维也纳条约法公约中英文版

维也纳条约法公约第60条英文Here is the English essay based on the title you provided, with a word count of over 1000 words:The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Article 60 has been a crucial component of international law since its adoption in 1969. This article, which outlines the provisions for the termination or suspension of a treaty due to a material breach, has had a significant impact on the way that states interact and uphold their treaty obligations. In this essay, we will explore the key aspects of Article 60, its historical context, and its practical implications for the international community.Article 60 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, titled "Termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty as a consequence of its breach," establishes the legal framework for addressing situations where a state party to a treaty has violated its provisions. The article states that a material breach of a bilateral treaty by one of the parties entitles the other party to invoke the breach as a ground for terminating the treaty or suspending its operation in whole or in part. In the case of a multilateral treaty, a material breach by one of the parties can be invoked by any otherparty as a ground for suspending the operation of the treaty in whole or in part with respect to the defaulting state.The definition of a "material breach" is crucial in the application of Article 60. According to the convention, a material breach is defined as either a "repudiation of the treaty not sanctioned by the present Convention" or the "violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of the treaty." This broad definition allows for a range of actions to be considered as a material breach, including the outright rejection of a treaty, as well as the violation of specific provisions that are deemed essential to the treaty's purpose.The historical context of Article 60 is rooted in the evolving nature of international law and the need to address the increasing complexity of treaty relationships. Prior to the adoption of the Vienna Convention, the rules governing the termination or suspension of treaties were largely based on customary international law, which lacked the clarity and consistency that was necessary to effectively manage international disputes. The inclusion of Article 60 in the Convention was a significant step forward in establishing a universal framework for addressing material breaches of treaties, providing a more transparent and predictable process for states to follow.The practical implications of Article 60 are far-reaching, as it hasbeen invoked in numerous international disputes over the years. One notable example is the case of the United States' withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal, also known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). In 2018, the US government announced its intention to withdraw from the JCPOA, citing Iran's alleged violations of the agreement. While the other parties to the deal, including the European Union, Russia, and China, argued that Iran had been in compliance with the terms of the agreement, the US invoked Article 60 as the legal justification for its withdrawal.Another example of the application of Article 60 is the case of the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project, a dispute between Hungary and Slovakia over the construction of a joint hydroelectric dam on the Danube River. In this case, Hungary attempted to suspend the project, citing environmental concerns, while Slovakia continued with the construction. The International Court of Justice ultimately ruled that Hungary's actions constituted a material breach of the treaty, and that Slovakia was entitled to proceed with the project, though with certain modifications to address the environmental concerns.These examples illustrate the importance of Article 60 in providing a clear and consistent framework for addressing breaches of international treaties. By establishing the criteria for what constitutes a material breach and the resulting consequences, the article has helped to mitigate the potential for escalating conflicts and hasprovided a means for states to resolve disputes in a more predictable and transparent manner.However, the application of Article 60 is not without its challenges. One of the key issues is the determination of what constitutes a "material breach" in any given situation. This can be a highly subjective and context-dependent assessment, and there have been instances where states have invoked Article 60 in cases where the breach was arguably not "material" enough to warrant the termination or suspension of the treaty. Additionally, the article does not provide clear guidance on the specific procedures and timelines that should be followed when invoking its provisions, which can lead to further disputes and delays in the resolution of conflicts.Despite these challenges, Article 60 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties remains a crucial component of the international legal framework. By providing a clear and consistent mechanism for addressing material breaches of treaties, the article has helped to promote the stability and predictability of international relations, and has contributed to the overall effectiveness of the global system of governance. As the world continues to face complex and evolving challenges, the continued relevance and application of Article 60 will be essential in ensuring that states fulfill their treaty obligations and uphold the principles of international law.。

