Estimation of reliability parameter based on censored samples
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Aabsolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成,分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的,立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distributionfunction 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值Ffactor 因素,因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihoodestimation 极大似然估计mean squareddeviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlationcoefficient 复相关系数multiple correlationcoefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis多元回归分析multiple regressionequation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的,度量的quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告,报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Ssample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的,有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regressionanalysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括,综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共,和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量Wweight 加权,权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数Ⅱ.2 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表Aactive constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子Bbandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界Ccoefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomialinterpolation method三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合Ddata-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的,默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续Eeigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的Ffeasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶GGauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵Iindependent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代JJacobian 雅可比矩阵LLagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardtmethod列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints线性等式约束linear programmingproblem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解Mmedium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的Nnonlinear 非线性的norm 范数Oobjective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统Pparameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method多项式插值法Qquadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划Rreal-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性,鲁棒性Sscalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust regionmethod 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttermination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepestdescent 最速下降法transpose 转置Uunconstrained 无约束的under-determined system负定系统Vvariable 变量vector 矢量Wweighting matrix 加权矩阵Ⅱ.3 样条词汇英汉对照表Aapproximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-splineb样条a spline of polynomial piece/ppform spline分段多项式样条Bbivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点Ccoefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线Ddegree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数Eend conditions 约束条件Iinput argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间Kknot/knots 节点Lleast-squaresapproximation 最小二乘拟合Mmultiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数Ooptional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数Ppoint/points 