Cloning and Ethics

新编研究生英语系列教程博士研究生英语综合教程（第二版/教师用书）北京市研究生英语教学研究会主编陈大明徐汝舟副主编刘宁王焱华许建平编者赵宏凌邹映辉杨凤珍来鲁宁张剑柳君丽曹莉郑辉中国人民大学出版社KEY TO THE EXERCISESUnit One ScienceText 1 Can We Really Understand Matter?I. Vocabulary1. A2. B3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. CII. Definition1. A priority2. Momentum3. An implication4. Polarization5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energiesIII. Mosaic1. The stress: (Omitted)Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with–tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.2. molecule3. A4. B5. C6. B7. A8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfullydeveloped in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-mat ter. They are the “destruction”phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.V. GroupingA.Uncertainty:what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious wayB.Contrast:more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly wellC. Applications of Quantum mechanics:the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes1. probabilities2. illusory3. discourage4. scrutinyVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING•STRATEGY•DEFINITIONI. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions ofpower) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other,especially that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it.3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of thesoftware to deal correctly with dates of January 2000 or later.4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible internationalinfluence or operation.II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.1. hypothesisA hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts,proving an argument, etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.2. scienceScience is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.3. superstitionSuperstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.4. pessimismPessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.5. individualismIndividualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.Text 2 Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model IdlesI. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. D8. BII. Definition1. A refrain2. A spark3. A jingle4. Symmetry5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.III. Mosaic1. gravity2. anti-/opposite3. D4. B5. A6. A7. B8.AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there,and even unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons –as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another.These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other’s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Model’s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus. V. GroupingA.Particle physics:supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, stringB.Strangeness:bizarre, beyond the ken ofC.Antonyms:gravity–antigravity1. novelty2. revelatory3. Symmetry4. gravityVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY• EXEMPLIFICATION AN D ILLUSTRATION(Omitted)Text 3 Supporting ScienceI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. D 11. B 12. AII. Definition1. A portfolio2. A vista3. Cryptography4. Paleontology5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation6. a group of people having common interests7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organizationIII. Rhetoric1. pouring money into2. column3. unbridled4. twilight5. blossomed intoIV. Mosaic1. phenomenon criterion datum medium(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)2. A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. C8. BV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperityand development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is “insufficient investment in research and development.” Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.VI. Grouping:A.Negligence of basic research:corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirling our supportB.Significant examples of basic research:computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)C.Ways to intensify arguments:moved support for science from a “want to have” squarely into the “need to have”column1. resounding2. second-guessing3. downsized4. subjectedVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY (Omitted)Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?I. Vocabulary1. B2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. D8. A9. D 10. B 11. B 12. DII. Definition1. A constraint2. Algorithm3. A prerequisite4. Ethics5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion6. a person’s principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important inlife.7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a projectIII. Rhetoric1. brushed under the carpet2. smell3. hands and brains4. battle front5. module . . . moduleIV. Mosaic1. /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /s//s/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z//iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /z//z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /z//s/ after voiceless consonants/z/ after voiced consonants/iz/ after a word ended with –es2. B3. D4. A5. D6. A7. CV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way toproduce life. They all agree that human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity.Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, points out that “human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.”VI. Grouping:A.The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitiveB.Academic science:a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery,comprehensive citation of the literature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitariansympathyC.Industrial science:intimately involved in the business of daily lifeD.Post-academic science:a succession of “projects”, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work ofteams of scientists1. individualistic2. energized3. comprehensive4. heterogeneousVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • CAUSE AND EFFECT(Omitted)Text 5 Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as MetaphorI. Vocabulary1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. B7. A8. B9. A 10. CII. Rhetoric1. pitch2. landscape3. unblinking4. yawn5. wringsIII. Mosaic1.physical poetic political scientific optical atomic2. (Omitted)3. B4. B5. A6. C7. DIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. There are only two forms of human spiritual creation: science and poetry. The formergives us convenience; and the latter gives us comfort. In more common words, the former enables us to have food to eat when we are hungry; and the latter makes us aware that eating is something more than eating, and it is very interesting as well. To have science without poetry, atomic bomb will be detonated; to have poetry without science, poets will starve to death.Scientists should not despise poets; and poets should not remain isolated from scientists.If the two fields conflict each other, human beings would be on the way to doom. In fact, the greatest scientists like Newton, Einstein and Mrs. Currie were all endowed with poetic spirit.I assert that in observing the apple falling to the ground, Newton not only discovered thegravity of the earth, he also wrote a beautiful poem.V. GroupingA.Human reason:guilty of hubris, cramped imagination, commonsense logic, an ignorant manB.Differences between art and science:different in their methods and in their ends, a scientific hypothesis can be proven, new combinations of old materials, transform the ordinary into extraordinary, a practical extension into technology, the sense of an endingC.Similarities between art and science:in their origin, quest to reveal the world1. indistinguishable2. transform3. poetic4. extension5. subdueVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATIONI. Organize the following words into groups.People: physician; driver; boxer; mother; teacherSchools: school; college; institute; kindergarten; universityColors: brown; purple; violet; black; yellowPrepositions: along; toward; upon; without; intoVerbs:listen; read; write; hear; lookII. Complete the following lists.1. College students can be classified according to:A.academic achievementB.attitude toward politics, friendship, etc.C.sexD.heightE.place of originF.value of lifeG.major2. Transportation means can be classified according to:A.speedB.sizeeD.fuelfortF.historyG.water, land, or airIII. Write a paragraph of classification on the books which you like to read.(Omitted)Text 6 Is Science Evil?I. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. D4. B5. B6.A7. C8. C9. D 10. AII. Definition1. Canon2. Validity3. A premise4. Disillusionment5. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or correctness of something6. a mode of thinking based on guessing rather than on knowledgeIII. Mosaic1. 1) / / illusion dis-=not -ment=noun ending2) / / science pseudo-=false3) / / conscious -ness=noun ending4) / / question -able=adjective ending5) / / extenuate -ation=noun ending6) / / indict -ment=noun ending7) / / rebut -al=noun ending8) / / perpetrate -ion=noun ending9) / / problem -ic=adjective ending10) / / dissolute -ion=noun ending2. Para. 13: Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can aclosed view of the world pretend to scientific validity –and then it is a falsevalidity.Para.14: Out of dissatisfaction with all the separate bits of knowledge is born the desire to unite all knowledge.Para. 15: Only superficially do the modern and the ancient atomic theories seem to fit into the same theoretical mold.1) Para. 13: Only + adverbial clause of time + inverted orderPara. 14: Prepositional phrase + inverted orderPara. 15: Only + adverb + inverted order2) Inverted order is used to emphasize.3. C4. B5. A6. CIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. At present there exist two conflicting tendencies towards the development of science andtechnology. The opponents of science hold that the development of modern science has not brought blessings to human beings, instead it has brought human beings to the very edge of disaster and peril. On the other hand, the proponents of scientific and technological progress maintains that the crises facing human beings today—such as environmental pollution, ecological unbalance, natural resource exhaustion—are the natural consequences of the development of science, and the solution to which lies in the further development of science. Both of the above tendencies are reasonable in a sense with their respective one-sided view. If we view the development of modern science and technology from the point of view of our times and with dialectic viewpoints, we can find out that the problem facing modern science and technology is not how to understand the progress of modern science and technology, but how to find out the theoretical basis for the further development of science and technology in order to meet the needs of the times.V. GroupingA.Attitudes toward science:expect to be helped by science and only by science, the superstition of science, the hatred of science, the one great landmark on the road to truthB.Characteristics of science:powerful authority, solve all problems, thoroughly universalC.Scientific knowledge:a concrete totality, cannot supply us with the aims of life, cannot lead usD.Contrast between ancient and modern science:progress into the infinite, making particulars absolute, not as an end in itself but as a tool of inquiry1. corruption2. totality3. inquiry4. superstition5. landmarkVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • GENERALIZATION AND SPECIFICATIONWRITING • STRATEGY • COMBINATION OF WRITING STRATEGIES (Omitted)Unit Two EngineeringText 7 Engineers’ Dream of Practical Star FlightI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7.CII. Definition1. Annihilation2. A skeptic3. A cosmic ray4. Anti-matter5. A workshop6. the curved path in space that is followed by an object going around another larger object7. any one of the systems of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, heldtogether by gravitational attractionIII. Mosaic1. 闭音节, 字母u 发/ / 的音，如A, C and D.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. C6. B7. A8. BIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Human beings have long been attempting sending unmanned devices, called interstellarprobes, into the outer space to understand the changes of climates, geological structures and the living beings on the stars and planets out there. A probe is usually sent into the orbit of the earth by “riding” a spacecraft or carrier rockets. After its orbital adjustments are made, the rocket engine is ignited and the probe continues its journey to the orbit of the other star or planet. With the rocket engine broken off, the probe immediately spreads its solar-cell sails and antenna, controlling its posture with sensors. When convinced that it is in the orbit of the targeted star, the probe starts its propeller and flies to the preset destination.V. GroupingA.Astronomical phenomena:interstellar medium, a wind of particles, galaxy, reserves of comets, the Kuiper Belt,orbit, Pluto, the Oort Cloud, the bombardment photonB.Space equipment:interstellar probe, gravitational lens, chemical rocket, thruster, reflective sailC.To explore the universe:scoop, bend, sampleD.Challenges and solutions in interstellar flights:carry its own supply of propellant, matter-antimatter, nuclear power1. gravitational2. propulsion3. probed4. interstellarVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • RHETORIC • SIMILE AND METAPHORI. Complete the following similes with the words given, using one word once only.1. as drunk as a ___ bear 11. as cool as ___ cucumber______2. as faithful as a ___ dog_____ 12. as white as ____ snow ________3. as greedy as ____Jew_____ 13. as cunning as a ____ fox__________4. as rich as _____ king_____ 14. to fight like a ____ _lion_________5. as naked as a ___ frog_____ 15. to act like a stupid __ ass_________6. as red as a _ _lobster_ 16. to spend money like __ water_______7. as beautiful as a _ butterfly__ 17. to eat like a _ wolf________8. as busy as a ____ bee______ 18. to sleep like a _____ log ______9. as firm as a ____ rock _____ 19. to swim like a ____ fish________10. as rigid as a ___stone____ 20. to tremble like a _____ _ leaf_________II. Explain the following metaphors.1. Creaking doors hang the longest.creaking door: anything or anybody in a bad condition2. I could hardly put up with his acid comment.acid comment: bitter remark.3. Her eyes were blazing as she stormed at me.blazing: filled with angerstormed: shouted; screamed4. She burnt with love, as straw with fire flames.burnt with love: extremely excited with love5. The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.a red flag: a danger signal (that might stop the support of many voters)6. The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of bellows.glowed and dimmed: became bright and gloomy7. The city is a jungle where nobody is safe after the dark.a jungle: a disorderly place8. To me he is power—he is the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, thestinging centipede.the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, and the stinging centipede: the most terrifying creatureText 8 Blinded By The LightI. Vocabulary1. A2. C3. A4. C5. D6. A7. BII. Rhetoric1. riveted2. pack3. pours4. creepsIII. Mosaic1. 开音节发字母读音, 如A, B and C.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. D6. D7. C8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The energy released from nuclear fusion is much more than that from nuclear fission, andthe radioactivity given out from fusion is only one hundredth of that from fission. The major fuel used for nuclear fusion is hydrogen and its isotopes, deuterium and tritium, among which deuterium could be directly extracted from sea water. The energy of deuterium contained in one liter of sea water is equal to 300 liters of petroleum. In the ocean there are about 35,000 billion tons of deuterium, which could be used for more than one billion years. Compared to the fission energy, the fusion energy on the earth is nearly limitless.V. GroupingA. Nuclear-fusion:the doughnut-shaped hollow, reactor, the Tokamak Fusion reactor, fusion, generate, consumeB. Verbs related to nuclear-fusion reaction:ignite, release, stickC. Excitement and cool-down:not a few tears, The experiment is an important milestone, but fusion power is still along way . . . , But no one knows for sure whether…, Even then it will take decades of engineering before…1. nuclear fusion2. repel3. blastVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)W RITING • R HETORIC • METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHEI. Study the uses of metonymy in the following sentences and then put them into Chinese.1.The election benched him in the district court.他在这次竞选中当上了地区法官。