Vienna International Treaty Law ConventionIntroductionThe Vienna International Treaty Law Convention is a significant agreement that governs the formation, interpretation, and termination of treaties between different nations. This convention, also known as the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, was adopted on May 23, 1969, and entered into force on January 27, 1980. It has become the cornerstone of international treaty law, providing a framework for the development of coherent treaty practice globally.Purpose of the ConventionThe primary objective of the Vienna International Treaty Law Convention is to codify and clarify the rules and principles related to treaties.It aims to promote stable and peaceful international relations by ensuring uniformity and predictability in treaty obligations. The convention seeks to eliminate uncertainties and disputes arising from treaty interpretation and application, thus strengthening the integrity and effectiveness of treaties.Key Principles1. Pacta Sunt Servanda – Treaties Must be HonoredParties to a treaty are obligated to fulfill their treaty obligations in good faith. The principle of pacta sunt servanda emphasizes the binding nature of treaties and requires states to comply with the agreements they have voluntarily entered into. This principle is crucial in maintaining trust and reliability among nations.2. Consent of StatesTreaties are binding only on the states that have consented to be bound by them. The consent may be expressed through signature, ratification, acceptance, or approval, depending on each state’s constitutional requirements. States are not bound by a treaty unless and until they have expressed their consent to be bound.3. Treaties and Third PartiesThe Vienna Convention recognizes the rights and obligations of third-party states in relation to treaties. Third-party states may acquire rights or assume obligations under a treaty if it is intended for their benefit or if they have consented to be bound by it. However, their consent is required explicitly or implicitly.4. Invalidity and Termination of TreatiesThe convention provides for circumstances in which a treaty may be considered invalid or terminated. Invalidity may arise due to a breachof a fundamental rule of international law, coercion, or corruption. Termination can occur through agreement, a material breach of the treaty, supervening impossibility of performance, or by the emergence of a new customary rule.Formation of Treaties1. NegotiationTreaties are typically negotiated between states, either directly or through authorized representatives. The negotiations involve draftingthe treaty text, exchanging views, and reaching a mutual understanding regarding the intended obligations and commitments of the parties involved.2. Consent and SignatureOnce the negotiations are complete, the treaty is open for signature by the states involved. Signing the treaty indicates a state’s willingness to continue the treaty process and consider becoming a party to the agreement. It does not, however, establish a binding obligation, as consent to be bound is typically expressed through subsequent actions.3. Ratification and Entry into ForceAfter signature, states may need to seek internal approval through their legislative or constitutional processes. This approval is known as ratification. Upon ratification, a state becomes a party to the treaty, and it is considered binding under international law. The treaty enters into force once a predetermined number of states have ratified.Interpretation of TreatiesThe Vienna Convention provides guidelines for the interpretation of treaty provisions to ensure a consistent and uniform approach among states. The principle of good faith plays a crucial role in treaty interpretation. Key methods of interpretation include:1.Textual Interpretation: The primary focus is on the ordinarymeaning of the treaty’s text.2.Contextual Interpretation: The treaty is interpreted in light ofits purpose, preamble, and any relevant agreements or subsequentpractice.3.Teleological Interpretation: The treaty’s interpretation isaligned with its intended objectives and purposes.4.Supplementary Means of Interpretation: Additional means, such asdrafting history and subsequent agreements, may be used tointerpret treaty provisions.Reservations and AmendmentsThe Vienna Convention allows for reservations and amendments to treaties under specific conditions. Reservations are unilateral statements made by states when signing, ratifying, or acceding to a treaty. Reservations can be restrictive, limiting a state’s obligations, or interpretative,clarifying the state’s understanding of a treaty provision. Amendments modify treaty provisions and require the consent of the parties involved.Dispute Settlement1. Negotiation and ConsultationStates are encouraged to settle disputes arising from treaty interpretation or application through negotiation or consultation. Diplomatic channels, such as direct dialogue or third-party mediation, help parties resolve their differences amicably. This approach promotes peaceful resolution and retains the spirit of cooperation among nations.2. Arbitration and AdjudicationIf negotiation or consultation fails to resolve the dispute, parties may consider resorting to arbitration or adjudication. The consent of the parties involved is required for these methods. International courts or tribunals, such as the International Court of Justice, play a vital role in settling treaty-related disputes and ensuring the impartial interpretation and application of treaty law.3. State Responsibility for BreachThe Vienna Convention addresses the consequences of a state breachingits treaty obligations. A state breaching its obligations may be held accountable for violating international law. The injured state may seek remedies such as cessation of the breach, compensation, or satisfaction. The convention establishes principles to determine the state’s responsibility for its wrongful acts.ConclusionThe Vienna International Treaty Law Convention has played a crucial role in shaping the global treaty practice. It provides a comprehensive framework for the formation, interpretation, and termination of treaties, ensuring stability, predictability, and fairness in international relations. The principles and guidelines outlined in the convention havefostered cooperation and facilitated the resolution of treaty-related disputes. As nations continue to engage in treaty-making, the Vienna Convention continues to serve as the foundation for harmonizing treaty law worldwide.。

