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《不良资产证券化对商业银行风险影响研究》一、引言随着金融市场的快速发展，不良资产证券化（Asset-backed Securities, ABS）已成为商业银行处理不良资产的重要手段。
不良资产证券化不仅能够优化商业银行的资产负债表，还能有效转移和分散风险。
然而，这一过程对商业银行的风险究竟有何影响，是否会带来新的风险点，是业界和学界关注的焦点。
本文旨在深入探讨不良资产证券化对商业银行风险的影响，以期为商业银行在实践操作中提供理论支持。
二、文献综述在过去的研究中，学者们普遍认为不良资产证券化能够降低商业银行的风险。
一方面，通过将不良资产转化为可在市场上交易的证券，商业银行能够快速回收资金，减轻资本压力；另一方面，证券化过程能够将风险分散到更多的投资者，降低单个银行承担的风险。
然而，也有学者指出，不良资产证券化可能加剧信息不对称问题，引发新的风险点。
三、研究方法本研究采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法。
首先，通过文献回顾和理论分析，梳理不良资产证券化的基本原理和风险传导机制；其次，采用实证研究方法，收集商业银行不良资产证券化的数据，运用统计软件进行分析，以揭示不良资产证券化与商业银行风险之间的关系。
四、不良资产证券化的基本原理与风险传导机制不良资产证券化是指将银行的不良资产（如贷款、抵押品等）打包成证券，并在市场上出售的过程。
这一过程能够优化商业银行的资产负债表，减轻资本压力，同时将风险分散到更多的投资者。
然而，不良资产证券化的过程中可能存在信息不对称、信用风险、流动性风险等问题，这些风险可能会传导至整个金融体系。
五、实证研究本研究以我国商业银行为研究对象，收集了近五年来的不良资产证券化数据。
通过统计分析，我们发现：1. 不良资产证券化能够有效降低商业银行的不良贷款率，优化资产负债表。
2. 然而，随着不良资产证券化规模的扩大，商业银行的信用风险和流动性风险也呈现出上升趋势。
这表明，虽然不良资产证券化能够转移部分风险，但同时也可能带来新的风险点。
文献出处:Alessandrini P. Banks, distances and firms' financing constraints [J]. Review of Finance, 2014, 15(2): 261-307.原文The Research of Commercial bank interest rateAuthor: Alessandrini PAbstractWith the liberalization of financial markets, interest rates began to accelerate the marketization reform, commercial Banks will face interest rate volatility, time limit does not match assets and liabilities, basis points, constraints, the customer to choose the option of factors such as market interest rate risk. Commercial Banks should fully recognize the urgency of the situation, comprehensively promoting the comprehensive management level of the bank, and utilization of maturity, the period of validity, such as heavy pricing models to predict forecast the degree of risk, to formulate policies, choose bond issue types, structure adjustment period, to build commercial loan pricing mechanism and application of financial derivatives and other mceasures to circumvent the risk of interest rate market.Key words: Interest rate risk; Marketization; Commercial BanksInterest rate risk is caused by a change in interest rates and bank profit and market value of the expected value of deviation. Combined with international experience and the actual situation analysis, after interest rate marketization, the laws of supply and demand, competition between Banks, bank and the customer's game, would lead to deposit unilateral increase in interest rates, and lending rates tend to decline, make the bank deposit and lending profit space is narrow, leading to the change of the profit and loss situation, commercial Banks interest rate risk.1 A commercial bank interest rate risk1.1Interest rate marketizationRefinancing of long-term interest rate regulation and to give priority to the single financing mode, the commercial Banks rely on simple interest rate management will earn stable interest income, don't have to consider the interest rate risk. With market-oriented interest rate reform process accelerates, frequent fluctuations of market interest rates and increasing amplitude, forced commercial Banks to implement market-oriented financing way. Financing costs except under the influence of the legal interest rate is greatly affected by market interest rates, even slight fluctuations in market interest rates are likely to cause great influence to the business operations of commercial Banks, therefore, interest rate risk has risen as the main risks of commercial Banks. 1.2 Poor asset liability period riskIn term of bank assets and liabilities not matching the case, the interest rate volatility will affect the bank's net interest margin income, this is the main source of interest rate risk, and there is not a contract, the time limit but heavy price term. At present, most of interest-bearing assets of commercial bank and the people's bank benchmark interest rate adjustment segments, heavy pricing period is shorter, basic adopt the mode of fixed interest rate, debt servicing and heavy pricing term relatively long, the short term there is a larger gap, if interest rates rise, according to higher interest rates in the short term pricing of interest-bearing assets will more than pay interest liabilities, resulting in net interest margin income to increase. In interest rates rise, therefore, to keep such a reasonable term structure of assets and liabilities, but once interest rates inversion, if not timely adjust assets and liabilities heavy price gap, losses are things immediately.At present, a lot of commercial bank management benefit relies mainly on the basic invariable spreads have steady income. Spreads narrowedbecause of deposit interest rates rise and loan interest rates fell, or because the loan interest rate rise miss deposit interest rates rise. If deposit liabilities rate is lower than the trade price, or determined by the loan interest rate is above the price he will face the risk of loss of quality deposit market. If, on the other hand, will lead to actual margin narrowed, reduce the bank's net interest income.1.4 The customer to choose the option risk.This is to repay the principal and interest of the loan in advance by the customer and the underlying choice in advance deposit and the interest rate risk. According to the current interest rate policy, the customer can according to intend to decide whether early withdrawal time deposit, commercial Banks can only passive response to this. When interest