数据点Rrational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差(相对误差)Sscalar 标量sequence 数列(数组)spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条Ttolerance 允许精度Uunivariate function 一元函数Vvector 向量Wweight/weights 权重Ⅱ.4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格Bboundary condition 边界条件Ccontour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系Ddecomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditionsDirichlet边界条件Eeigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解Ggeneralized Neumann boundary condition推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geometry descriptionmatrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面Hhyperbolic 双曲线的Iinitial mesh 初始网格Jjiggle 微调LLagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环Mmachine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition混合边界条件NNeuman boundarycondition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量PParabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Qquality 质量Rrefined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数Ssingular 奇异的sparce matrix 稀疏矩阵stiffness matrix 刚度矩阵subregion 子域Ttriangular mesh 三角形网格Uundetermined 未定的uniform refinement 均匀加密uniform triangle net 均匀三角形网络Wwave equation 波动方程Algebraic Equation代数方程Elementary Operations-Addition基础混算-加法ElementaryOperations-Subtaction基础混算-减法ElementaryOperations-Multiplication基础混算-乘法Elementary Operations-Division基础混算-除法Elementary Operation基础四则混算Decimal Operations 小数混算Fractional Operations分数混算Convert fractional no. intodecimal no.分数转小数Convert fractional no. intopercentage.分数转百分数Convert decimal no. intopercentage.小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no.百分数转小数Percentage百分数Numerals数字符号Common factors and multiples公因子及公倍数Sorting数字排序Area图形面积Perimeter图形周界Change Units : Time单位转换-时间Change Units : Weight 单位转换-重量Change Units :Length单位转换-长度Directed Numbers 有向数Fractional Operations 分数混算Decimal Operations 小数混算Convert fractional no. into decimal no.分数转小数Convert fractional no. into percentage.分数转百分数Convert decimal no. into percentage.小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no.百分数转小数Percentage百分数Indices指数Algebraic Substitution 代数代入Polynomials多项式Co-Geometry坐标几何学Solving Linear Equation解一元线性方程Solving Simultaneous Equation解联立方程Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation 二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Geometry几何学Inequalities不等式Rate and Ratio比和比例Bearing方位角Trigonometry三角学Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of centraltendency统计学-量度集中趋势Salary Tax薪俸税Bridging Game汉英对对碰Indices指数Function函数Rate and Ratio比和比例Trigonometry三角学Inequalities不等式Linear Programming线性规划Co-Geometry坐标几何学Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Method of Bisection分半方法Polynomials多项式Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of centraltendency统计学-量度集中趋势Statistics-Measure of dispersion统计学-量度分布Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Surds根式Probability概率Statistics-Measure of dispersion统计学-量度离差Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Statistics-Binomial Distribution统计学Statistics-Poisson Distribution统计学Statistics-Geometric Distribution统计学Co-Geometry坐标几何学Sequence序列十万Hundred thousand三位数3-digit number千Thousand千万Ten million小数Decimal分子Numerator分母Denominator分数Fraction五位数5-digit number公因子Common factor公倍数Common multiple中国数字Chinese numeral平方Square平方根Square root古代计时工具Ancient timingdevice古代记时工具Ancienttime-recording