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第一章第一篇sectiongTwo variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。
the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10 19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。
我们还知道电子的电量是负的并且在数值上等于 1.602100×10-12C，而质子所带的正电量在数值上与电子相等。
质子和电子数量相同使得原子呈现电中性。
We consider the flow of electric charges. A unique feature offlow of negative charges, as Fig.l-1 illustrates. This convention was introduced by Benjamin Franklin (l706～l790), the American scientist and inventor. Although we now know that current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons, we will follow the universally accepted conventionthat current is the net flow of positive charges. Thus, Electriccurrent is the time rate of charge, measured in amperes (A).Mathematically, the relationship among current i , charge q , andtime t is 当我们把一根导线连接到某一电池上时(一种电动势源)，电荷被外力驱使移动；正电荷朝一个方向移动而负电荷朝相反的方向time in several ways that may be represented by different kindsof mathematical functions 我们通过方程（1－1）定义电流的方式表明电流不必是一个恒值函数，电荷可以不同的方式随时间而变化，这些不同的方式可用各种数学函数表达出来。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语介绍引言概述：电气工程及其自动化专业是一门涉及电力系统、电子技术、自动控制等领域的学科，其在现代社会的发展中起着重要的作用。
本文将从四个方面介绍电气工程及其自动化专业的英语表达，包括专业概述、学科知识、应用领域和职业发展。
一、专业概述：1.1 电气工程及其自动化专业是一门研究电力系统、电子电路、机电与电力拖动、自动控制等领域的学科。
1.2 该专业培养学生掌握电气工程领域的基础理论和专业知识，具备设计、分析和解决电气工程问题的能力。
1.3 电气工程及其自动化专业涵盖了电力系统、电力电子技术、自动控制、机电与电力拖动等多个方向。
二、学科知识：2.1 电力系统：学生将学习电力系统的基本原理、电力传输与配电、电力负荷管理等知识，了解电网的运行和管理。
2.2 电子电路：学生将学习电子电路的设计与分析，掌握摹拟电路和数字电路的基本原理，熟悉常见电子元器件的使用。
2.3 自动控制：学生将学习自动控制系统的原理和设计方法，了解传感器、执行器、控制器等元件的工作原理，掌握控制系统的建模与仿真技术。
三、应用领域：3.1 电力系统：毕业生可从事电力系统的规划、设计、运维等工作，参预电网的建设和运行管理。
3.2 电力电子技术：毕业生可从事电力电子器件的设计与研发，参预新能源发电、电动汽车等领域的技术创新。
3.3 自动化控制：毕业生可从事自动化设备的设计与开辟，参预工业自动化、智能创造等领域的项目实施。
四、职业发展：4.1 毕业生可在电力公司、电力设备创造企业、自动化控制系统集成商等单位就业，从事电气工程设计、项目管理等工作。
4.2 部份毕业生可选择继续深造，攻读硕士或者博士学位，从事科研工作或者成为高校教师。
4.3 随着信息技术的发展，电气工程及其自动化专业的就业前景广阔，毕业生可在智能家居、物联网、人工智能等领域找到更多就业机会。
总结：电气工程及其自动化专业是一门综合性强、应用广泛的学科，培养学生具备电气工程方面的专业知识和技能。
Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components in power electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutions of the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing. 在电力电子系统，中半导体开关是非常重要和关键部件。
半导体开关将要替换机械开关,但半导体材料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。
Switching losses开关损耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses. 电力电子转换器的功率损耗分为开关损耗和寄生损耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses of capacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses. 寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电损耗的电容器,涡流和磁滞损耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed. 这个开关损耗是非常重要的,可以被处理。
they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states. 他们可以分为三个部分: 通态损耗，断态损耗和转换过程中产生的损耗。
注：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译 1~7面班级：1002班学号：20姓名：王定瑞PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC ENGINEERINGChapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals第1部分的电气工程基础第1章电路原理Electrostatic Charges静电荷Protons and electrons are parts of atoms that make up all things in our world. The positive charge of a proton is similar to the negative charge of an electron. However, a positive charge is the opposite of a negative charge. These charges are called electrostatic charges. Each charged particle is surrounded by an electrostatic field.质子和电子部件的原子构成一切事物在我们的世界。
正电荷的质子是类似于负电荷的电子。
然而,一个正电荷的反面是一个负电荷。
这些指控被称为静电荷。
每个带电粒子周围是一个静电场。