rates rise, depositors will in advance deposit, and then to raise interest rates for the new time savings. Conversely, loan customers will demand prepayment, and then to new lower interest rate loans, so the result of the interest rates rise or fall tend to reduce the bank's net interest income. For example, in anticipation of continuous raising interest rates, many commercial Banks in recent installment of buyers also goods in advance. To stop the momentum of owing on the loan, the Banks charge a penalty due to breach of contract and other measures to reduce the buyers of interest owing on the loan losses.2 The interest rate risk forecast model2.1 Maturity modelMaturity model based on market value accounting, with assets or liabilities maturities (contractual maturity) analysis of the influence of interest rate changes on bank equity or owner earnings. Each item the maturity of the weighted average of all assets or liabilities average maturities of assets and liabilities, the model is using the average time gap between assets and liabilities (gap) to measure interest rate risk.If the duration gap is positive, when interest rates rise, the market value of assets and liabilities will be dropped, because of the weighted average maturity of assets than liabilities, assets market value drop than liabilities, net value of the bank or owner income will reduce; When interest rates fall, the market value of assets and liabilities would rise, due to the weighted average maturity of assets than liabilities, assets market value rise than liabilities, net value of the bank or owner earnings will increase. If the duration gap is negative, the benefits instead.2.2 The validity of the model.Validity period or duration (also known as long) model by analyzing the validity of the average gap all assets and liabilities, measure the effect of interest rate changes on bank equity. Validity if the gap is positive, the direction of the bank's net worth and market interest rates changes on the contrary, when the market interest rates rise, the market value of the net bank decline, the market value of the net when market interest rates Banks rose. If the gap is negative, the validity of bank net worth direction of change and the change of market interest rates in the same direction, when market interest rates rise, the bank's net worth rose, when the market interest rates fell when the bank's net worth fell. If the validity of gap is zero, the net value of the bank will be immune to interest rate changes.2.3 The pricing model.Pricing model (also called the funding gap model or the interest rate sensitivity gap model) is a valuation model based on the book value. It used heavy pricing term assets and liabilities (reprising maturity), analysis of interest rate changes impact on Banks' books and losses of the static. If in a certain period expires or the need to determine the rates of interest-bearing assets (interest rate sensitive assets) and debt servicing (interest rate sensitive liabilities) are not equal, itwill produce gap, the gap is called heavy price gap (gap) interest rate sensitivity. When interest rate sensitive assets is greater than the interest rate sensitive liabilities, bank there are gaps and assets sensitivity, on the other hand, the bank sensitivity exists negative gap and liabilities. When the interest rate sensitive assets is equal to the interest rate sensitive liabilities, zero gap. Heavy price gap in fact is the interest rate risk exposure, can be used to measure the bank's net interest income for the reaction of the market interest rate fluctuations. In the case of positive gap, if interest rates rise, as interest rates perceptual assets income increases more than the interest rate sensitive liabilities costs rise, the bank's net interest income increased, on the other hand, the bank's net interest income. Under the condition of negative gap, if interest rates rise, the interest rate sensitive liabilities will increase costs more than the interest rate sensitivity of assets income increase, reduce the bank's net interest income, on the other hand, the net interest income increased. Even zero gap, as Banks interest-bearing assets and servicing debt interest rate changes are not synchronized, it is impossible to completely eliminate the interest rate risk.3 Interest rate risk management countermeasure.3.1 Establish risk prediction system.Commercial Banks to establish a static and dynamic management of risk prediction model, as input variables is up and running by net interest income volatility analysis, measure and forecast interest rates within a certain time and the change trend and scope of, due to the corresponding counter measures, adjust the corresponding interest rate policy, trying to change to assets and variety structure.3.2 Choose the kind bond issueHeavy pricing of commercial bank liabilities period mainly by thepeople's bank of refinancing policy and market-oriented financing strategies, the influence of the former can only passive to accept, but can adjust the debt maturity structure by selecting the bond type. According to the macro economic situation, can try to consider when bond issue for a long time, the fixed interest rate, and the kind of zero coupon bonds, increasing the pricing of debt servicing period, also can try to consider issuing short-term, floating interest types of