device古代记数方法Ancient countingmethod古代数字Ancient numeral包含Grouping四位数4-digit number四则计算Mixed operations (Thefour operations)加Plus加法Addition加法交换性质Commutativeproperty of addition未知数Unknown百分数Percentage百万Million合成数Composite number多位数Large number因子Factor折扣Discount近似值Approximation阿拉伯数字Hindu-Arabic numeral定价Marked price括号Bracket计算器Calculator差Difference真分数Proper fraction退位Decomposition除Divide除法Division除数Divisor乘Multiply乘法Multiplication乘法交换性质Commutative property of multiplication乘法表Multiplication table乘法结合性质Associative property of multiplication被除数Dividend珠算Computation using Chinese abacus倍数Multiple假分数Improper fraction带分数mixed number现代计算工具Modern calculating devices售价Selling price万Ten thousand最大公因子Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.)最小公倍数Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)减Minus / Subtract减少Decrease减法Subtraction等分Sharing 等于Equal进位Carrying短除法Short division单数Odd number循环小数Recurring decimal零Zero算盘Chinese abacus亿Hundred million增加Increase质数Prime number积Product整除性Divisibility双数Even number罗马数字Roman numeral数学mathematics, maths(BrE),math(AmE)公理axiom定理theorem计算calculation运算operation证明prove假设hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题proposition算术arithmetic加plus(prep.), add(v.),addition(n.)被加数augend, summand加数addend和sum减minus(prep.), subtract(v.),subtraction(n.)被减数minuend减数subtrahend差remainder乘times(prep.), multiply(v.),multiplication(n.)被乘数multiplicand, faciend乘数multiplicator积product除divided by(prep.), divide(v.),division(n.)被除数dividend除数divisor商quotient等于equals, is equal to, isequivalent to大于is greater than小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greater than小于等于is equal or lesser than运算符operator平均数mean算术平均数arithmatic mean几何平均数geometric mean n个数之积的n次方根倒数(reciprocal)x的倒数为1/x有理数rational number无理数irrational number实数real number虚数imaginary number数字digit数number自然数natural number整数integer小数decimal小数点decimal point分数fraction分子numerator分母denominator比ratio正positive负negative零null, zero, nought, nil十进制decimal system二进制binary system十六进制hexadecimal system权weight, significance进位carry截尾truncation四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入round up有效数字significant digit无效数字insignificant digit代数algebra公式formula, formulae(pl.)单项式monomial多项式polynomial, multinomial 系数coefficient未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor等式,方程式equation一次方程simple equation二次方程quadratic equation三次方程cubic equation四次方程quartic equation不等式inequation阶乘factorial对数logarithm指数,幂exponent乘方power二次方,平方square三次方,立方cube四次方the power of four, the fourth powern次方the power of n, the nth power开方evolution, extraction二次方根,平方根square root 三次方根,立方根cube root四次方根the root of four, the fourth rootn次方根the root of n, the nth rootsqrt(2)=1.414sqrt(3)=1.732sqrt(5)=2.236常量constant变量variable坐标系coordinates坐标轴x-axis, y-axis, z-axis横坐标x-coordinate纵坐标y-coordinate原点origin象限quadrant截距(有正负之分)intercede(方程的)解solution几何geometry点point线line面plane 体solid线段segment射线radial平行parallel相交intersect角angle角度degree弧度radian锐角acute angle直角right angle钝角obtuse angle平角straight angle周角perigon底base边side高height三角形triangle锐角三角形acute triangle直角三角形right triangle直角边leg斜边hypotenuse勾股定理Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形obtuse triangle不等边三角形scalene triangle等腰三角形isosceles triangle等边三角形equilateral triangle四边形quadrilateral平行四边形parallelogram矩形rectangle长length宽width周长perimeter面积area相似similar全等congruent三角trigonometry正弦sine余弦cosine正切tangent余切cotangent正割secant余割cosecant反正弦arc sine反余弦arc cosine反正切arc tangent反余切arc cotangent反正割arc secant反余割arc cosecant补充:集合aggregate元素element空集void子集subset交集intersection并集union补集complement映射mapping函数function定义域domain, field ofdefinition值域range单调性monotonicity奇偶性parity周期性periodicity图象image数列,级数series微积分calculus微分differential导数derivative极限limit无穷大infinite(a.) infinity(n.)