第1篇一、概述备用信用证（Standby Letter of Credit，简称L/C）是一种特殊的信用证，是开证行对受益人或其他指定人承担一定责任的书面承诺。
在备用信用证的法律规定中，涉及开证行、受益人、担保人等多方当事人的权利义务。
本文将从备用信用证的定义、种类、法律关系、法律效力等方面进行阐述。
二、备用信用证的定义备用信用证是指开证行应申请人要求，向受益人或其他指定人出具的一种书面文件，承诺在申请人未履行其合同义务或发生特定事件时，按信用证的约定向受益人或其他指定人支付一定金额的款项。
三、备用信用证的种类1. 普通备用信用证：适用于一般贸易往来，开证行在受益人履行合同义务后，根据申请人的要求支付一定金额的款项。
2. 特定备用信用证：适用于特定项目，如工程承包、租赁等，开证行在受益人完成项目或达到一定条件后，支付一定金额的款项。
3. 普通履约保证信用证：适用于保证申请人履行合同义务，开证行在申请人违约时，支付一定金额的款项。
4. 普通退款保证信用证：适用于保证申请人按合同约定退还已收款项，开证行在申请人未退还款项时，支付一定金额的款项。
四、备用信用证的法律关系1. 开证行与申请人之间的法律关系：开证行与申请人签订开证协议，约定开证行的权利义务。
申请人应按照约定向开证行支付开证费用。
2. 开证行与受益人之间的法律关系：开证行与受益人签订受益人协议，约定受益人的权利义务。
受益人应按照约定履行合同义务，如发生违约情况，开证行有权按照信用证的规定支付款项。
3. 开证行与担保人之间的法律关系：担保人为申请人提供担保，保证申请人履行合同义务。
在申请人违约时，担保人承担相应的责任。
4. 申请人、受益人与担保人之间的法律关系：申请人、受益人与担保人之间可能存在合同关系，如担保合同、合作协议等。
五、备用信用证的法律效力1. 开证行的承诺具有法律效力：开证行在备用信用证中的承诺具有法律效力，受益人可以依据信用证向开证行主张权利。
备用信用证国际经济法名词解释你知道什么是“备用信用证”吗？一听名字就觉得挺复杂的，但实际上，它的作用和一个“随时可以救急的备用金”差不多。
你可以把它想象成一个“预备方案”，当一切都不按常规走的时候，它就能派上用场。
像是你去旅游前，带上信用卡，这样如果现金不够了，信用卡可以帮你解决问题。
备用信用证也是类似的东西，基本上，它是一种保障，专门用来解决国际贸易中可能出现的支付问题。
咱们先不说那些看起来很高大上的法律条文和复杂的定义，咱们从生活中最常见的情境说起。
假设你是一个卖家，和一个外国买家达成了交易。
你卖东西，他付钱。
按照理想的设定，钱应该很快就到账，但现实呢？卖家心里难免会担心：“万一对方不付款怎么办？”这时候，备用信用证就像是一个“保镖”，保证你在买方没按时付款的情况下，银行会帮你付钱，确保你的利益不受损失。
这样，卖家就不必担心交易中的风险，可以安心做生意。
可想而知，在国际贸易中，跨越国界、文化差异，甚至不同的法律体系，商家们的信任缺口常常让人焦虑。
毕竟，不是每个国家的法律都和咱们的老百姓法治意识一样健全，尤其是一些发展中国家，商家之间的信用背后可能缺乏有效保障。
这时候，备用信用证的作用就出来了。
它解决了买卖双方不信任的难题，让每个人都能放心大胆地去做交易。
说起来，备用信用证其实是由银行提供的。
你看，银行就像个“第三方公证员”，它既不偏袒卖方，也不偏袒买方，只要双方按照合同条款履行，银行就会按时付款。
其实它有点像你家里的水管工，平时你可能不怎么用它，但一旦有问题，它就能解决你所有的麻烦。
备用信用证也不是随便开通的，它是需要经过严格的审核的，银行会在看清楚你们之间的交易合同后，才会给出这样的信用背书。
但是，话说回来，这种“保底”的做法也不是免费的。
银行提供这种服务的时候，会收取一定的费用。
你可以把它理解成是一种“保险”，为了确保交易顺利，得支付点费用。
就像你买车险一样，万一出了事，保险公司可以替你赔偿。
备用信用证（Standby L／C）国际商会“UCP 500”规定，该惯例也适用于备用信用征。
备用信用证的定义和前述信用证的定义并无不同，都是银行（开证行）应申请人的请求，向受益人开立的，在一定条件下凭规定的单据向受益人支付一定款项的书面凭证。
所不同的是，规定的单据不同。
备用信用证要求受益人提交的单据，不是货运单据，而是受益人出具的关于申请人违约的声明或证明。
传统的银行保函有可能使银行卷入商业纠纷，美、日等国的法律禁止银行开立保函。
于是美国银行采用备用信用证的形式，对国际经济交易行为提供担保。
随着银行保函在应用中性质的变化，特别是1992年国际商会《见索即付保函统一规则》的公布，银行保函和备用信用证的内容和作用已趋一致。
所不同的只是两者遵循的惯例不同。
备用信用证运用于“UCP 600”，而银行保函则适用于上述《规则》。
备用信用证是担保银行向贴现或贷款银行承诺到期为借款方偿还债务，如果借款方到期偿还了贷款，那么，备用信用证就备而不用，如果，借款方到期不归还贷款，那么，备用信用证就起作用，担保银行就要为借款方向贷款银行偿还贷款。
备用信用证有无条件兑付信用证和有条件兑付信用证。
备用信用证样本1：T Bank of communications, SHENYING BranchFrom: XYZ BANKDate: 20 DECEMBER 2004Standby Letter of CreditWith reference to the loan agreement no. 2004HN028 (hereinafter referred to as "the agreement" ) signed between Bank of Communications, SHENYANG Branch (hereinafter referred to as "the lender" ) and LIAONING ABC CO., LTD (hereinafter referred to as "the borrower" )for a principal amount of RMB2,000,000 (in words),we hereby issue our irrevocable standby letter of credit no.810LC040000027D in the lender's favor for amount of the HONGKONG AABBCC CORPORATION which has its registered office at AS 8 FL. 2SEC. CHARACTER RD. HONG KONG for an amount up to UNITED STATES DOLLARS THREE MILLION ONLY.