bonds, shorten the heavy price of servicing debt deadline.3.3 The term structure adjustmentwith the mature of commercial Banks in the secondary market and the rules of constantly improve, for the adjustment of the term structure of assets and liabilities provides alternative means. If market interest rates to rise, can reduce the holding long-term fixed income investments, short-term can adjust the proportion of income investments, in order to achieve the purpose of reduce investment average maturity. If interest rates lower, can increase the issuance of long-term fixed income investments and reduce short-term can adjust the proportion of income investments, in order to achieve the purpose of investment increase the average maturity3.4 Build commercial loan pricing mechanism.Due to the business of commercial bank loans financing source rely mainly on marketization fund-raising, the cost sensitive affected by market interest rate fluctuations, and commercial Banks commercial loan interest rate floating space has been let go, so both necessary and possible for flexible pricing, to avoid interest rate risk.3.5 Financial derivatives hedgingWith the development of financial derivatives market in China, should learn to use financial derivatives cover interest rate risk exposure, lock the interest rate risk. Can also be short by holding a forward rateagreement, interest rate period of loan contract and call options contracts long, to hedge the risk of falling interest rates, interest rates, risk transfer to willing to bear the risk of merchant. After interest rate marketization, the development of financial engineering will be commercial Banks to achieve another important opportunity of self-surpassing.译文商业银行利率市场化亚历山大德里尼摘要随着金融市场的全面放开, 利率市场化改革开始加快推进, 商业银行会面临利率市场波动、资产负债期限不相匹配、基本点制约、客户选择期权等因素产生的市场利率风险。
《不良资产证券化对商业银行风险影响研究》一、引言随着金融市场的快速发展，不良资产证券化（Asset-backed Securities, ABS）已成为商业银行优化资产结构、转移风险、提升流动性管理的重要手段。
本文将探讨不良资产证券化对商业银行风险的影响，从风险传递、风险管理效率、市场反应等多个角度展开研究。
二、不良资产证券化的基本概念与原理不良资产证券化是指将银行等金融机构持有的不良资产（如贷款、抵押品等）进行组合、评级、打包，并通过发行证券的方式将其转化为可在金融市场上流通的金融产品。
其基本原理是通过资产的重新组合和风险分散，降低银行持有的不良资产的风险，并提高其流动性。
三、不良资产证券化对商业银行风险的影响1. 风险传递不良资产证券化使得风险从银行体系内部传递到外部市场，增加了金融系统的整体风险。
在证券化过程中，原始的信用风险可能通过评级机构的评级传递给投资者，而银行则可能通过证券化将部分风险转移给其他金融机构或投资者。
这种风险的传递使得银行在风险管理上更加依赖外部市场和投资者。
2. 风险管理效率不良资产证券化有助于提高商业银行的风险管理效率。
通过将不良资产转化为可在市场上交易的金融产品，银行可以更快地释放资本，优化资产结构，降低不良贷款率。
同时，证券化过程也促使银行更加关注资产的质量和风险管理，提高风险管理的效率和水平。
3. 市场反应与流动性风险不良资产证券化的市场反应对商业银行的流动性风险具有重要影响。
如果市场对发行的证券化产品反应不佳，可能会导致发行失败或价格下跌，进而影响银行的流动性。
此外，如果市场环境发生变化，如利率、信用评级等因素的变化，也可能导致已发行的证券化产品价值波动，进而影响银行的财务状况和风险管理。
四、案例分析以某商业银行为例，该行通过不良资产证券化成功地将部分不良贷款转移给其他投资者。
然而，在市场环境发生变化时，已发行的证券化产品价格出现大幅波动，导致该行不得不采取一系列风险管理措施以应对潜在的风险。
《不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效的影响研究》篇一一、引言随着中国金融市场的持续发展和创新，不良资产证券化（Non-Performing Loan Securitization，简称NPLs Securitization）作为一种新型的金融工具和业务模式，已经逐渐成为商业银行处置不良资产的重要手段。
不良资产证券化对于商业银行经营绩效的影响逐渐凸显，因此对其进行深入研究具有重要意义。
本文将分析不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效的影响，探讨其影响机制及发展趋势。
二、不良资产证券化的概念及发展不良资产证券化是指将银行等金融机构持有的无法按期收回或存在违约风险的贷款等不良资产，通过一定的结构化设计，转化为可在金融市场上销售的证券产品的过程。
这一过程能够帮助银行有效盘活不良资产，降低经营风险，提高资本充足率，进而提升其经营绩效。
近年来，我国不良资产证券化市场得到了快速发展。
政府出台了一系列政策支持不良资产证券化业务的发展，如《关于推进资产证券化工作的通知》等。
同时，随着金融市场的不断创新和开放，不良资产证券化的市场规模和交易量也在不断扩大。
三、不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效的影响（一）提升资本充足率通过不良资产证券化，商业银行能够迅速将大量不良资产转换为流动资金，提高其资本充足率。
这有助于商业银行扩大业务规模、降低经营风险，进而提高其整体经营绩效。
（二）降低不良贷款率不良资产证券化有助于商业银行降低不良贷款率。
通过将不良贷款资产打包出售，银行能够迅速回收部分资金，降低其贷款损失准备金计提比例，从而降低不良贷款率。
这将有助于提升银行的资产质量和经营绩效。
（三）拓宽融资渠道不良资产证券化为商业银行提供了新的融资渠道。
通过将不良资产证券化产品上市销售，银行能够吸引更多的投资者参与，拓宽其融资渠道。
这将有助于降低银行的融资成本，提高其盈利能力。
四、影响机制及发展趋势（一）影响机制不良资产证券化的影响机制主要表现在以下几个方面：首先，通过盘活不良资产，提高银行资本充足率；其次，降低不良贷款率，提升银行资产质量；再次，拓宽融资渠道，降低融资成本。
《不良资产证券化对商业银行风险影响研究》一、引言随着全球金融市场的不断发展和深化，不良资产证券化（Non-performing Loan Securitization，简称NPLs Securitization）逐渐成为商业银行处理不良资产的重要手段。
这一过程不仅优化了银行的资产结构，同时也为商业银行带来了新的风险。
本文将深入研究不良资产证券化对商业银行风险的影响，旨在揭示其潜在风险和机会，并为银行风险管理者提供参考建议。
二、不良资产证券化的基本概念与流程不良资产证券化是指将银行的不良贷款（NPLs）通过特殊目的机构（SPV）进行组合、评级、定价和发行证券的过程。
这一过程主要包含以下几个步骤：资产池构建、信用评级、证券发行和后续管理。
通过这一过程，银行可以有效地转移和分散不良资产的风险，提高资本充足率，优化资产负债表。
三、不良资产证券化对商业银行风险的影响（一）积极影响1. 优化资产结构：通过不良资产证券化，银行可以有效地将不良资产从资产负债表中移除，从而优化资产结构，提高资本充足率。
2. 降低信用风险：通过将不良资产打包成证券并出售给投资者，银行可以有效地分散和转移信用风险。
（二）消极影响1. 市场风险：如果证券发行不当或市场环境恶化，可能会导致投资者信心下降，影响证券价格和流动性，给银行带来市场风险。
2. 操作风险：如果银行在不良资产证券化的过程中存在操作不当或信息披露不充分等问题，可能会引发操作风险，损害银行的声誉。
四、实证研究与分析本部分将通过实证研究方法，分析不良资产证券化对商业银行风险的具体影响。
我们将选取一定数量的商业银行作为样本，分析其不良资产证券化的规模、结构、风险特征等数据，探讨其与银行风险之间的关系。
同时，我们还将结合国内外相关研究成果和案例进行深入分析。
五、结论与建议根据本文的研究和分析，我们可以得出以下结论：1. 不良资产证券化对商业银行风险具有积极和消极两方面的影响。
商业银行信用卡风险管理外文文献翻译最新译文This article discusses the importance of credit risk management for commercial banks。
Credit risk is a major concern for banks as it can lead to XXX methods used by banks to manage credit risk。
including credit scoring。
credit limits。
and loanXXX to credit risk management。
The article XXX of credit risk to ensure the long-term XXXCredit risk management is a XXX to manage credit risk XXX。
it is essential for banks to adopt us methods to manage credit risk。
These methods include credit scoring。
credit limits。
and loanXXX are used to limit the amount of credit XXXXXX credit risk management。
The credit risk management department should work XXX departments。
such as lending and complianceXXX。
XXX that they are aware of the latest developments in credit risk management。
XXX of credit risk are critical for the long-term XXX that they are effective and up-to-date。