高中英语选修2知识点总结Unit 1 Cultural relics1. What is a cultural relic?Cultural relics are objects of historical, cultural, artistic, or scientific value that have survived from the past. They can include ancient artifacts, historical buildings, archaeological sites, and works of art.2. The importance of cultural relicsCultural relics are important because they provide a tangible link to the past, helping us to understand and appreciate different cultures, histories, and artistic achievements. They also have educational, economic, and tourism value.3. The protection of cultural relicsCultural relics need to be protected from natural decay, human theft, and looting. Governments, organizations, and individuals all have a role to play in preserving these valuable assets for future generations.4. Famous cultural relicsThere are many famous cultural relics around the world, such as the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt, Stonehenge in England, and the Parthenon in Greece.Unit 2 Cloning1. What is cloning?Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism or cell. There are different types of cloning, including reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and molecular cloning.2. The science behind cloningCloning involves taking the DNA from a donor cell and inserting it into an egg cell, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The result is a genetic copy of the original organism.3. The ethics of cloningCloning is a controversial topic that raises ethical questions about the sanctity of life, the potential for exploitation, and the implications for human identity and individuality.4. Applications of cloningCloning has potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and conservation, including the production of genetically modified organisms, the preservation of endangered species, and the development of new treatments for genetic diseases.Unit 3 Travel journal1. The benefits of travelingTraveling provides an opportunity for personal growth, cultural enrichment, and relaxation. It can also encourage the development of language skills, social awareness, and a broader perspective on the world.2. Keeping a travel journalA travel journal is a record of a person's experiences, feelings, and reflections during their travels. It can help to capture and preserve memories, document observations, and providea record of personal growth.3. Tips for effective travel journalingEffective travel journaling involves creating a narrative, using descriptive language, and including personal reflections. It should also be supplemented with sketches, photographs, and mementos.4. The value of a travel journalA travel journal can serve as a source of inspiration, a record of accomplishments, and a reminder of the importance of experiencing new things and stepping outside of one's comfort zone.Unit 4 Wildlife protection1. The importance of wildlife protectionWildlife is an essential part of the ecosystem and plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of nature. Protecting wildlife helps to preserve biodiversity, sustain ecosystems, and safeguard the planet's natural beauty.2. Threats to wildlifeWildlife faces numerous threats, including habitat loss, pollution, climate change, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict. These threats can endanger vulnerable species and lead to their extinction.3. Measures for wildlife protectionTo protect wildlife, it is important to establish and manage protected areas, regulate hunting and trade, promote sustainable land use, and raise public awareness through education and advocacy.4. The role of individuals in wildlife protectionIndividuals can contribute to wildlife protection by supporting conservation organizations, participating in research and monitoring efforts, reducing their environmental impact, and advocating for policy changes.Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors1. The study of human evolutionThe study of human evolution focuses on the biological and cultural changes that have occurred in human ancestors over time, leading to the development of modern humans. 2. The search for human ancestorsScientists use various methods to search for human ancestors, including fossil discovery, genetic analysis, and archaeological research. These methods help to piece together the story of human evolution.3. The significance of human ancestorsStudying human ancestors helps to understand where we come from, how we are related to other species, and how we have adapted to different environments. It also sheds light on the cultural achievements of early humans.4. The impact of human ancestors on modern humansThe traits and behaviors that emerged in human ancestors have shaped the development of modern humans, influencing our physical appearance, cognitive abilities, social structures, and cultural practices.Unit 6 Seasons and weather1. The concept of seasons and weatherSeasons are the recurring patterns of change in temperature, precipitation, and daylight that occur throughout the year, while weather refers to the short-term atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and wind.2. Factors influencing weather and climateSeveral factors influence weather and climate, including latitude, altitude, topography, ocean currents, and air masses. These factors create different climatic zones and weather patterns around the world.3. The impact of seasons and weather on human activitiesSeasons and weather have a significant impact on human activities, influencing agriculture, transportation, construction, and outdoor recreation. They also affect human health and well-being.4. Adapting to seasonal and weather changesHumans have developed various technologies, practices, and traditions to adapt to seasonal and weather changes, such as building shelters, creating clothing, and using farming techniques suited to different climates.Unit 7 Chemical reactions1. What are chemical reactions?Chemical reactions are processes in which substances combine or break apart to form new compounds. They involve the rearrangement of atoms and the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.2. Types of chemical reactionsChemical reactions can be classified into different types, including synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, double replacement, and acid-base reactions.3. The factors influencing chemical reactionsSeveral factors influence chemical reactions, such as temperature, pressure, concentration, and the presence of catalysts or inhibitors. These factors can speed up or slow down the rate of reaction.4. Applications of chemical reactionsChemical reactions have many practical applications in everyday life, industry, and the natural world, such as food preparation, fuel combustion, metal extraction, and the functioning of biological systems.Unit 8 Innovations1. The importance of innovationInnovation is the process of creating new ideas, products, or methods to solve problems, improve efficiency, and spark progress in different fields. It is crucial for economic growth, social development, and human advancement.2. Innovation in science and technologyScience and technology have driven numerous innovations, such as the development of electricity, computers, the internet, vaccines, and renewable energy sources, which have transformed the way we live and work.3. Innovation in the arts and humanitiesInnovation in the arts and humanities involves the creation of new forms of expression, communication, and cultural experiences, such as literature, music, visual arts, film, and performance.4. Encouraging and supporting innovationInnovation can be encouraged and supported through education, research and development funding, intellectual property protection, and collaboration between individuals, organizations, and governments.Unit 9 Language1. The importance of languageLanguage is essential for communication, expression, and the transmission of knowledge and culture. It is a fundamental aspect of human identity and social interaction.2. The study of languageLinguistics is the scientific study of language, including its structure, origins, evolution, and use. It encompasses various subfields, such as phonetics, syntax, semantics, and sociolinguistics.3. The diversity of languagesThere are thousands of languages spoken around the world, each with its unique characteristics, vocabulary, and grammar. Language diversity reflects the richness of human experiences and cultural heritage.4. Language and identityLanguage shapes and reflects individual and group identities, defining social, cultural, and national affiliations. It also plays a crucial role in the preservation and transmission of cultural traditions.Unit 10 The Internet1. The impact of the internetThe internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, conduct business, and interact with the world. It has facilitated globalization, democratized knowledge, and transformed social relationships.2. The development of the internetThe internet began as a research project in the late 1960s and gradually evolved into a global network of interconnected computers. It has since expanded to include various services, such as email, the World Wide Web, and social media.3. The benefits and challenges of the internetThe internet has brought numerous benefits, such as enhanced communication, increased access to education, and economic opportunities. However, it has also raised concerns about privacy, cybersecurity, and digital divide.4. Navigating the internet responsiblyIt is important to use the internet responsibly by being critical of online information, respecting intellectual property, protecting personal data, and promoting digital literacy and ethics.In conclusion, High School English Elective 2 covers a wide range of topics, including cultural relics, cloning, travel journaling, wildlife protection, human evolution, seasons and weather, chemical reactions, innovations, language, and the internet. These topics offer valuable insights on the importance of preserving the past, understanding scientific advances, embracing cultural diversity, adapting to environmental changes, promoting creativity, fostering communication, and using technology responsibly. By studying these topics, students can gain a deeper understanding of the world around them and develop critical thinking, empathy, and global awareness.。