The effect that electrostatic charges have on each other is very important. They either repel (move away) or attract (come together) each other. It is said that like charges repel and unlike charges attract.这个效应,静电指控对方是非常重要的。
他们要么排斥(离开)或吸引(一起)每个其他。
第一章第一篇sectiongTwo variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。
Charge and CurrentThe concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).电荷和电流电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。
也即，电路中最基本的量是电荷。
电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性，它是以库仑为单位来度量的。
We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to ×1019C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。
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Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components inpower electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutionsof the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing.在电力电子系统，中半导体开关是特别重要和重点零件。
半导体开关将要替代机械开关,但半导体资料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。
Switching losses开关消耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses.电力电子变换器的功率消耗分为开关消耗和寄生消耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses ofcapacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses.寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电消耗的电容器, 涡流和磁滞消耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed.这个开关消耗是特别重要的, 能够被办理。
they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states.他们能够分为三个部分:通态消耗，断态消耗和转换过程中产生的消耗。
专业英语电路基础characterize描绘…的特征，塑造人物，具有….的特征property 性质，财产equal in magnitude to 在数量（数量级）上等同于convert 转换converter 转换器time rate 时间变化率mathematically 从数学上来讲differen tiate v 区分,区别in honor of 为纪念某人name in honor of为纪念某人而以他命名electromotive force （e m f ）电动势voltaic battery 伏打电池,化学电池an element 一个电器元件interpret 口译，解释，说明the potential at point a with respect to point b is点a关于点b的电势Potential difference/voltage 电势差/电压expend 花费，消耗instantaneous 瞬时的,促发的passive sign convention 关联参考方向the law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律reference polarity 参考极性electron 电子electronic 电子的electric 电的，电动的time—varying 时变的constant-valued 常量的metal lic 金属的be due to 是因为，由于，归功于building block 模块Coulomb库伦，Ampere安培，joule焦耳，Volt伏特，Watt瓦特，work 功变量u(t），i（t）是电路中最基本的概念.他们描述了电路中的各种关系。
电荷量的概念是解释电现象的基本原理,电荷量也是电路中最基本的量。
电荷也是构成物质的原子的电器属性，量纲是库伦.我们从初等物理可以得知所有物质是由基本组成部分原子组成，而原子又包括电子（electron），质子（proton）和中子(neutron）我们都知道电荷e是带负电的电子,在数量上等于1.60210＊1019 C, 而质子携带同等电荷量的正电荷，相同数量的质子,电子使原子呈现电中性（neutrally charged).我们细想一下电荷的流动，电荷或电流的一个特征就是它是可移动的,就是说从一个地方以能量转换的形式转移到另外一个地方。
第6章(6)-3)Section 3 Operation and Control of Power Systems 第3节操作和控制的电力系统The purpose of a power system is to deliver the power the customers require in real time, on demand, within acceptable voltage and frequency limits, and in a reliable and economic manner. 该系统的目的，权力是为客户提供电力的时间为客户需要实际需求，对，在可接受的电压和频率的限制，在一个可靠和经济的方式。
In normal operation of a power system, the total power generation is balanced by the total load and transmission losses. 在电力系统正常运行的，总发电是平衡的总负荷和传输的损失。
The system frequency and voltages on all the buses are within the required limits, while no overloads on lines or equipment are resulted. 该系统的频率和电压的所有公共汽车都在规定的限额，而没有超载或设备上线造成的。
However, loads are constantly changed in small or large extents, so some control actions must be applied to maintain the power system in the normal and economic operation state. 但是，负载不断变化幅度小或大，所以一些控制行动必须适用于维持在正常和经济运行状态的电力系统。
Optimal economic operation 优化经济运行It is an important problem how to operate a power system to supply all the (complex) loads at minimum cost. 这是一个重要的问题如何操作电源系统，以提供所有的负载以最低的成本（复杂）。