維也納條約法公約Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties一九六九年五月二十三日訂於維也納Done at Vienna on 23 May 1969.Entered into force on 27 January 1980. UnitedNations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331本公約各當事國，The States Parties to the present Convention,鑒於條約在國際關係歷史上之基本地位，Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations,承認條約為國際法淵源之一，且為各國間不分憲法及社會制度發展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，Recognizing the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems,鑒悉自由同意與善意之原則以及條約必須遵守規則乃舉世所承認，Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized,確認凡關於條約之爭端與其他國際爭端同，皆應以和平方法且依正義及國際法之原則解決之，Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,念及聯合國人民同玆決心創造適當環境，俾克維持正義及尊重由條約而起之義務，Recalling the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained,鑒及聯合國憲章所載之國際法原則，諸如人民平等權利及自決，所有國家主權平等及獨立，不干涉各國內政，禁止使用威脅或武力以及普遍尊重與遵守全體人類之人權及基本自由等原則，Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights andself-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all States, ofnon-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,深信本公約所達成之條約法之編纂及逐漸發展可促進憲章所楬櫫之聯合國宗旨，即維持國際和平及安全，發展國際間之友好關係並達成其彼此合作， Believing that the codification and progressive development of the law of treaties achieved in the present Convention will promote the purposes of the United Nations set forth in the Charter,namely, the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relationsand the achievement of cooperation among nations,確認凡未經本公約各條規定之問題，將仍以國際習慣法規則為準， Affirming that the rules of customaryinternational law will continue to govern questions not regulated by the provisions of thepresent Convention,爰議定條款如下：Have agreed as follows:第一編 導言PART I. INTRODUCTION 第一條 本公約之範圍Article 1 Scope of the present Convention 本公約適用於國家間之條約。

Vienna Convention on the Law ofTreaties 1969欧阳家百（2021.03.07）维也纳条约法公约The States Parties to the present Convention,本公约各当事国，Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations,鉴于条约在国际关系历史上之基本地位，Recognizing the everincreasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems,承认条约为国际法渊源之一，且为各国间不分宪法及社会制度发展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized,鉴悉自由同意与善意之原则以及条约必须遵守规则及举世所承认，Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,确认凡关于条约之争端与其他国际争端同，皆应以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则解决之，Recalling the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained,念及联合国人民同兹决心创造适当环境俾克维持正义及尊重由条约而起之义务，Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all States, of noninterference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,鉴及联合国宪章所载之国际法原则，诸如人民平等权利及自决，所有国家主权平等及独立，不干涉各国内政，禁止使用威胁或武力以及普遍尊重与遵守全体人类之人权及基本自由等原则。

国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约（中文简体）关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约（1986年3月21日联合国条约法会议订于维也纳）本公约各当事方，考虑到条约在国际关系史上的重要作用，认识到条约的合意性质及其作为国际法渊源之一的重要性正日益增加，注意到自由同意和善意的原则以及条约必须遵守的规则已获举世所承认，确认在全球一级加强国际法的编纂和逐渐发展进程的重要性，相信编纂和逐步发展关于国家与国际组织之间或国际组织之间条约的规则，是加强国际关系法律秩序和促进实现联合国宗旨的一种手段，考虑到《联合国宪章》所载的国际法原则，例如各国人民的平等权利和自决、所有国家的主权平等和独立，不干涉各国内政，禁止以武力相威胁或使用武力，普遍尊重和遵守所有人的人权和基本自由，考虑到1969年维也纳条约法公约的各项规定，认识到国家间条约法与国家与国际组织或国际组织之间条约法之间的关系，考虑到国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间的条约作为发展国际关系的有用工具和确保不分宪法体制及社会制度的各国间和平合作条件的重要性，考虑到国际组织作为其缔约国的条约的性质不同于国家，并注意到国际组织具有履行其职能和实现其宗旨所需的缔约能力，认识到国际组织与各国间或各组织相互间缔结条约的惯例应充分按照其组成文书，确认本公约的任何规则不得解释为影响由国际组织的规则加以规定的该组织与其成员国间的关系，又认识到有关条约的争端，同其他国际争端一样，应根据《联合国宪章》和正义及国际法原则，以和平方式解决，又确认本公约未予规定的事项继续受习惯国际法规则的支配，经协议如下：第一部分导言第一条本公约的范围本公约适用于：（a）一个或多个国家与一个或多个国际组织之间的条约，以及（b）国际组织之间的条约。