课程名称：《大学英语（三）》2018年8月17日星期五一、教学目的和任务：大学英语课程包括大学英语（一）、大学英语（二）大学英语（三）和大学英语（四）。

大学英语（三）是大学英语课程体系中的第三学期的综合课程。

大学英语课程是高等学校人文教育的一部分，兼有工具性和人文性双重性质。

就工具性而言，大学英语课程是基础教育阶段英语教学的提升和拓展，主要目的是进一步提高学生英语听、说、读、写、译的能力。

就人文性而言，大学英语课程重要任务之一是进行跨文化教育。

语言是文化的载体，同时也是文化的组成部分，学生学习语言的同时，还需了解国外的社会与文化，增进对不同文化的理解、对中外文化异同的意识，培养跨文化交际能力。

二、教学内容：Unit 1 Caring for Our Earth（12课时），Unit 2 Nobel Prize Winners（12课时），Unit 4 Cloning and Ethics （12课时），Unit 6 Travel Around the World（12课时）。

三、教学方法：本课程是一门英语语言技能综合课程，实行体验式英语教学，采用以“体验”为核心的启发式、参与式等教学方法。

1. Lead-in部分的听力和对话切合社会热点话题，让学生参与课堂讨论，展开对话练习，帮助学生提高口语表达能力；2. 课文阅读部分结合一定的阅读技巧让学生进行训练，帮助学生拓宽知识面，提高阅读效率；3. 课后练习部分，让学生基于课本所学内容进行发散，自主完成练习再由教师进行点评，提高自主探索和自主学习能力；4. 文化沙龙部分作为课外拓展内容，鼓励学生课后自主完成。