商业银行信用风险外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)估计技术和规模的希腊商业银行效率：信用风险、资产负债表的活动和国际业务的影响1.介绍希腊银行业经历了近几年重大的结构调整。
重要的结构性、政策和环境的变化经常强调的学者和从业人员有欧盟单一市场的建立，欧元的介绍，国际化的竞争、利率自由化、放松管制和最近的兼并和收购浪潮。
希腊的银行业也经历了相当大的改善，通信和计算技术，因为银行有扩张和现代化其分销网络，其中除了传统的分支机构和自动取款机，现在包括网上银行等替代分销渠道。
作为希腊银行（2004 年）的年度报告的重点，希腊银行亦在升级其信用风险测量与管理系统，通过引入信用评分和概率默认模型近年来采取的主要步骤。
此外，他们扩展他们的产品/服务组合，包括保险、经纪业务和资产管理等活动，同时也增加了他们的资产负债表操作和非利息收入。
最后，专注于巴尔干地区（如阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚）的更广泛市场的全球化增加的趋势已添加到希腊银行在塞浦路斯和美国以前有限的国际活动。
在国外经营的子公司的业绩预计将有父的银行，从而对未来的决定为进一步国际化的尝试对性能的影响。
本研究的目的是要运用数据包络分析（DEA）和重新效率的希腊银行部门，同时考虑到几个以上讨论的问题进行调查。
我们因此区分我们的论文从以前的希腊银行产业重点并在几个方面，下面讨论添加的见解。
首先，我们第一次对效率的希腊银行的信用风险的影响通过检查其中包括贷款损失准备金作为附加输入Charnes et al.(1990 年)、德雷克（2001 年）、德雷克和大厅(2003 年)，和德雷克等人（2006 年）。
作为美斯特(1996) 点出"除非质量和风险控制的一个人也许会很容易误判一家银行的水平的低效；例如精打细算的银行信用评价或生产过高风险的贷款可能会被贴上标签一样高效，当相比银行花资源，以确保它们的贷款有较高的质量"(p.1026)。
商业银行资产证券化业务发展研究国内外文献综述（一）国外文献综述关于资产证券化对商业银行风险的影响：国外相关研究显示，在经营风险方面，资产证券化对商业银行的确有影响。
资产证券化对于商业银行风险程度的影响存在“证券化-稳定”与“证券化-不稳定”两种不同观点。
Jiangli.w(2008)的“证券化-稳定”理论认为，资产证券化过程中建立特殊spv能把风险转移并隔离，风险转移过程中商业银行相当于为经济中的逆向选择和道德风险购买了保险。
2008年次贷危机之后，更多的研究支持了“证券化-不稳定”的理论。
Allen和Carletti（2006）Acharya等（2013）认为资产证券化强化了金融机构的关联性，增强了风险的溢出性和感染性，诱发了整个银行体系的崩溃。
关于城商行的研究：在国外，银行被划分为大银行和中小银行，但是国外并没有城市商业银行的说法。
由于从本质上来看，城市商业银行本质上属于中小型商业银行，所以，在发展过程中，国外关于商业银行发展方面的研究成果和发展经验可以给我国城市商业银行的发展提供有益的借鉴和启发。
Brickley和James(2003)认为，地方政府的介入对商业银行的发展有着重要的促进作用。
在日本，大多数地方银行的总部都设在地方城市，而这些地方银行无例外地与当地政府、企业以及公共团体有着紧密的联系。
由此他们得出：得到政府的大力支持，能够促进商业银行的发展，从而刺激地方经济的增长。
2007年，Allen N.Bergel9在对美国的社区银行的发展历史的基础，进一步研究了各家银行不同的发展模式和路径。
总之，国外商业银行有关的发展研究比较多。
从研究主体上看，有学术专家，还有新闻报刊、研究机构、知名信用评级机构等 ;从研究主题上看，主要有对城市商业银行发展现状、趋势的研究，对城市商业银行跨区域经营的研究，对银行上市的研究等等。
国外的研究成果不仅对于探讨我国城市商业银行发展提供了不可或缺的理论支撑，同时，从现实意义而言，国外的发展经验对S城市商业银行的发展提供了借鉴和启发。
文献出处：Nicely E. The research of commercial bank credit risk management [J]. Research in International Business and Finance, 2015, 8(2): 17-26.原文The research of commercial bank credit risk managementNicely EAbstractCommercial bank credit card business risk management broad sense refers to the commercial bank credit card business, because of various unfavorable factors caused by the issuers, cardholders, specially engaged the possibility of loss. Credit risk refers to the pure credit for credit CARDS are unsecured loans, and credit is not high, the customer more than individual, as well as small amount of single feature, lead to the possibility of loss of card issuers. Through to the commercial Banks to do a good job of credit card risk management put forward the Suggestions and comments, and pay attention to the risks of commercial Banks to establish perfect management system, system, business process research, and put forward the commercial Banks in establishing a system of credit card business management structure, regulations, at the same time, want to notice to each kind of risk identification, measurement, assessment and do a good job in risk loss provisions in personnel management, should pay attention to establish risk rewards and punishment mechanism, pay attention to the positive incentives to the employees.Keywords: Credit CARDS; Risk management; Incentive mechanism1 IntroductionCredit card refers to the bank issued to individuals and units, with the function such as shopping, consumption and access cash bank card. Its striking feature is that the Banks granted to customer a certain line of credit, customers can enjoy the privilege of the reimbursement after be being card first, its form is a positive with the issuing bank name, the period of validity, card number, card, the cardholder's name, article with a magnetic stripe, signature on the back of the information such as bank CARDS. We now call the credit card, generally refers to borrow write down card. Credit risk refers to the bank credit card holders for various reasons failed to fullyrepay bank debt and cause the possibility of default, defaults, bank will because the cardholder does not thereby causing loss to the bank funds paid promptly. Credit card main risk including fraud risk, credit risk, operational risk, accredit card risk management refers to in the process of credit card business, the possible including fraud risk, credit risk, operational risk, etc, all kinds of risk management and control is to reduce the possibility of loss The loss rate of operation and management activities.2 Literature reviewThe concept of risk management since the 30 s of 20th century, after nearly 40 years of development to form a system, gradually by people began to attach importance to and cognition, form a new management discipline. The concept of risk mainly comes from the insurance industry, insurance for risk defined as the uncertainty of loss. In 1964, the United States of the risk management and insurance, it has made the definition: risk book points out that through the risk identification, assessment, and control to achieve with minimum cost to make a management method of minimizing the risk loss. In 1976, eight Gerry, in his book, the risk management of international enterprise, points out that protection of enterprise's financial stability, reduce the loss caused by risk events is the main goal of the enterprise risk management. In 1975, risk management and insurance management society, scholars from all over the world including general principles, risk management was determined by the talk of risk identification and measurement, risk