无穷小infinitesimal积分integral定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral复数complex number矩阵matrix行列式determinant圆circle圆心centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径radius直径diameter圆周率pi弧arc半圆semicircle扇形sector环ring椭圆ellipse圆周circumference轨迹locus, loca(pl.)平行六面体parallelepiped立方体cube七面体heptahedron八面体octahedron九面体enneahedron十面体decahedron十一面体hendecahedron十二面体dodecahedron二十面体icosahedron多面体polyhedron旋转rotation轴axis球sphere半球hemisphere底面undersurface表面积surface area体积volume空间space双曲线hyperbola抛物线parabola四面体tetrahedron五面体pentahedron六面体hexahedron菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond正方形square梯形trapezoid直角梯形right trapezoid等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid五边形pentagon六边形hexagon七边形heptagon八边形octagon九边形enneagon十边形decagon十一边形hendecagon十二边形dodecagon多边形polygon正多边形equilateral polygon相位phase周期period振幅amplitude内心incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心excentre(BrE),excenter(AmE)旁心escentre(BrE),escenter(AmE)垂心orthocentre(BrE),orthocenter(AmE)重心barycentre(BrE),barycenter(AmE)内切圆inscribed circle外切圆circumcircle统计statistics平均数average加权平均数weighted average方差variance标准差root-mean-squaredeviation, standard deviation比例propotion百分比percent百分点percentage百分位数percentile排列permutation组合combination概率,或然率probability分布distribution正态分布normal distribution非正态分布abnormaldistribution图表graph条形统计图bar graph柱形统计图histogram折线统计图broken line graph曲线统计图curve diagram扇形统计图pie diagramEnglish Chineseabbreviation 简写符号;简写abscissa 横坐标absolute complement 绝对补集absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(of probability) (概率)加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式;代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle (交)错角alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设;备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高;高度;顶垂线;高线ambiguous case 两义情况;二义情况amount 本利和;总数analysis 分析;解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and a plane 直 与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线 ;分角线angle in the alternate segment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角;交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年(年利率X%)anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向;返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数;反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点approach 接近;趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似;略计;逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc length 弧长arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均;等差中顶;算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数;等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数arm 边array 数组; 数组arrow 前号ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定;假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均;平均数;平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory of probability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴back substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图;条线图;条形图;线条图base (1)底;(2)基;基数base angle 底角base area 底面base line 底线base number 底数;基数base of logarithm 对数的底basis 基Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位(角);角方向(角)bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差;偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理bisect 平分;等分bisection method 分半法;分半方法bisector 等分线 ;平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界(线);边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的;上有界的bounded below 有下界的;下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度broken line graph 折线图calculation 计算calculator 计算器;计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel 消法;相消canellation law 消去律canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型;范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy's principal value 柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心;心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心;距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元;变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图;图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形;圆的circular function 圆函数;三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列;圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心;外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区;组;类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间;组距class limit 组限;区限class mark 组中点;区中点classical theory of probability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 迭合;重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列;纵行;(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母;公分母common difference 公差。
基于循序Ⅰ型删失数据的广义Pareto分布最优删失计划程从华;程丽娟【摘要】文章讨论了循序删失计划下广义Pareto分布的统计推断问题并得到期望Fisher信息矩阵.利用期望Fisher信息矩阵,在三种不同准则下,讨论了最优删失计划的设计问题:如何确定参与寿命分析实验的元件个数,观测区间个数以及实验检测区间长度.最后,给出了完成寿命测试实验的一个具体算法,并且给出了一个具体实例来演示该算法.演示结果表明,文章提出的算法是可行和有效的.【期刊名称】《海南师范大学学报(自然科学版)》【年(卷),期】2017(030)004【总页数】5页(P391-395)【关键词】循序删失;信息矩阵;最优删失计划【作者】程从华;程丽娟【作者单位】肇庆学院数学与统计学院,广东肇庆526061;岭南师范学院数学与统计学院,广东湛江524048;岭南师范学院数学与统计学院,广东湛江524048【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O212.1广义Paretto分布最早由Pickands提出[1].随机变量X服从广义Pareto分布,如果它的概率密度函数(PDF)为(1)其中,μ,ξ∈R,σ∈(0,+∞).为了简单,重参数化参数,令这时,广义Pareto随机变量X的概率密度函数变为:f(x;α,λ)=αλ(1+λx)-(α+1).(2)对应的分布函数为:F(x;α,λ)=1-(1+λx)-α,x,α,λ>0.(3)其中,α和λ分别是形状参数和尺度参数.广义Pareto分布又被称为II型Pareto分布或是Lomax分布,这个分布具有单调递减失效率函数的特性.在可靠性研究中,如果投入寿命测试元件的寿命Y服从参数为v的指数分布,同时v是一个服从尺度参数和形状参数α的Gamma随机变量,则元件的寿命Y就是一个服从广义Pareto分布的随机变量.广义Pareto模型在极端事件分析中有着广泛的应用.比如,保险分析中的大额报单索赔问题以及可靠性分析中的失效时间建模问题都可以利用广义Pareto模型来进行建模分析. Harris研究了保修服务时间决策问题[2]. Davis和Feldstein利用广义Pareto模型研究了循序删失情形下的等效元件失效时间问题[3]. Hosking和Wallis研究了广义Pareto模型的参数和分位数估计问题[4]. Smith研究了非正则条件下的分布族参数最大似然估计问题[5]. Liang基于非参数经验贝叶斯方法讨论了广义Pareto分布的尺度参数估计问题[6]. Nigm等在两样本和随机样本容量条件下讨论了广义Pareto分布未知参数的贝叶斯区间估计问题[7].Wu等在循序删失数据情形下研究了广义Pareto分布参数的区间估计问题[8].寻找最优删失计划是一个近年来受到广泛关注的问题.在循序删失情形下,本文首先讨论广义Pareto分布未知参数的最大似然估计问题,并且给出广义Pareto模型在循序删失条件下的期望Fisher信息矩阵.其次利用期望Fisher信息矩阵,在三种不同准则下,讨论最优删失计划的设计问题.在寿命分析实验中,大多数寿命实验还会受到实验经费预算的约束.近几年来许多学者也对此进行了研究,比如:Tse 等[9],Chen等[10]和 Wu等[11]. 在实验经费不超过给定数额条件下,讨论循序删失计划的最优设计问题. 针对循序I型区间删失特点,主要考虑三个问题,分别是如何确定参与寿命分析实验的元件个数,观测区间个数以及实验检测区间长度.最后给出完成寿命测试实验的一个具体算法,并且通过一个具体实例来演示本文的方法.1 期望信息矩阵为了计算未知参数的Fisher信息,需要以下的一些预备知识[12].Xi|Xi-1,Xi-2,…,X1,Ri-1,Ri-2,…,R1~B(Mi,qi),其中,服从二项分布,是第i步观测开始时未被移除的还在工作的元件个数,Mi+1=Mi-Xi-Ri,Ri=(Mi-Ri)×pi.通过计算,可以得到以下结论E(M1)=n,E(R1)=np1(1-q1),E(Xi)=E(Mi)qi,i=1,2,…,m,利用以上结论,可以得到期望Fisher信息矩阵E,且E可以表示为:(4)这里其中,h=log((1+λti-1)-α-(1+λti)-α).