第2条条款1．为本公约的目的：（a）\条约\指（1）一个或多个国家与一个或多个国际组织之间，或（2）国际组织之间以书面缔结并受国际法支配的国际协议，不论其载于一项单独的文书或两项或更多有关的文书内，也不论其特定的名称为何；（b）（I）批准\指一国在国际上确定其同意受条约约束的国际行为；（b之二）\正式确认行为\指国际组织在国际一级决定同意受条约约束的国际行为，相当于一国表示批准；（b之三）\接受\、\核准\和\加入\分别指一国或一国际组织用该名称在国际上确定其同意受一项条约拘束的国际行为；（c） \全权证书\指一国主管当局或一国际组织主管当局签发的文件，用于指定一人或多人代表该国或该组织谈判、谈判或认证条约，表明该国家或组织同意受条约约束或完成与条约有关的其他行为；（d）\保留\指一国或一国际组织在签署、批准、正式确认、接受、核准或加入条约时所作的单方面声明，不论其措辞或名称为何，其目的在于排除或更改条约中某些规定对该国或该国际组织适用时的法律效果；（e） \谈判国\和\谈判组织\分别指：（1）参与起草和谈判条约文书的国家或（2）国际组织；（f）\缔约国\和\缔约组织\分别指不论该条约已否生效，已同意受条约拘束的：（1）国家，或（2）国际组织；（g） \缔约方\指同意受本条约约束且本条约已对其生效的国家或国际组织；（h）\第三国\和\第三组织\分别指：（1）非条约缔约方的国家或（2）国际组织；（i）\国际组织\指政府间组织；（j） \组织规则\尤其指组织的组成文书、根据这些文书通过的决定和决议，以及既定惯例。

《维也纳条约法公约》（1969年5月23日维也纳会议通过）1、研习重点条约解释和适用中的纠纷被普遍认为属于“法律性质的争端”，国际社会一向鼓励各国以司法方法加以解决。

尤其是常设国际法院和国际法院建立后，在条约中就可能发生的纠纷插入“争端解决条款”就更有意义，因为这可以为法院的管辖权提供依据。

1969年的《条约法公约》是这方面的代表，公约第66条即所谓的“争端解决条款”，该款主张当事国首选国际法院的裁判解决，当然也可利用仲裁和和解方法，公约附件详细规定了和解程序。

2、法律文件内容《维也纳条约法公约》（1969年5月23日维也纳会议通过）第六十六条司法解决、公断及和解之程序倘在提出反对之日后十二个月内未能依第六十五条第三项获一致解决，应依循下列程序：(甲)关于第五十三条或第六十四条之适用或解释之争端之任一当事国得以请求书将争端提请国际法院裁决之，但各当事国同意将争端提交公断者不在此限；(乙)关于本公约第五编任一其他条文之适用解释之争端之任一当事国得向联合国秘书长提出请求，发动本公约附件所定之程序。

附件一、联合国秘书长应制成并保持一和解员名单，由合格法学家组成。

为此目的应请为联合国会员国或本公约当事国之每一国指派和解员二人，如此指派之人士之姓名即构成上述名单。

和解员之任期，包括遇因故出缺被派补实之任何和解员之任期在内，应为五年，并得连任。

任一和解员任期届满时应继续执行其根据下项规定被选担任之职务。

二、遇根据第六十六条对秘书长提出请求时，秘书长应将争端提交一依下列方式组成之和解委员会：成为争端当家一方之一国或数国应指派：(甲)为其本国或其中一国之国民之和解员一人，由第一项所称名单选出或另行选出；及(乙)非其本国或其中任何一国之国民之和解员一人；由名单中选出。

成为争端当事国另一方之一国或数国亦应照此方式指派和解员二人。

各当事国所选之和解员四人应于自秘书长接到请求之日后六十日内指派之。

此四名和解员应自其中最后一人被指派之日后六十日内，自上述名单选出第五名和解员，担任主席。

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969xx条约法公约The States Parties to the present Convention,本公约各当事国，Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history ofinternational relations,鉴于条约在国际关系历史上之基本地位，Recognizing the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a sourceof international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperationamong nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems,承认条约为国际法渊源之一，且为各国间不分宪法及社会制度发展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized,鉴悉自由同意与善意之原则以及条约必须遵守规则及举世所承认，Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like otherinternational disputes, should be settled by peaceful means andin conformity with the principles of justice and international law,确认凡关于条约之争端与其他国际争端同，皆应以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则解决之，Recalling the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained,念及联合国人民xx 决心创造适当环境俾克维持正义及尊重由条约而起之义务，Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in theCharter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and self-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality andindependence of all States, of non-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and ofuniversal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,鉴及联合国宪章所载之国际法原则，xx 人民平等权利及自决，所有国家主权平等及独立，不干涉各国内政，禁止使用威胁或武力以及普遍尊重与遵守全体人类之人权及基本自由等原则。