control and other criteria. The establishment of these guidelines, marks all over the world, risk management theory with the preliminary development, management framework has been set up. Also marks the risk management has entered a new stage. In July 2004, Basel 2 rules on commercial Banks, puts forward a new risk management requirements, he fully considered for the bank including market risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and operational risk, a variety of provide for risk identification, risk measurement standard, make risk management work more accurate quantitative measurement. In 2004, the COSO committee issued "enterprise risk management integrated framework", put forward by the enterprise internal control into risk control as the main direction of management thinking. Puts forward the concept of comprehensive risk management,including internal environment, goal setting, time identification, risk evaluation, risk countermeasure, control activities, information and communication and so on eight aspects. American engineer bill fair and Earl joint research and development of the FICO credit score model, since the most card issuers have also been used this model. This model gives the credit scoring system out of a possible 900 points, according to the situation of the borrower's credit history and compare the data with other borrowers, given the borrower credit situation trend in the future.3 Credit card risk3.1 Credit card cash outCredit card cash out to merchants with the bad cardholders or other third party in collusion, or merchants themselves by credit card as the carrier, through the fictitious transactions, asking price, cash return, show the credit card credit behavior, including but not limited to: merchants and cardholders conspired to use point-of-sale terminals (POS), with fictitious transactions, falsely making out the price, cash returns to the behavior of the cardholders to pay cash directly; Or merchants to help paid the cardholder account overdraft, after using the POS machine will advances in fictitious trading way back to their accounts, and collect fees to the cardholder a card such as behavior; Or online merchants cardholders conspired to fictional price, false transactions, such as buying from selling the way, show the credit card for trafficking in fraudulent credit card Internet consumption credit, etc.3.2 False card stolen brushFalse card stolen brush refers to criminals use false card on the POS terminal for credit card transactions to steal bank funds, belong to the important type of fraud. Criminals often by merchants, independent bank terminals, as well as a variety of convenient payment terminal channels, using dedicated track record the equipment needed for the bank card information side track information through various channels, such as the Internet or buy others have steal bank card track information, password access usually by peeping in the cardholder spending places the cardholder password or independent in ATM equipment installed video cameras record customer password, even through ATM keyboard paste, such as false record customer password keyboard,or using client code, easy to guess the cardholder password and other means to obtain the cardholder password.3.3 Online payment fraudOnline payment fraud refers to the fraud part swindled through Internet channels and the cardholder's bank. On-line payment fraud mainly by non-financial institutions or commercial Banks provide online payment channel for fraud. Current fraud activists by phishing site, bank card fraud or Trojan virus, characterized by use of phishing site or Trojan virus to steal the cardholder's bank card number, password and verification code information, phishing cardholders to online trading, to defraud money. Or commercial bank online banking channel for bank card fraud, fraud part using bank online banking vulnerabilities, and the weak link in the online banking fraud.3.4 Operating riskPrevention and control of credit card operation risk, first, to find a good risk points, find out in the hairpin and post-loan risk prone link in the entire process, find out the risk points, and then control the risk. Credit card's life cycle is divided into application stage, audit stage, hairpin used to send phase, activation and post-loan management, such as card renewal phase. First by the applicant voluntarily to the commercial bank to apply for or commercial bank marketing personnel to promote credit card products to the applicant, the applicant according to the guidance of sales people to fill out credit card application form after the above requirements to fill out information, to submit proof of identity is required by the application, work proves that the domicile certificate materials, such as bank marketing personnel will be the applicant's application form submitted to the bank's examination and approval department, by a bank according to the customer qualification examination and approval department for credit card mail after examination and approval to the customer. Customers call the bank customer service special line opened activate the card, the card can normal use, generally the validity of the credit card for 3 ~ 5 years according to the process of the life cycle of credit card sorting operation risk points exist in the whole cycle.4 Conclusions and recommendationsFalse