则未知参数(α λ)的最大似然估计的渐进协方差矩阵为(5)2 最优删失计划设计2.1 算法设计在实验成本约束条件下,这一小节讨论最优的实验设计问题.利用Ng等定义的如下三个最优准则来进行实验设计[13].(1)D-最优:最小化协方差矩阵的行列式,det(V(α,λ)(2)T-最优:最小化协方差矩阵的迹,tr(V(α,λ))=V11+V22.(3)F-最优:最大化参数最大似然估计期望Fisher矩阵的迹,tr(E(α,λ))=E11+E22.假定相邻的观测区间长度差都等于给定的长度t,同时假定有n个元件投入寿命测试实验,有m个观测时刻点,第i个观测区间的时间长度为it,i=1,2,…,m.同时假设以下实验设计参数.(a) 样本成本:令Cs是每一个参与测试的元件价格,则样本总成本为nCs.(b) 检测成本:令Ci是每一个参与测试的元件检测成本,则总检测成本为mCi.(c) 运转成本:令C0是每一个参与测试的元件在两次检测期间内的运转成本,则元件运转总成本为因此,寿命测试实验的总成本是:显而易见的是,每个实验准则都是n,m,t的函数,记为G(n,m,t).当实验总成本是给定参数Cb时,则约束条件变为:(6)因此,这个实验的最优设计可以表述为:min imize(max imize)G(n,m,t),subject to nCs+mCi+tC0≤Cb,n,m∈N,and t>0,其中,N是正整数.可以看到目标函数和约束条件都是非线性函数. 下面将利用非线性混合规划方法求解上述目标函数.非线性规划问题由Kamat和 Mesquita首先提出[14].关于非线性混合规划方法比较全面的知识可以参考Grossmann的介绍[15]. 对本文涉及的目标函数和具体问题,主要参考Taha的方法[16]. 基于上述介绍,给出如下算法. (Ⅰ)计算整数n的上界.在实验经费束条件下,由于m≥1,这个上界为其中[.]表示取整函数.(Ⅱ)令n=2,在给定n的条件下,计算m的上界.基于实验成本约束条件,m的上界为(Ⅲ)计算相邻观测区间长度的差.基于实验成本约束和条件,相邻观测区间时间长度差为:(Ⅳ)对于给定的n,计算函数G(n,m,tmn)的值.(Ⅴ)令函数F(n)(Ⅵ)令n=n+1,如果回到(Ⅱ),否则进入(Ⅶ).(Ⅶ)计算最优函数G(n,m,tmn)的值,这里的),则(n*,m*,t*)就是我们寻找的最优删失计划.2.2 演示实例为了演示提出的算法,本节给出以下实例.利用Aggarwala提出的算法[12],在样本容量n=45以及实验参数m=7,t=0.15,α=1.5的条件下,可以获得循序I型删失样本.事先设定删失计划参数(P1,P2,…,P6,P7)=(0.1,0.1,…,0.1,1),则可以得到循序删失样本为X=(19,12,4,4,2,0,0)和R=(2,1,0,0,0,0,1).利用Dempster提出的EM算法[17],获得参数的最大似然估计为:基于参数的最大似然估计和前一小节给出的算法,可以寻找到最优删失计划设计方案. 假设循序删失计划参数为:Cb=600,Cs=10,Ci=5,C0=2,则最优删失计划目标函数为min imize(max imize)G(n,m,t),subject to 10n+5m+m(m+1)t≤600,n,m∈N,and t>0.利用上节给出的算法,可以获得最优删失计划如下.D-最优:n*=55,m*=9,t*=0.0556.T-最优:n*=54,m*=11,t*=0.0379.F-最优:n*=56,m*=6,t*=0.2381.通过数值实验结果,可以发现无论是D-最优,T-最优还是F-最优,本文给出的方法均是可以实现的.但各方案实现的具体结果有所差异,其中D-最优方案和T-最优方案在结果上更为相近,F-最优方案则有较大差异.这一结果并不令人意外,因为F-最优方案利用的是期望Fisher信息矩阵,而D-最优方案和T-最优方案使用同一个协方差矩阵.因此在实践中,在小样本情形时,建议使用D-最优方案和T-最优方案,反之使用F-最优方案.参考文献:[1] Pickands J. Statistical inference using extreme order statistics[J]. The Annals of Statistics, 1975, 3(1): 119-131.[2] Harris C M. The Pareto distribution as a queue discipline[J]. Operations Research, 1968.16(2): 307-313.[3] Davis H T, Feldstein M L. The generalized Pareto law as a model for progroressively censored survival data[J]. Biometrika, 1979, 66(2): 299-306.[4] Hosking J R M,Wallis J R. Parameter and quantile estimation for the generalized Pareto distribution[J]. Technometrics, 1987, 29(3): 339-349. [5] Smith R L. Maximum likelihood estimation in a class of nonregularcases[J].Bimetrika, 1985, 72(1): 67-90.[6] Liang T C.Convergence rates for empirical Bayes estimation of the scaleparameter in a Pareto distribution[J]. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis , 1993, 16(1): 35-45.[7] Nigm A M, Al-Hussaini E K, Jaheen Z F. Bayesian two-sample predictionunder the Lomax model with fixed and random sample size[J]. Journal of Applied Statistics, 2003, 37(6): 527-536.[8] Wu S F. Interval estimation for the Pareto distribution based on the progressive type II censored sample[J]. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 2010, 80(4):463-474.[9] Tse S K, Yang C, Yuen H K. Design and analysis of survival data underan integrated type II interval censoring scheme[J]. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 2002, 12(3): 333-345.[10] Chen J W, Li K H, Lam Y. Bayesian single and double variable sampling plans forthe Weibull distribution with censoring[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2007, 177(2): 1062-1073.