维也纳条约法公约中英文版————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：2Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969维也纳条约法公约The States Parties to the present Convention,本公约各当事国，Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations,鉴于条约在国际关系历史上之基本地位，Recognizing the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems,承认条约为国际法渊源之一，且为各国间不分宪法及社会制度发展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized,鉴悉自由同意与善意之原则以及条约必须遵守规则及举世所承认，Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,确认凡关于条约之争端与其他国际争端同，皆应以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则解决之，Recalling the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained,念及联合国人民同兹决心创造适当环境俾克维持正义及尊重由条约而起之义务，Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and self-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all States, of non-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,鉴及联合国宪章所载之国际法原则，诸如人民平等权利及自决，所有国家主权平等及独立，不干涉各国内政，禁止使用威胁或武力以及普遍尊重与遵守全体人类之人权及基本自由等原则。

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties1969维也纳条约法公约The States Parties to the present Convention,本公约各当事国，Considering the fundamental role of treaties in the history of international relations,鉴于条约在国际关系历史上之基本地位，Recognizing the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems,承认条约为国际法渊源之一，且为各国间不分宪法及社会制度发展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，Noting that the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized,鉴悉自由同意与善意之原则以及条约必须遵守规则及举世所承认，Affirming that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,确认凡关于条约之争端与其他国际争端同，皆应以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则解决之，Recalling the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained,念及联合国人民同兹决心创造适当环境俾克维持正义及尊重由条约而起之义务，Having in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and self-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and independence of all States, of non-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,鉴及联合国宪章所载之国际法原则，诸如人民平等权利及自决，所有国家主权平等及独立，不干涉各国内政，禁止使用威胁或武力以及普遍尊重与遵守全体人类之人权及基本自由等原则。

维也纳条约法公约（联合国条约法大会1969年5月22日在维也纳通过，1980年1月27日生效。

中国于１９９７年５月９日递交加入书，同年１０月３日对中国生效。

）本公约各当事国，鉴于条约在国际关系历史上之基本地位，承认条约为国际法渊源之一，且为各国间不分宪法及社会制度发展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，鉴悉自由同意与善意之原则以及条约必须遵守规则及举世所承认，确认凡关于条约之争端与其他国际争端同，皆应以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则解决之，念及联合国人民同兹决心创造适当环境俾克维持正义及尊重由条约而起之义务，鉴及联合国宪章所载之国际法原则，诸如人民平等权利及自决，所有国家主权平等及独立，不干涉各国内政，禁止使用威胁或武力以及普遍尊重与遵守全体人类之人权及基本自由等原则。

深信本公约所达成之条约法之编纂及逐渐发展可促进宪章所揭示之联合国宗旨，即维持国际和平与安全，发展国际间之友好关系并达成其彼此合作，确认凡未经本公约各条规定之问题，将仍以国际习惯法规则为准，爰议定条款如下：第一编 导言第一条 本公约之范围本公约适用于国家间之条约。

第二条 用语一、就适用本公约而言：（甲）称‘条约’者，谓国家间所缔结而以国际法为准之国际书面协定，不论其载于一项单独文书或两项以上相互有关之文书内，亦不论其特定名称如何；（乙）称‘批准’，‘接受’，‘赞同’及‘加入’者，各依本义指一国据以在国际上确定其同意受条约拘束之国际行为；（丙）称‘全权证书’者，谓一国主管当局所颁发，指派一人或数人代表该国谈判，议定或认证条约约文，表示该国同意受条约拘束，或完成有关条约之任何其他行为之文件；（丁）称‘保留’者，谓一国于签署，批准、接受、赞同或加入条约时所做之片面声明，不论措辞或名称如何，其目的在摒除或更改条约中若干规定对该国适用时之法律效果；（戊）称‘谈判国’者，谓参与草拟及议定条约约文之国家；（己）称‘缔约国’者，谓不问条约已未生效，同意受条约拘束之国家；（庚）称‘当事国’者，谓同意承受条约拘束及条约对其有效之国家；（辛）称‘第三国’者，谓非条约当事国之国家；（壬）称‘国际组织’者，谓政府间之组织。