card stolen brush loss brings to the commercial Banks, cardholders Carrie's money is missing, tend to give the feeling of cardholders' money in the bank is not safe, affect the reputation of the bank, bring bank reputation risk. In the process of pursuing for unauthorized, if not solve in time, often commercial Banks must bear a lot of damage. Due to false card stolen brush is not tight to bank losses, and seriously affected the reputation of the bank. So focus on guard against the risk of false card stolen brush is the key of the bank fraud risk control. Commercial bank credit card business is strengthening risk prevention. To do the following: to strengthen the education of the cardholder and prevent unauthorized knowledge propaganda, tip card holders do not use the card to the others, pay attention to protect the password in the daily charge without being stolen. Strengthen the bank back transaction monitoring, summarizes the characteristics of the pseudo card stolen brush, such as the combination of false card stolen brush is easy to occur before time, business category, unauthorized ongoing balance inquiry, around zero, fraud part of bank daily trading limit restrictions for unauthorized transaction monitoring rules set by the characteristics. When the transaction behavior, identity card and cardholders are found not to conform or high transaction should contact the cardholder to confirm authenticity, to confirm that the cardholder to authorize the transaction after I deal correct. Effectively raise Banks to prevent false card stolen brush ability of risk prevention and control. Magnetic stripe card renewal work done as soon as possible because the bank magnetic stripe card refers to magnetic materials for storage medium, such as bank account information recorded in the magnetic stripe CARDS, magnetic stripe card is easy to be copied to the bank money loss, therefore at present a lot of Banks have begun to bank card renewal work, with good safety performance of financial IC card instead of bank magnetic stripe card. In addition, improve the incentive mechanism construction of risk management, on the basis of regular and irregular in the risk assessment results, good for the risk assessment results, comprehensive risk management framework construction perfect mechanism, through the authorization for adjustment, performance ratings, priority support to start newbusiness delegation, adjustment factors of business innovation, management, can be appropriately in the human resources and cost allocation give policy tilt, can give points in performance appraisal review. For risk management body have made outstanding contributions or reduce loss of major risk events offer certain material and spiritual reward employees, and on the personal career advancement channels give sufficient consideration; For all kinds of risk management talents, external training, qualification certification, access to exchange offer certain aspects such as policy tilt, and on the personal career advancement channels will be given full consideration. For all kinds of risk management talents, external training, qualification certification, access to exchange offer certain aspects such as policy tilt, and on the personal career advancement channels will be given full consideration.译文商业银行信用卡风险管理研究Nicely E摘要商业银行信用卡业务风险管理广义上讲是指在商业银行信用卡业务经营中，因各种不利因素而导致的发卡机构、持卡人、特约商户等损失的可能性。
《不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效的影响研究》篇一一、引言不良资产是商业银行在运营过程中形成的逾期贷款、坏账等无法正常回收的资产。
随着金融市场的不断发展，不良资产证券化（Asset-backed Securities，ABS）作为一种新型的资产处置方式，逐渐成为商业银行优化资产结构、提高经营绩效的重要手段。
本文旨在研究不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效的影响，分析其背后的作用机制和可能存在的问题，为商业银行更好地运用不良资产证券化提供理论支持和实践指导。
二、文献综述过去的研究表明，不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效具有积极的影响。
一方面，通过将不良资产转化为可流通的证券，商业银行可以快速回收资金，优化资产结构，降低不良贷款率；另一方面，证券化过程能够分散风险，提高银行的抗风险能力。
此外，证券化还能改善银行的资产负债表，提高其资本充足率，为银行提供更多的业务发展空间。
三、不良资产证券化的作用机制不良资产证券化是指将银行的不良贷款组合成资产池，通过结构性重组、信用增级等手段，将资产池转化为可流通的证券并在市场上发行。
这一过程涉及多个参与方，包括原始权益人（即商业银行）、特殊目的机构（SPV）、投资者等。
其作用机制主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 优化资产结构：通过将不良资产证券化，商业银行可以快速回收资金，降低不良贷款率，优化资产结构。
2. 风险分散：证券化过程通过将资产池分散为多个证券，使风险在多个投资者之间分散，降低银行的风险暴露。
3. 改善资产负债表：证券化过程可以改善银行的资产负债表，提高资本充足率，为银行提供更多的业务发展空间。
四、不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效的影响根据实际数据和研究分析，不良资产证券化对商业银行经营绩效产生了显著影响。
1. 提高回收率：通过将不良资产证券化，商业银行可以快速回收资金，提高资产回收率。
这有助于银行降低不良贷款率，优化资产结构。
2. 增强抗风险能力：证券化过程能够分散风险，降低银行的风险暴露。
外文文献翻译原文+译文原文The study on the securitization of non-performance loans of commercial banksAhmad WAbstractCommercial Banks non-performing assets is to point to in a good operating state, not normal brings to the commercial bank interest income in time even can't take back the principal bank assets in a timely manner. The essence of the non-performing assets is an additional commercial Banks operating costs. The seriousness of the problem, however, far from it, because the bank in the special position in social economic life and the important role of non-performing assets in which could lead to an increase in commercial Banks operating costs at the same time, also implies a higher social costs. Throughout the history of the world, all previous banking crises, financial crisis and the outbreak of the global economic crisis, with Banks non-performing assets. Unwind the bad assets, and eliminate the root causes of bad assets are imperative. Keywords: Non-performing loans; Asset securitization; Commercial Banks1 IntroductionNon-performing assets disposal of the most common method is operated Banks, specific include: collection, debt restructuring, on the basis of repay the principal reduction, litigation and court execution, loan interest cancel after verification, etc. Among them, the collection, a debt restructuring and reduction method of interest is the premise of the borrower has certain repayment sincerity and reimbursement ability. Action to perform, loans verification method is suitable for borrowing the lack of sincerity reimbursement or reimbursement ability. Many reasons for the formation of non-performing assets of commercial Banks, credit conditions are an important reason. Credit system is imperfect, bilk not directly caused a large number of enterprises also phenomenon. Many private enterprises and unable to repay bank loans, its legal representative or the shareholders itself will not be affected by any; moreover, they can through the prior registered a new company to continue to run their business. It is because of bad credit environment, led to made the borrower's subjective repaymentwillingness is not strong, lack of credit consciousness, so the collection way to deal with the effect of bad assets always is not very good, a lot of the time can only play the role of interrupt litigation efficiency., with some success, of course, but generally this borrowing has full mortgage or guarantee. Debt restructuring, breaks the interest is the bank to the borrower has certain repayment willingness, but a kind of measures taken by the reimbursement ability is insufficient. Such treatment clause contains both the preferential policies of the bank to the borrower, and the limitation of the bank. Debt restructuring is mainly for the duration of the loan, mortgage, guarantee, loan, make changes to form new loans, to reduce risk. Reduction of interest by a certain amount of relief, recover all loan principal. These two approaches in the bank received a lot of use. Litigation and court execution way has always been one of the important ways of bad assets disposal, bad credit environment, concentrated in many borrowers bilk not also, the bank must take compulsory means of recovery of the loans. As Banks and borrowers are format contract signed, the guarantor, so the problem of loans made to basically guaranteed. But the problem is the execution phase, if the lack of sufficient assets available for execution, the loans are still hard to fully recover, sometimes even the action to perform advancements cannot take back. Even so, as a result of litigation compulsory execution, these ways of disposal gradually become one of the most main way. Finally, on the premise of any loan, it will not be repaid, Banks into bad debt verification procedures. Visible, the non-performing assets of commercial Banks have formed a set of business process, according to the customer's specific repayment willingness and repayment capacity, formulate the corresponding disposal measures, and the process is in the process of improving.2 The affect factors of the non-performing loan recovery2.1 Loan timeIn theory, the loan last failed to repay the longer, may also produce bad debt loss, the greater the non-performing loans of borrowing the earlier time, time will be long overdue, and recovery rate is generally low. Countries to borrow after transfer, a large number of non-performing loans to appear, but state-owned enterprises did not returnthe bank loans as a must, the idea has not changed, also think that is a country in support, and the commercial bank reform has not yet started, have to bear the certain function of finance. Appear in this phase of the non-performing loan is a big difficulty, in their evaluations, to especially pay attention to this stage of the lent loans, in has been calculated based on the assessment of the value should be lowered accordingly.2.2 Loan sectorDifferent industry development direction, development potential, payment is also different. But more important is the nature of industry difference also means different organic composition, the different proportion of tangible and intangible assets, can be used for the assets of a mortgage. Enterprises of different industries in the face of the repayment pressure or liquidation, creditors can perform an asset and its degree, and thus to creditors have different ability of guarantee. The real estate, construction even if there will be a lot of bad debts occur to pay off the building and construction materials, realizable ability, such as financial services when bad debts occur or bankruptcy is available to sell anything.2.3 The enterprise ownershipNon-performing loan ratio highest is state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, and foreign enterprises and individual enterprises is generally lower. According to incomplete statistics of non-performing loans of state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises accounted for the big four Banks non-performing loans is about 75% of the total. For a long time, the main commercial Banks is a state of absolute holding, so its loan direction mainly in the face of state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises, in the process of loan, sometimes under the intervention of the government, the bank will be for some, redundant