(USD3,000,000) which covers the principal amount of the agreement plus interest accrued from aforesaid principal amount and other charges all of which the borrower has undertaken to pay the lender. The exchange rate will be the buying rate of USD/RMB quoted by Bank of Communications on the date of our payment. In the case that the guaranteed amount is not sufficient to satisfy your claim due to the exchange rate fluctuation between USD and RMB we hereby agree to increase the amount of this standby L/C accordingly.Partial drawing and multiple drawing are allowed under this standby L/C.This standby letter of credit is available by sight payment. We engage with you that upon receipt of your draft(s) and your signed statement or tested telex statement or SWIFT stating that the amount in USD represents the unpaid balance of indebtedness due to you by the borrower, we will pay you within 7 banking days the amount specified in your statement or SWIFT. All drafts drawn hereunder must be marked drawn under XYZ Bank standby letter of credit no. 810LC040000027D dated 20 DECEMBER 2004.This standby letter of is credit will come into effect on 20 DECEMBER 2004 and expire on 09 DECEMBER 2005 at the counter of bank of Communications , SHENYANG branch.This standby letter of credit is subject to Uniform Customs and Practice for Document Credits(1993 revision) International Chamber of Commerce Publication No.500.备用信用证样本2：To: Bank of communications, SHENYANG BranchFrom: XYZ BANKDate: 20 DECEMBER 2004Standby Letter of CreditWith reference to the loan agreement no. 2004HN028 (hereinafter referred to as "the agreement" ) signed between Bank of Communications, SHENYANG Branch (hereinafter referred to as "the lender" ) and LIAONING ABC CO., LTD (hereinafter referred to as "the borrower" )for a principal amount of RMB2,000,000 (in words),we hereby issue our irrevocable standby letter of credit no.810LC040000027D in the lender's favor for amount of the HONGKONG AABBCC CORPORATION which has its registered office at AS 8 FL. 2SEC. CHARACTER RD. HONGKONG for an amount up to UNITED STATES DOLLARS THREE MILLION ONLY.(USD3,000,000) which covers the principal amount of the agreement plus interest accrued from aforesaid principal amount and other charges all of which the borrower has undertaken to pay the lender. The exchange rate will be the buying rate of USD/RMB quoted by Bank of Communications on the date of our payment. In the case that the guaranteed amount is not sufficient to satisfy your claim due to the exchange rate fluctuation between USD and RMB we hereby agree to increase the amount of this standby L/C accordingly.Partial drawing and multiple drawing are allowed under this standby L/C.This standby letter of credit is available by sight payment. We engage with you that uponreceipt of your draft(s) and your signed statement or tested telex statement or SWIFT stating that the amount in USD represents the unpaid balance of indebtedness due to you by the borrower, we will pay you within 7 banking days the amount specified in your statement or SWIFT. All drafts drawn hereunder must be marked drawn under XYZ Bank standby letter of credit no. 810LC040000027D dated 20 DECEMBER 2004.This standby letter of is credit will come into effect on 20 DECEMBER 2004 and expire on 09 DECEMBER 2005 at the counter of bank of Communications , SHENYANG branch.This standby letter of credit is subject to Uniform Customs and Practice for Document Credits(1993 revision) International Chamber of Commerce Publication No.500.。