[11] Wu S J, Huang S R. Optimal progressive group-censoring pans for exponential distribution in presence of cost constraint[J]. Statistical Papers, 2010, 51(2):4 31-443.[12] Aggarwala R. Progressive interval censoring: some mathematical results with applications to inference[J]. Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods, 2001, 30(8): 1921-1935.[13] Ng H K T, Chan P S, Balakrishnan N. 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基于自适应逐次II型截尾样本下EIG分布的参数统计推断作者:季丹丹闫在在来源:《赤峰学院学报·自然科学版》2019年第03期摘要:近几年,针对缺失数据的处理这方面的应用研究大量涌现,使得缺失数据下的可靠性理论迅速发展.而在可靠性试验和寿命试验中,截尾方案能在试验所花费的总时间、单元个数和基于试验结果的统计推断效率之间取得平衡.在这种情况下,一种自适应的截尾方案被提出来,并且被许多专家学者研究应用.因此本文讨论,基于自适应逐次II型截尾样本,提出了EIG分布的统计推断理论等问题.对于未知参数,提出了极大似然估计(MLEs).利用MLEs的渐近正态性得到参数的近似置信区间.并运用一组真实数据进行模拟讨论.关键词:EIG分布;截尾数据;极大似然估计;自适应逐次II型截尾中图分类号:O212 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1673-260X(2019)03-0013-051 引言许多情形下,考虑到费用和时间的原因,寿命测试验通常在所有测试单元都失败前终止.这种情况下,人们只能得到部分样本的失效时间,这些数据即为截尾数据.在过去的50年里,一些专家学者已经在研究和讨论基于截尾样本的参数统计推断问题.最常见的截尾方案大体分两种,I型(定时)截尾和II型(定量)截尾.其中I型截尾表示寿命试验在规定的时间T内终止,II型截尾则表示寿命试验在第m次失效时终止,其中m是提前设定的.逐次II型截尾方案是II型截尾方案的推广形式,表示假设有n个单元置于寿命试验中,而只有m个失效单元被观测到.在观测到第一个失效单元时,在剩余的未失效单元中随机移除R1个单元.同样的,在观测到第二个失效时间时,R2个单元被随机移除.寿命试验将在m个失效单元都被观测到终止,最后将Rm=n-R1-R2-…-Rm-1个未失效单元全部移除.产生逐次型截尾样本数据的原因很多,如有些航空航天、核反应堆等零部件,其试验消耗成本过高,为节约时间和费用,通过检验后,人们通常会在未失效的产品中取出一部分作为他用.这样即节约了成本又知道了产品的特性.再如,对某些产品进行跟踪调查时,出于某些原因,使得一些使用者在某个时间后失联,因而我们对这批产品也就只掌握了部分数据.对于逐次截尾的广泛的回顾与讨论,读者们可以参考Aggarwala(1998)[1]、alakrishnan(2008)[2]、Fernandez(2004)[3]、Soliman (2008)[4]和Chansoo K和Keunhee H(2009)[5].2 自适应逐次II型截尾试验Ng et al.[7]提出一个自适应逐次II型截尾方案,它是I型截尾和II型逐次截尾的混合,既节约了试验成本,又增加了统计分析效率.6 结语本文介绍了截尾樣本的由来及种类,并由广义逐次II型截尾试验,引入并阐述了自适应逐次II型截尾试验的实施过程.由于截尾数据的广泛应用性,本文基于自适应逐次II型截尾样本,讨论了EIG分布所含参数的极大似然估计和近似置信区间,并运用真实例子模拟讨论.参考文献:〔1〕Aggarwala R., Balakrishnan N.. Some properties of progressive censored order statistics from arbitrary and uniform distributions with applications to inference and simulation[J]. Statist. Plann. Inference, 1998,70(1):35-49.〔2〕Balakrishnan N., Anna Dembinska. Progressively Type-II right censored order statistics from discrete distributions[J]. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference,2008,138(4):845–856.〔3〕Fernandez A. J. On estimating exponential parameters with general type-II progressive censoring[J]. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 2004,121(1):135-147.〔4〕Soliman, Ahmed A. Estimations for pareto model using general progressive censored data and symmetric loss[J]. Communications in statistics-theory and methods, 2008,37(9):1353-1370.〔5〕Chansoo K., Keunhee H. Estimation of the scale parameter of the Rayleigh distribution under general progressive censoring[J]. Journal of the Korean Statistical Society, 2009,38(3):239-246.〔6〕季丹丹.一种拓展的逆高斯分布的性质及应用[D].内蒙古:内蒙古工业大学,2017.〔7〕D. Kundu, A. Joarder, Analysis of Type-II progressively hybrid censored data[J],Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 2006,(50) 2258–2509.〔8〕H.K.T. Ng, D. Kundu, P.S. Chan, Statistical analysis of exponential lifetimes under an adaptive Type-II progressive censoring scheme[J], Naval Res. Logist.2009,(56) 687–698.〔9〕Rezapour M., Alamatsaz M. H. On properties of progressively Type-II censored order statistics arising from dependent and non-identical random variables[J]. Statistical Methodology,2013,10(1):58-71.