总体来看，教学体现了“学-练-会-用”的完整学习过程。

四、考核方式：闭卷考试，笔试与口试结合，同时结合平时作业进行课程考核与成绩评定。

考核评分以百分制计，学期综合成绩= 平时成绩（50%）+ 期考成绩（50%）。

平时成绩=出勤率20%+ 课堂表现20%+ 平时作业20%+口语项目40%。

克隆人克隆人是一个创造的基因完全相同的副本，以前存在的一个现有的或人类。

这个名词一般用来指人工克隆人;形式的克隆人，在同卵双胞胎是很常见的繁殖，他们的克隆过程中发生的自然过程。

通常有两种类型的讨论人类克隆：治疗性克隆和生殖性克隆。

包括克隆治疗性克隆在医学上的成熟细胞，是一个活跃的研究领域。

生殖性克隆将涉及制造克隆人类。

更换一个克隆的克隆称为第三类是一个理论上的可能性，并且将是一个治疗性和生殖性克隆的组合。

更换克隆将产生广泛的更换损坏的，失败，或者未通过或部分身体克隆其次是全脑移植。

克隆人的各种形式是有争议的。

[25]克隆领域已经有许多人要求对所有进步的挂起。

最科学，政府和宗教组织反对生殖性克隆。

在美国科学进步协会的（美国科学促进会）和其他科学组织已得到解决的公开声明表明，人的生殖性克隆加以禁止，直到安全问题。

[26]严重的伦理问题提出了克隆器官将来收获的可能性。

[ 来源请求 ]有些人认为机体的想法日益机关分别从人-这样做，一个新的器官供应可能没有它们建立从人类的道德意义的收获。

研究也正在进行有关的思想成长的器官在生理上可以接受的猪或人体内的其他生物，如牛，然后移植给人类，形成一个异种移植。

人类第一次杂交克隆人创建于1998年11月，由美国电池技术。

[27]它是细胞创建从一个人的腿，和一种牛的卵子的DNA被删除。

它被摧毁后12天。

由于在14天的正常胚胎植入，医生罗伯特兰扎，ACT的工程总监的组织，告诉每日邮报说，胚胎不能被看作是14天前的人。

同时使一个胚胎，这可能导致在一个完整的人要是让来而言，根据法令：“[ACT的]目的是'治疗性克隆'不'的生殖性克隆'”在2008年1月，木材和安德鲁法国，Stemagen的首席科学官在加利福尼亚州宣布，他们成功地创建了第一个5成熟胚使用人类DNA的成年皮肤细胞，旨在提供一个可行的胚胎来源的干细胞。

博士塞缪尔伍德和他的同事捐赠的皮肤细胞，这些细胞DNA的人类卵子被转移到。

克隆技术的双刃剑：利与弊的思考In the realm of biotechnology, cloning has emerged as a controversial topic, sparking debates on its potential benefits and ethical implications. This essay aims to delve into the pros and cons of cloning, examining its scientific achievements and ethical challenges while highlighting the need for responsible scientific advancements.**The Scientific Achievements of Cloning**The scientific achievements of cloning are immense and diverse. Cloning has enabled scientists to replicate valuable genetic material, enabling research in areas such as disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. By creating identical copies of cells or organisms, cloning has provided a unique tool for studying the effects of genetic variations and environmental factors on biological systems.In the field of medicine, cloning has the potential to revolutionize treatment methods. For instance, stem cell cloning could lead to the development of personalized therapies for patients with genetic diseases. By creating apatient's own stem cells, doctors could potentially cure diseases at their root, rather than just managing symptoms. Moreover, cloning technology has the potential to conserve endangered species. By cloning rare or endangered animals, scientists could potentially restore populations and maintain biodiversity. This could have profound implications for the conservation of ecological systems and the preservation of natural resources.**The Ethical Challenges of Cloning**However, despite its scientific achievements, cloning also poses significant ethical challenges. One of the most controversial aspects of cloning is the creation of human embryos solely for research purposes. This practice raises concerns about the sanctity of life and the moral status of embryos, which many consider to be potential human beings. Furthermore, cloning technology could lead to the abuse of human dignity and reproductive rights. For example, cloning could be misused for unethical purposes such as creating "designer babies" with specific traits or cloning individuals for illegal or immoral activities. Such abuseswould violate the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals and society at large.Moreover, cloning technology could have profound psychological and social impacts on individuals and society. Cloned individuals may face identity crises and psychological issues resulting from their unique status as replicas. Furthermore, cloning could lead to the emergenceof new forms of discrimination and segregation based on genetic differences.**The Need for Responsible Scientific Advancements**In light of these pros and cons, it is crucial that we approach cloning technology with caution and responsibility. Scientific advancements in cloning must be balanced with ethical considerations to ensure that they do not violate human dignity or harm society.To this end, it is essential to establish strictethical guidelines and regulations governing the use of cloning technology. These guidelines should protect the rights and welfare of individuals while promoting responsible scientific research. Furthermore, it is important to involve diverse stakeholders, includingethicists, philosophers, and the general public, in the development and implementation of these guidelines.In conclusion, cloning technology presents both remarkable opportunities and significant challenges. Its potential to revolutionize medicine and conserve biodiversity is immense, but it also raises concerns about ethics, human dignity, and social impacts. It is crucial that we approach this technology with a balanced perspective, ensuring that scientific advancements are used responsibly and ethically. Only through careful consideration and responsible action can we harness the power of cloning technology for the benefit of society while protecting our fundamental values and principles.**克隆技术的双刃剑：利与弊的思考**在生物技术领域，克隆技术已成为一个备受争议的话题，引发了关于其潜在利益和伦理问题的激烈辩论。

克隆的英语作文 Cloning, as a controversial topic, has been widely discussed in various fields, including science, ethics, and law. When it comes to cloning in the context of English composition, it opens up a whole new realm of possibilities and challenges. In this essay, we will explore the concept of cloning and its implications in the realm of English writing.

First and foremost, it is important to understand what cloning is. Cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. In the context of English composition, cloning can be seen as the act of replicating or imitating someone else's work. This can be done intentionally or unintentionally, and it raises questions about originality, creativity, and intellectual property.

One of the main concerns with cloning in English composition is the issue of plagiarism. Plagiarism occurs when a writer copies someone else's work and presents it as their own. This not only violates ethical standards, but it also undermines the writer's credibility and integrity. In the age of the internet, where information is readily available and easily accessible, the temptation to plagiarize is greater than ever. Therefore, it is crucial for writers to be vigilant and ensure that their work is original and properly attributed to the original sources.