The basic task is to consider the cost of generating the power and to assign the allocation of generation ( P Gi) to each generator to minimize the total "production cost" while satisfying the loads and the losses on the transmission lines. 其基本任务是考虑发电成本的生成和分配产生的分配性（P基）每个发电机，以尽量减少总的“生产成本”，同时满足负载和传输线路上的损失。
The total cost of operation includes fuel, labor, and maintenance costs, but for simplicity the only variable costs usually considered are fuel costs. The fuel-cost curves for each generating unit are specified, the cost of the fuel used per hour is defined as a function of the generator power output. When hydro-generation is not considered, it is reasonable to choose the PGi on an 总的经营成本，包括燃料，劳动和维修费用，但只有简单的可变成本通常被认为是燃料成本。
曲线每个机组的燃料成本是指定的，时间成本占燃料使用的是输出功率定义为一个函数的发电机。
当水文一代是不考虑它是合理的选择上一的PGI instantaneous basis (ie always to minimize the present production cost rate). 瞬间的基础上（即始终以减低目前的生产成本率）。
With hydro-generation, however, in dry periods, the replenishment of the water supply may be a problem. 随着水电发电，但是，在干燥的时期，供应补给的水可能是个问题。
The water used today may not be available in the future when its use might be more advantageous. Even without the element of the prediction involved, the problem of minimizing production cost over time becomes much more complicated.今天使用的可能不会在将来提供其使用时，可能会更有利的水。
即使没有参与预测的元素，最大限度地减少生产成本的问题变得更加复杂。
It should be mentioned that economy of operation is not the only possible consideration. 应当提及的是经济运行的不是唯一可能的考虑。
If the "optimal" economic dispatch requires all the power to be imported from a neighboring utility through a single transmission link, considerations of system security might preclude that solution . 如果在“最佳”的经济调度要求所有的权力，是从邻国进口的效用，通过一个单一的传输链路，系统安全的考虑可能会排除这种解决办法。
When water used for hydro-generation is also used for irrigation, nonoptimal releases of water may be required. Under adverse atmospheric conditions it may be necessary to limit generation at certain fossil-fuel plants to reduce emissions. 当水发电用于水力发电也用于灌溉，水nonoptimal释放可能是必要条件。
不良大气下它可能需要限制某些植物代化石燃料，以减少排放。
In general, costs, security and emissions are all areas of concern in power plant operation, and in practice the system is operated to effect a compromise between the frequently conflicting requirements. 一般而言，成本，安全和排放装置运行一切权力领域关注，并在实践中系统的运作产生影响，要求折衷之间经常发生冲突。
Power system control 电力系统控制Power system control is very important issue to maintain the normal operation of a system. 电力系统的控制是很重要的问题，以维持系统的正常运行。
System voltage levels, frequency, tie-line flows, line currents, and equipment loading must be kept within limits determined to be safe in order to provide satisfactory service to the power system customers. 系统电压水平，频率，联络线流，线电流和设备装载必须保持确定的限度内是安全的，以提供满意的服务，电力系统的客户。
V oltage levels, line currents, and equipment loading may vary from location to location within a system, and control is on a relatively l ocal basis. 电压等级，线路电流和设备负荷可能不同地点间的系统内，控制相对升厄恰尔基础上。
For example, generator voltage is determined by the field current of each particular generating unit; however, if the generator voltages are not coordinated, excess var flows will result. Similarly, loading on individual generating units is determined by the throttle control on thermal units or the gate controls on hydro-units. Each machine will respond individually to the energy input to its prime mover. Transmission line loadings are affected by power input from generating units and their loadings, the connected loads, parallel paths for power to flow on other lines, and their relative impedances. 例如，发电机电压是由该领域目前的每一个具体单位产生，但是，如果发电机电压不配合，无功流量将过剩的结果。