〔10〕Mashail M. AL Sobhi, Ahmed A. Soliman. Estimation for the exponentiated Weibull model with adaptive Type-II progressive censored schemes[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling,2016,40(2):1180–1192.〔11〕Nassar M. Estimation of the inverse Weibull parameters under adaptive type-II progressive hybrid censoring scheme[J]. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics,2017,315:228–239.〔12〕魏宗舒.概率論与数理统计教程[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.〔13〕N.Balakrishnan, Rita Aggarwala, Progressive Censoring Theory,methods and Applications[M]. Statistics for industry and technology, 1956.〔14〕Rezaei S, Tahmasbi R, Mahmoodi M. Estimation of P[Y < X] for generalized Pareto distribution [J]. J Statist Plan Inference. 2010,140:480-494.〔15〕Greene W H. Econometric Analysis: Fourth Edition [C]. Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2000.〔16〕Alan A. Categorical Data Analysis (2nd Ed.) [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 2002, 40(4).〔17〕Valiollahi R, Asgharzadeh A, Raqab MZ.Estimation of P[Y〔18〕Saracoglua B, Kinacia I, Kundu D. (2012) On estimation of R=P[Y〔19〕 Childs A, Chandrasekhar B, Balakrishnan N, Kundu D.Exact inference based on type-I and type-II hybrid censored samples from the exponential distribution[J]. Ann Inst Stat Math 2003,55:319-330.〔20〕Balakrishnan,Cramer,Kamps. Bounds for Means and Variances of Progressive Type II Censored Order Statistics[J]. Statist Probab. Lett.2001,54,301-315.〔21〕Balakrishnan,N.,Cramer,E.,Progressive censoring from heterogeneous distributions with applications to robustness[J]. Ann.Inst.Statist.Math.2008,60:151-171.〔22〕Guilbaud. Exact non-parametric confidence intervals for quantiles with progressive type-II censoring[J].Scand.J. Statist. 2001,28:699-713.〔23〕Guilbaud O., Exact non-parametric confidence, prediction and tolerance intervals with progressive type-II censoring[J]. Scand. J.Statist.2004,31:265–281.〔24〕U Balasooriya, N Balakrishnan. Reliability sampling plans for lognormal distribution based on progressively censoredSamples[J]. IEEE Trans. Reliab. 2000,49:199–203.。
逆瑞利分布的有效估计卢建萍;史洁茹;郝博【摘要】The MLE and UMVUE of the density function and distribution function were derived for the inverse Rayleigh distribution,and the explicit expressions of the r-th moment of these estimators were given. The mean square error and variation coefficient of the estimators were asymptotically expanded. Finally,the judgement for the effective estimation of the inverse Rayleigh distribution was given in the large sample.%推导逆瑞利分布的密度函数和分布函数的MLE和UMVUE,并给出估计量r阶矩的精确表达式.对估计量的均方误差和变异系数做渐进展开,在大样本下给出逆瑞利分布有效估计的判断条件.【期刊名称】《山东科学》【年(卷),期】2017(030)005【总页数】6页(P86-90,94)【关键词】逆瑞利分布;密度函数;分布函数;MLE;UMVUE【作者】卢建萍;史洁茹;郝博【作者单位】山西师范大学数学与计算机科学学院,山西临汾041000;四川大学数学学院,四川成都610065;山西师范大学数学与计算机科学学院,山西临汾041000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O212.1Abstract∶The MLE and UMVUE of t he density function and distribution function were derived for the inverse Rayleigh distribution, and the explicit expressions of the r-th moment of these estimators were given. The mean square error and variation coefficient of the estimators were asymptotically expanded. Finally, the judgement for the effective estimation of the inverse Rayleigh distribution was given in the large sample.Key words∶inverse Rayleigh distribution; density function; distribution function; MLE; UMVUE逆瑞利分布[1-2]和指数分布[3]、瑞利分布[4]等类似, 都是寿命测试中的重要分布。