Cloning technology has been a topic of discussion for several years now. The idea of creating an exact replica of an organism, whetherit is an animal or human, has raised several questions about the ethics and morality of the process. While proponents of cloningpoint out the advantages of cloning, the potential risks and issues surrounding the process call for a cautious approach. This essay shall discuss the pros and cons of cloning.On the positive side, cloning has several benefits. The first and most obvious advantage of cloning is that it can help preserve endangered animal species. Cloning can create identical versions of endangered species, which can then be raised in captivity and later released into the wild. For example, scientists cloned a femaleblack-footed ferret in 2020 which resulted in 2 live offsprings, marking the first cloned ferrets and the first cloned endangered species in North America. This process can help the fight against extinction of endangered species.Second, cloning can be useful in medical research. Cloning cancreate identical models of stem cells allowing researchers to explore, test and develop treatments for diseases affecting both animals and humans. This research can lead to the development of more targeted and effective treatments for various diseases. Additionally, cloning can allow parents who have lost a child to create a clone of their lost child. This, however, is the most controversial aspect of cloning as it raises ethical concerns about the rights of the clone and the relationship between the clone and the original individual.On the downside, cloning raises several ethical and moral issues. One of the major concerns of cloning is the potential for unintended consequences. Cloned organisms are not 100 percent identical totheir original counterparts. They can be susceptible to higher risks of genetic mutations and diseases, which can then be passed down to future generations.Another concern surrounding cloning is the lack of diversity it creates. Cloning can lead to a limited gene pool, which can lead to reduced genetic diversity and increase the susceptibility to diseases.Furthermore, cloning raises the question of the ethicalconsideration of clones. If we are able to replicate an individual, will the clone possess the same rights as the original individual? Should the cloned individual be considered a separate entity or an exact replica of the original?In conclusion, cloning is a complex and controversial issue that must be approached with caution. While cloning can offer several potential benefits, it also presents several challenges and ethical concerns. It is important that any further research and development of cloning technology is done ethically and carefully, with consideration to the potential risks as well as the potential benefits. At its core, cloning raises important ethical and moral questions that must be addressed before any substantive progress can be made.。

