中对美国的军事支持是决定性的。

法国的支持使美国军队获得了重要的装备和援助，使其战略地位得到了提升。

9.内部矛盾：在独立战争期间，英国内部存在着对战争的分歧。

保守派和进步派的争斗削弱了英国政府对殖民地的决策能力，为美国取得胜利提供了机会。

世界近代史（上）名词解释（少数几个实在没找到，求补充）第二章第一节（缺公簿持有公）1.圈地运动15世纪末至19世纪上半叶英国贵族用暴力大规模剥夺农民土地的过程。

英国资产阶级进行原始积累的重要手段之一。

由于英国毛纺织手工业的发展，羊毛需求量大增，价格上涨，英国贵族地主自十五世纪末开始，纷纷采用暴力手段把农民从世代耕种的小块租地上赶走，并把原为农民公用的山林，草地，沼泽霸占过来，围上篱笆，圈做牧场。

之后以高价出租，或雇人饲养羊群。

这就是英国历史上著名的“羊吃人”的圈地运动。

圈地运动的进行，使英国大批农民丧失了租种的耕地，而被迫走上充当雇佣工人的道路，使英国的贵族地主逐步资产阶级化，从而促进了英国资本原始积累的进程。

2.清教运动16世纪后半期，英国资产阶级和新贵族清除英国国教内部天主教残余的运动。

当时英国资产阶级和新贵族力量不断增强，为维护封建专制统治的英国国教持反对态度，要求清除残存的天主教因素，简化教会的仪式和活动，“清教”的称谓由此而来。

请教抨击封建贵族、僧侣的奢侈浪费和道德败坏，提倡过严肃、“勤劳”的生活。

这实际上反映了新兴资产阶级追求利润和积累资本的理想生活，为英国资产阶级革命提供了思想动力。

3.新模范军英国资产阶级革命时期长期国会于1645年建立的军队。

总司令为费尔伐克斯（Thomas Fairfax，1612-1671），实际是+克伦威尔领导。

全军2.2万人，骨干是自耕农，有良好纪律。

内战时期，击败王党军。

1649年又镇压平等派和掘土派。

4.《航海条例》1650年和1651年英国为削弱荷兰商人在国际贸易方面的中心地位，曾两次颁布《航海条例》。

1650年的《航海条例》规定非经英国允许外国商人不得与英国殖民地通商。

1651年的《航海条例》又规定进口到英国的产品只准使用英国船只或生产国的船只进行运输，从英国出口的产品只准使用英国船只运输。

荷兰宣布拒绝承认英国的《航海条例》，和英国在1652年到1673年间先后发生三次英荷战争。