construction, low management level of the product unsalable make loans to the state-owned enterprises, such loans are usually difficult to recover. And many of the state-owned enterprises in the business at the same time also in bear the heavy burden on society, such companies can once cannot reimbursement is not bankruptcy liquidation, because it will affect the stability of the local society to a certain extent. The state-owned enterprises and local government relations are complex, is likely to encounter in the process ofrecovery of loans the government. So we can expect, state-owned enterprises non-performing loan recovery rate is relatively low.2.4 Loan purposesThe purpose of the enterprise loans directly affect the loans become non-performing loans after its recovery, loans for infrastructure construction such as highway, hydropower station, even out of business, but has invested assets can still corresponding cash. As for working capital turnover or to repay debt, once enterprises shut down at this moment, it will be difficult to get a loan.2.5 Enterprise operating conditionsEnterprise only keep operating, will speed up the turnover of assets and value-added, its assets only in continuous operation at the same time, will be to the value of its future cash flow measurement. If the enterprise is unable to maintain normal operation, under the period of shut down or even bankruptcy, on the one hand, the source of enterprises to raise funds dried up, room for turnover decreases, and on the other hand, itself can no longer produce inflows, on the degree of guarantee creditors will decline.3 Theory of asset securitization and the process3.1 DefinitionsOf future earnings of the asset securitization is simply the assets transferred to investors in the form of securities issuance, its low cost, high rate of financing characteristics have drawn the attention of the governments and financial institutions. Since the United States created the beginning of asset securitization, in just a few decades the development has begun to take shape, more developed in many areas, asset securitization has become a of non-performing assets of Banks and other financial institutions to solve the important means. Law fare that asset securitization is savers and borrowers by financial markets to some or all of the matching process and tools, under the arrangement, the development of the market credit replaced by Banks or other financial institutions to provide closed market credibility. American Yale set professor argues that "asset securitization can be broadly defined as a process, through this process will have a common characteristic of loans, consumer installmentcontracts, leases, accounts receivable and other illiquid assets into market-oriented investment characteristics of interest-bearing securities. "Visible, the meaning of asset securitization, which consists of a series of financial asset through restructuring, the construction of asset pool, in order to get more stable cash flow, and then through a variety of credit enhancement, in order to achieve the standard of securities issuance, so as to issue securities, and based on the payment of securities of the asset pool cash flow.3.2 The theory analysisBasic operation principle of asset securitization together is the securitizations of assets, the restructuring its cash flow and handed it to investors. Because our country banking non-performing loans is not completely get rid of the constraint, staying in more than two system, formed the situation of non-performing loans is basically equivalent to default loans. Therefore, for single non-performing loans, because the borrower has defaulted, difficult to timely recovery of the loans in the future through the normal way, so its cash flow is uncertain, extreme without any occurrence of cash flow is possible. So, expect the cash flow of non-performing assets of Banks is a very difficult thing, this factor has become a part of the opposition of non-performing assets securitization of scholars is a major reason.But, in fact, for a group of loans, even though the cash flow is the combination of the combination of each loan sum of cash flows, but because of the role of the law of large Numbers, the combination of the cash flow may present a certain regularity, the premise is the number of borrowers in loan portfolio enough, correlation between small enough, industry and region, the loan scale widely enough and so on. So the individual loans often large deviation, but can the whole portfolio cash flow has credible estimates. On this basis, it can be bad assets together, structural reorganization, and divided the resale market for securities investors. Bad assets the damage to the financial sector and the whole regional economy is self-evident, bad assets for the financial system is always a great safety hidden trouble, while asset securitization is the most common especially in some developed areas in the world of the methods to solve the problem of non-performing assets. This section is to analyzethe necessity and feasibility of securitization of non-performing assets.文献出处：Ahmad W. The study on the securitization of non-performance loans of commercial banks [J]. Journal f Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2016, 4(3): 241-250.译文商业银行不良贷款证券化研究Ahmad W摘要商业银行不良资产是指处于非良好经营状态，不能及时给商业银行带来正常利息收入甚至不能及时收回本金的银行资产。