如何看待科技创新英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Technological Innovation: A Double-Edged SwordAs a student living in the 21st century, I can't help but be in awe of the rapid pace of technological advancement happening all around me. From the smartphones in our pockets to the artificial intelligence software being developed in cutting-edge labs, it seems like every day brings a new groundbreaking innovation that reshapes how we live, work, and interact with the world.On one hand, these technological breakthroughs have opened up incredible opportunities and conveniences that were unimaginable just a few decades ago. The internet has put a wealth of information at our fingertips, allowing students like myself to research topics, communicate with teachers, and collaborate on projects from anywhere with an internet connection. Powerful computers and software have tremendously enhanced our ability to analyze data, model complex systems, and solve challenging problems. Medicaltechnologies like genetic testing, robotic surgery, and targeted drug therapies are saving countless lives. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and lithium-ion batteries are making it possible to reduce our reliance on polluting fossil fuels. The examples go on and on.At the same time, I can't ignore the significant risks, drawbacks, and ethical quandaries posed by accelerating technological capabilities. Every powerful new technology, no matter how beneficial its intended purpose, also carries unintended consequences and potential for misuse that must be carefully considered.The same connectivity that enables seamless global communication and open access to information has also created vulnerabilities to cyber attacks, the spread of misinformation and fake news, invasions of privacy, and the exploitation of people's data for commercial or nefarious purposes. Artificial intelligence algorithms can perpetuate societal biases, jeopardize people's jobs, and potentially pose existential risks if this transformative technology isfutures irresponsibly developed. Automation and robotics are disrupting entire industries and worker displacement. Biotechnologies like gene editing, cloning, andsynthetic biology blur ethical boundaries and open Pandora's boxes of philosophical questions about altering life itself.Even the quest for clean energy through innovations like electric vehicles and industrial-scale battery storage poses its own environmental challenges through the mining and disposal of rare-earth metals and toxic materials. Let's not forget warnings from scientists and authors of science fiction over the catastrophic risks that advanced artificial general intelligence could pose if it radically surpasses human-level cognitive capabilities without robust safeguards and alignment with human ethics and values.As exciting as many emerging technologies are, we must be cognizant that new inventions don't automatically translate into moral, ethical, or environmentally responsible progress. Every new capability is basically a tool that can be used for productive or destructive ends, depending on the intention and wisdom of its creators and users.As students who will soon become the researchers, innovators, businesspeople, and leaders of tomorrow, we have a profound responsibility to approach technological development with foresight, wisdom and an ethical framework. We must carefully consider not only the potential upsides of newinnovations, but also diligently analyze and mitigate against the downsides, risks, and unintended consequences.In my view, we need to strive to develop a new multidisciplinary mindset that combines technical knowledge from fields like computer science, engineering, and biotechnology, with wisdom from the social sciences, ethics, philosophy, and environmental studies. Only by considering technological progress holistically from multiple perspectives can we reap the immense benefits of powerful new tools while safeguarding against dystopian scenarios.We should adamantly reject the mentality oferie a "move fast and break things" when human lives, societal stability, freedom, and the environment itself could potentially be "broken" in disastrous ways by rushing headlong into unleashing radical new technologies before thoroughly understanding their ramifications.At the same time, we can't let reasonable risk aversion devolve into a stifling technophobia or Neo-Luddite resistance to all innovation. The solution isn't to halt technological progress, which could forfeit transformative advances that could tremendously improve life for humanity as a whole. It's aboutdeveloping new technologies thoughtfully, responsibly, and with abundant precaution and ethical safeguards in place.Perhaps now more than ever, we need moral philosophers, ethicists, policymakers, and everyday citizens to be at the vanguard in steering technological progress, not just an insular group of scientists and engineers operating in isolated R&D silos divorced from real-world context. We need look no further than examples of nuclear weapons, chlorofluorocarbons, leaded gasoline, thalidomide, and other innovations whose harmful impacts weren't understood until well after widespread deployment.From social media's lamentable role in spreading hate, misinformation, and undermining democracy, to the rise of data-devouring cryptocurrencies and energy-intensive blockchain technologies, to the existential risks of advanced artificial intelligence...we've been witnessing the disruptive dark sides of technological revolutions unfolding in real-time. Responsible innovation is no longer a philosophical concept; it's an urgent pragmatic necessity.Does this mean I'm anti-technology? Absolutely not. I'm in absolute awe of our civilization's scientific and technological achievements. I'm enamored by sci-fi visions of exploring otherworlds, curing all diseases, eradicating poverty and ushering in an era of unbounded human flourishing catalyzed by advanced tools and capabilities not yet invented. But I'm also a realist cognizant of the unforeseen perils that have emerged alongside past innovations. Like many of my peers, I believe humanity can and must find a way to continue advancing and reaping the immense benefits of technological progress, but doing so in a fundamentally smarter, safer way this time around.We must thoroughly analyze each new technology's potential impacts across multiple domains – not just its promised benefits, but also societal influences, ethical risks, environmental costs, unintended negative consequences, and potential misuse cases. Not in a way that stifles beneficial innovation, but in a way that develops guardrails, ethical frameworks, andmulti-stakeholder governance models to help ensure new technologies are benefiting humanity as a whole and avoiding irreversible catastrophes.Within universities, governments, corporations, and other institutions at the bleeding edge of technological development, we need ethicists, philosophers, social scientists and real-world domain experts at the vanguard along with the scientists and engineers doing the underlying R&D. Developing radical newtechnologies that could impact billions of lives while operating in narrowly-construed academic or commercial vacuum chambers is not only irresponsible, but risks existential hazards in the era of artificial general intelligence, gene editing, nanotech weaponry, and other powerful capabilities.In fields like artificial intelligence, where the skeptics and respected voices ranging from Stephen Hawking to Elon Musk to Nick Bostrom have raised red flags over the long-term risks of an "intelligence explosion" radically surpassing human-level capabilities, we need ethicists and value alignment theorists working hand-in-hand with the AI developers.For emerging technologies with environmental impacts like clean energy innovations, carbon capture, or geoengineering, we need environmental scientists, ecologists, and sustainable development experts collaborating directly with the pioneers to ensure technical solutions don't create catastrophic unexpected side effects.When developing biotechnologies like gene editing, synthetic biology, and therapeutic treatments, we need bioethicists, sociologists, religious scholars, and disability advocates weighing in to protect human rights, equitable access,and prevent misuse to artificially stoke societal pressures toward eugenics or new forms of discrimination.The regulatory frameworks and institutional approval processes for developing powerful technologies with societal impact must adapt as well. No longer can new innovations be simply rubber-stamped by insular academic committees or receive ethics approval through minimal box-checking by under-resourced internal review boards. We need legitimate multidisciplinary bodies of credible voices across domains weighing in on responsible innovation roadmaps forworld-altering technologies.As students soon to become the next generation of leaders and innovators, we have an opportunity and an imperative to reshape how society develops new technologies moving forward. By holding ourselves accountable to holistic ethical and moral standards embedded into our technology development mindsets and practices from the earliest stages, we can pursue world-changing innovations while mitigating against the mistakes and unforeseen catastrophes of the past.It may seem like piecing together the institutional frameworks, cultural shifts, ethical frameworks andcross-disciplinary collaboration models to enable responsiblyinnovating is a monumental, some might say idealistic or unrealistic ambition. To that, I'd respond that compared to the challenges of actually developing revolutionary technologies like artificial general intelligence, effective altruism on a planetary scale, or reversing human-caused climate change, fundamentally reorganizing how we as a society shape the development of those very technologies is surely an attainable imperative with enough willpower and vigilance.After all, what's the point of building revolutionary technologies capable of birthing utopian abundance for humanity if we fail to buttress that promethean fire with ethical and institutional guardrails to make sure it doesn't trigger our own destruction? The stakes have never been higher for society to get this right.As students,篇2How to View Technological InnovationAs a student living in the 21st century, I am surrounded by rapid technological advancements that have significantly impacted our lives. From the smartphones we carry in our pockets to the artificial intelligence (AI) systems that power ourvirtual assistants, technology has become an integral part of our daily existence. However, as we embrace these innovations, it is crucial to adopt a balanced and critical perspective on their implications for our society.On one hand, technological progress has brought about numerous benefits that have improved our quality of life. In the realm of healthcare, for instance, advancements in medical technology have led to groundbreaking treatments and diagnostic tools, enabling earlier detection and more effective management of diseases. Telemedicine has made it possible for patients to receive medical care remotely, bridging geographical barriers and increasing access to healthcare services.Moreover, technological innovations have revolutionized the way we communicate and access information. The internet has connected people across the globe, facilitating the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and cultural experiences. Social media platforms have enabled us to stay connected with friends and family, while online educational resources have made learning more accessible and engaging.Furthermore, technological advancements have played a crucial role in addressing global challenges such as climate change and environmental sustainability. Renewable energytechnologies, like solar and wind power, have provided cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Additionally, technological solutions have been developed to monitor and mitigate environmental degradation, such as remote sensing technologies for tracking deforestation and pollution levels.However, it is essential to acknowledge the potential drawbacks and risks associated with technological progress. One significant concern is the impact of automation and AI on employment. As machines become increasingly capable of performing tasks previously done by humans, there is a risk of job displacement and workforce disruption. This could exacerbate economic inequalities and create social tensions if not properly addressed.Another important consideration is the issue of privacy and data security. With the proliferation of digital technologies and the vast amount of data being collected, there are legitimate concerns about the misuse of personal information and the potential for cyber threats, such as hacking and identity theft.Moreover, the rapid pace of technological change has raised ethical and moral questions. The development of powerful AI systems, for instance, has sparked debates about the potential risks of superintelligent machines and the need for responsiblegovernance frameworks. Similarly, advancements in fields like genetic engineering and biotechnology have raised concerns about the ethical boundaries and potential unintended consequences of tampering with the fundamental building blocks of life.As students, it is crucial for us to develop a nuanced understanding of these complex issues. We must cultivate critical thinking skills and the ability to analyze technological innovations from multiple perspectives. This involves considering the potential benefits and risks, as well as the ethical, social, and environmental implications.Furthermore, we should strive to be active participants in shaping the future of technology. This means engaging in discussions and debates, voicing our concerns, and advocating for responsible and ethical practices in the development and deployment of new technologies.Ultimately, technological innovation is neither inherently good nor bad; it is a powerful tool that can be harnessed for the betterment of humanity or misused with detrimental consequences. As the future leaders and decision-makers, it is our responsibility to navigate this complex landscape withwisdom, ethical consideration, and a commitment to creating a better world for all.By embracing a balanced and critical perspective, we can harness the transformative power of technology while mitigating its potential downsides. We must strive to use these innovations to address global challenges, promote social progress, and create a more sustainable and equitable future for generations to come.In conclusion, as students in the digital age, we must approach technological innovation with an open mind, yet maintain a critical and ethical stance. By fostering a deep understanding of its implications and actively participating in shaping its trajectory, we can ensure that technology serves as a force for positive change, rather than a source of unintended consequences or societal harm.篇3How to View Technological InnovationTechnology is advancing at a dizzying pace in today's world. New innovations are emerging constantly, shaping how we live, work, and interact with the world around us. As a student in the 21st century, I can't help but feel both awed and overwhelmedby the rapid technological progress happening all around me. On one hand, these advancements open up exciting new possibilities and make many tasks infinitely easier. But on the other, they bring about disruptions that can be challenging to adapt to. How then, should we view technological innovation?From my perspective as a student, I believe we must approach new technologies with a balanced mindset. It's all too easy to get caught up in either dooming them as dangers that will ruin society or celebrating them as flawless solutions to all our problems. The reality is, like most things in life, technological advancements have both positive and negative implications that we must carefully consider.Let's start with the upsides, as these are what tend to get most of the hype and attention. Advanced technologies have the potential to radically improve education, making learning more accessible, engaging, and customized than ever before. Video lectures, interactive simulations, intelligent tutoring systems –these are just a few examples of edtech tools that can supplement traditional classroom teaching in powerful ways. Imagine being able to rewind complex concepts until you truly grasp them or receiving personalized feedback tailored to your unique learning needs. For students like myself, suchtechnologies could be absolute game-changers in terms of deepening our understanding.Beyond education, innovations like AI, renewable energy systems, and biotechnology could help us tackle many of humanity's greatest challenges, from climate change and disease to food scarcity and poverty. Thanks to rapid computation, machine learning, and advanced sensors and robotics, we may soon find cures for illnesses, develop eco-friendly solutions for our energy needs, and optimize food production. On a more personal level, the Internet of Things, smart home devices, and digital assistants like Alexa and Siri are making our daily lives more convenient and interconnected.That said, we cannot ignore the potential risks and downsides of technological advancement. Many fear that automation through AI and robotics could lead to massive job displacement and unemployment as machines outperform humans for many types of labor. While new jobs may emerge, there are concerns about workforce transition challenges. Privacy issues are another major point of concern in our increasingly digitized world – data breaches, government surveillance, and the eroding of individual privacy are all risks we must be cognizant of. The addictive nature of many technologies likesocial media and video games is also alarming from mental health and social development standpoints.Moreover, while technology can make education more accessible in some ways, it can also exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities by making high-quality edtech tools unaffordable for underprivileged students. In fact, this digital divide between the technology "haves" and "have-nots" is one of the most critical ethical issues surrounding technological innovation today. Powerful technologies like gene editing, autonomous weapons, viral engineering for biological weapons, and more also bring up nightmarish scenarios if coopted by bad actors. Evenwell-intentioned technologies like self-driving cars could jeopardize public safety if precautions aren't rigorously taken.As I see it, our approach to new technologies should involve carefully weighing the potential advantages and risks instead of adopting an extreme stance of blind acceptance or rejection. We should think critically about policies and regulations that can mitigate the downsides, while still encouraging innovation that improves our lives. After all, many technologies that are commonplace today like the internet, cars, nuclear energy, genetic modification of crops and more were once seen as highlycontroversial upon their inception. It's about striking a balance and not being paralyzed by fear of worst-case scenarios.For students who will be the innovators and leaders of tomorrow, I believe cultivating critical thinking skills is key when it comes to analyzing the ethical implications of emerging technologies. We'll need to be able to scrutinize each new innovation through multiple lenses, considering factors like public risk, morality, accessibility, environmental impact, and socioeconomic effects. It's also crucial that science, technology, and ethics education evolve to keep up with the rapid pace of advancement. This will equip the next generation to make thoughtful, well-rounded decisions around governing the development and deployment of new technologies.Ultimately, I don't think we can afford to be overly dismissive or blindly celebratory of technological innovation. As both history and current events have shown, every transformative new technology is a double-edged sword that has the potential to tremendously improve or disrupt life as we know it. The wise path forward involves striking a balance through proactive governance, ethical guardrails, equitable access, and a trailblazing yet grounded approach that keeps humanity's best interests in mind.While the dizzying rate of tech advancements today。

高三科学伦理英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Gene editing technology has emerged as a revolutionary tool in the field of biotechnology. It allows scientists to make precise changes to the DNA of living organisms. The most well-known gene editing technique is CRISPR-Cas9. This powerful tool has the potential to cure genetic diseases, improve agricultural crops, and even create new forms of life.However, the use of gene editing technology also raises serious ethical concerns. One of the main issues is the possibility of creating "designer babies." This refers to the use of gene editing to enhance certain traits in unborn children, such as intelligence, physical appearance, or athletic ability. Critics argue that this could lead to a new form of eugenics and create a society divided between genetically enhanced and unenhanced individuals.Another ethical concern is the potential for unintended consequences. Gene editing is a complex process, and there is always a risk that unintended changes may occur in the genome. These changes could have harmful effects on the health of the organism or the environment.Despite these concerns, many scientists believe that gene editing technology has great potential for good. For example, it could be used todevelop new treatments for diseases that are currently incurable. It could also be used to improve food security by creating crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases.In the future, gene editing technology is likely to become even more advanced. As our understanding of genetics continues to grow, we may be able to use gene editing to address a wide range of problems. However, it is important that we approach this technology with caution and ensure that it is used in an ethical and responsible manner.1. What is the most well-known gene editing technique?A. PCRB. CRISPR-Cas9C. Gel electrophoresisD. DNA sequencing答案：B。

A couple that had been married for only two years was in a terrible caraccident. The wife walked away with a few cuts and bruises. The husband, however was unconscious when the paramedics arrived. He went into a coma shortly after arriving at the nearby hospital. He came out of the coma but was never to be the same again. It turns out that when he was in the accident he had severe head trauma, and would be a vegetable the rest of his life. He could not take part in the reproduction of children. The wife is now distraught because they will never have children together. She heard about the possibility of cloning and believes that it is the only way that she will ever have children. Is it so?IntroductionThe ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years. The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone. This is an attempt to explore the pros and cons of human cloning and to provide enough information of both sides of the arguments in order for the reader to make their own informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not. Cloning will first be defined. Then a brief explanation of why questions concerning cloning humans have arisen will be presented. Some things cannot be known for sure unless it is tested, i.e., human cloning is allowed. Followed by that, a discussion of the facts and opinions that support cloning will be presented and then the same againstcloning. Please remember that not all of this has proven true nor is able to be proven yet, but has simply been argued as a scientific hypothesis. Finally, my own personal opinion will be stated.Defining Human CloningWhen speaking of human cloning, what is meant? Different groups and organizations define it differently. To use a specific definition, the American Medical Association (AMA) defined cloning as “the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer. …Somatic cell nuclear transfer‟ refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed” (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). In other words, cloning is the method of produce a baby that has the same genes as its parent. You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become an embryo. You then use the same process to implant the egg into a surrogate mother that you would use with artificial insemination. (Eibert)However, many groups have used a broader definition of cloning. They include the production of tissues and organs through growing cells or tissues in cultures along with the actual producing of embryos to be born. This is done with the use of stemcells. When an egg is fertilized and begins to divide, the cells are all alike. As the cells divide, certain cells differentiate and become the stem cells that produce certain tissue and then organs. Research in this very active. There is still much for scientists to learn about cell differentiation and how it works. To a clone an organ, a stem cell must be produced and then used to a clone that specific organ. For the sake of this paper, both definitions will be used in order to cover all opinions.One must understand that cloning does not produce an exact copy of the person being cloned. What cloning does, is that it copies the DNA/genes of the person and creates a duplicate genetically. The person will not be a Xerox copy. He or she will grow up in a different environment than the clone, with different experiences and different opportunities. Genetics does not wholly define a person and the personality.How It All StartedIn February 1997, when embryologist Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at Roslin Institute in Scotland were able to clone a lamb, named Dolly, the world was introduced to a new possibility and will never be the same again (Nash). Before this, cloning was thought to be impossible, but now there is living proof that the technology and knowledge to clone animals exist. Questions began to arise within governments and scientific organizations and they began to respond. Are humans next? Is it possible to use this procedure to clone humans also? Would anyone actually try? What can we learn if we clone humans? How will this affect the world? These are only a few of the questions that have surfaced and need answered. A whole new concept in ethics was created when the birth of Dolly was announced.There are a great number of possible medical benefits and disadvantages to cloning and its technology. They include the following:Potential Medical Benefits•T he possibility that through cloning technology we will learn to renew activity of damaged cells by growing new cells and replacing them.•T he capability to create humans with identical genetic makeup to act as organ donors for each other, i.e., kidney and bone marrow transplants.•T he benefit of studying cell differentiation at the same time that cloning is studied and developed.•S terile couples will be able to have offspring will have either the mother‟s or father‟s genetic pattern.Potential Harms and Disadvantages•T he possibility of compromising individualities.•L oss of genetic variation.•A “black market” of fetuses may arise from desirable donors that will want tobe able to clone themselves, i.e., movie stars, athletes, and others.•T echnology is not well developed. It has a low fertility rate. In cloning Dolly, 277 eggs were used, 30 started to divide, nine induced pregnancy, andonly one survived to term (Nash).•C lones may be treated as second-class citizens.•U nknown psychosocial harms with impacts on the family and society.The Governments Make a MoveThe governments went to work shortly after the cloning of Dolly. They wanted to take control and make laws before anything drastic could ever happen. Several ethics committees were asked to decide whether scientists should be allowed to try to clone humans. Many of the committees found the data displayed above. In the United States, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission recommended a five-year moratorium on cloning a child through somatic cell nuclear transfer (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). In the state of Michigan, Governor Engler signed a law last year making human cloning illegal with harsh penalties if it is attempted (“Governor Engler...”). In the United Kingdom, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) and the Human Genetics Advisory Commission (HGEC) have approved human cloning for therapeutic purposes, but not to clone children (“HFEA supports Human Cloning in U.K.”). Many organizations have come out and stated their opinions also. Amongst all this ethical defining, many people are being ignored by the governments. People are speaking out about what they want done.Let Us CloneAfter a couple has had their first child, to their disappointment they become infertile and cannot have more children. Cloning would enable such a couple to have a second child, perhaps a younger twin to the child they already have. This example has a very good argument. Many couples have difficulties having children, and sometimes it is impossible for couples to have children because they areinfertile. Cloning would allow these couples to have children. Also, occasionally a woman is born without a uterus or has other complications and cannot produce eggs, then with the help of a surrogate mother, she can have a child of her own using her own DNA or her husband‟s.This and the example at the beginning are both arguments that some have made in promoting cloning. It is hard to tell someone that they cannot use cloning to have children when no other possible ways to produce offspring are available. This is one reason why it is difficult to decide if cloning is ethical or not. The following are some of the reasons why cloning should be allowed.As just discussed, cloning can be used to help benefit those that are sterile and cannot have children through the normal, natural way. It is the desire of most couples tohave children and when it is impossible to bare children of your own, some are willing to do anything to have a child. Cloning will allow them to have a child or many children that have the genetic pattern of one of the parents.Through cloning, research can progress. It is hard to say what we can learn from cloning if cloning is not allowed. We possibly can learn more about cell differentiation. We can learn enough to produce human organs without having to produce human beings. We may develop technology to allow easier genetic testing and fixing problems such as spinal cord injuries, cancer, Tay-Sachs disease, and many more.Cloning organs for organ transplants is one of the major practical reasons that cloning should be allowed. There is always a high demand for organs. Some argue for the cloning of humans to create spare body parts. Others talk of just wanting to clone an organ to replace a defective organ.Rejuvenation is also a key argument for advocates of cloning. Human cloning may one day reverse heart attacks. Some scientists believe that by injecting cloned healthy heart cells into damaged heart tissue will lead to healing of the heart (Human Cloning Foundation). By combining the technology for cloning and the technology for growing human stem cells, conditions like Alzheimer=s disease, Parkinson=s disease, and degenerative joint disease may be curable. The possibilities are endless and may be left undiscovered if human cloning is banned.Thou Shalt Not CloneOne of the main goals of the government is to protect human life. Some people want the government to regulate cloning and not allow it. Michigan=s government believes this and became the first government to place a ban on cloning. As mentioned before, the governor signed laws that prohibit engaging or attempting to engage in human cloning. A Michigan state senator, Mr. Bennett said, “This legislation boils down to one thing: Prohibiting the creation of human life for scientific research. Human cloning is wrong; it will be five years from now; and wrong 100 years from now!” (“Governor Engler...”) Producing clones for researchor to use their parts is unethical. It would be against the code of ethics of a doctor to harm a clone (i.e., use it for an organ transplant). The clone would be a human being and deserve all the rights and privileges that a non-cloned human has. A clone should not be a second-class citizen. It is speculated that they would be considered as such.The American Medical Association holds four points of reason why cloning should not take place. They are: 1) there are unknown physical harms introduced by cloning, 2) unknown psychosocial harms introduced by cloning, including violations of autonomy and privacy, 3) impacts on familial and societal relations, and 4) potential effects on the human gene pool (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 4-6). Wejust simply do not know the harms that will come from cloning.Cloning would lead to the loss of individuality because one=s genetic predispositions and conditions would be known. If raised by a clone-parent or as a sibling to the cloned, one may have great expectations to live up to. However, the human clones could differ greatly in personality and even grow up with different conditions than the cloned. Even monozygotic twins differ. This could be a great stress to the clone and possibly even the loss of ability to chose for itself (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 5).The long term genetic effects of cloning may cause more problems than can be imagined. The question of what can go wrong in cloning needs to be discussed. In an evolutionary standpoint, cloning is not good. Evolution relies on a continual mixing and matching of genes to keep the gene pool alive (McCormack). With cloning, the natural process of selection of genes would be bypassed and evolution would be impaired. The Council of Ethical and Judicial Affairs for the AMA stated the following concerning possible problems with mutations and clones:Since the somatic cell from which clones originate likely willhave acquired mutations, serial cloning would compound theaccumulation that occurs in somatic cells. Although thesemutations might not be apparent at the time of cloning, geneticsproblems could become exacerbated in future generations.(Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 6)We can see that cloning can possibly change the gene pool from how we now know it. Most likely, it would not be a good change.Technology as we presently know it will not effectively support the cloning of humans. As mentioned before, the success rate was quite low when cloningDolly. Only one of the 277 tries succeeded, see chart 1. The same problems of the difficulty of having the fertilized egg implant parallels with that in in vitro fertilization. Technology has not yet been able to provide an answer to this problem.The fear that clones will be treated as second-class citizens is also present. If a clone is created to act as bone marrow or kidney donor, the question arises if they would be treated like the first child? Would the parents even love this child the same? If not, this would lead to negative self-esteem and/or other physiological problems.There is also the fear that some would want to clone people to create large armies of the same soldier or even produce large amounts of workers. This would also lead to the creation of a second and lower class for clones.From a Latter-day Saint point of view, the Proclamation on the Family clearly does not agree with cloning. The Proclamation states: “We . . . declare that God hascommanded that the sacred powers of procreation are to be employed only between man and woman, lawfully wedded as husband and wife. We declare the means by which mortal life is created to be divinely appointed. We affirm the sanctity of life and of its importance in God‟s plan.” (Italics added) In other words, the power to create humans is only to be used in a marriage between husband and wife. Cloning only involves one parent, therefore it is not following God‟s plan in which a man‟s sperm and a woman‟s egg are needed to create life.My Personal RecommendationAs a student studying biology, I have tried to approach both sides and approach them with an unbiased opinion. I personally think that the world of genetics is fascinating, but after learning of what is now possible through technology, I changed my mind about pursuing a career in the field. I see cloning as a wonderful advancement in technology and knowledge. I do not think it should be used to reproduce humans though. I do not believe that we should try to develop other ways beside the natural way to bring life into this world. I strongly believe that God created us and that we are subjected to His laws and must obey. The laws of God that have the worst punishment deal with bringing life into the world and taking life out of the world. I believe that cloning people would fall under these laws also.Cloning tissues and organs falls under a different category that cloning human beings. I think it would be advantageous to science and medicine to clone tissues and organs. However, the research in this involves fetal tissue which is a completely different ethical discussion. I do not know enough about the procedure be against it. So, with my present understanding I would allow cloning for tissues and organs. ConclusionCloning can revolutionize the world and the way we live or it may be so minimal that it would not affect us at all if it is allowed. [Two sentences taken out during update.] Is this the world you want to live in? Each person individually must decide for himself or herself if they believe that cloning should be allowed or if the governments should intervene with it.。