plant microRNA database

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PMRD:plantmicroRNAdatabaseZhenhaiZhang1,JingyinYu1,DaofengLi2,ZuyongZhang1,FengxiaLiu1,XinZhou1,TaoWang2,YiLing1andZhenSu1,*

1StateKeyLaboratoryofPlantPhysiologyandBiochemistryand2StateKeyLaboratoryforAgricultural

Biotechnology,CollegeofBiologicalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China

ReceivedJuly4,2009;RevisedAugust27,2009;AcceptedSeptember16,2009

ABSTRACTMicroRNAs(miRNA)are$21nucleotide-longnon-codingsmallRNAs,whichfunctionaspost-transcriptionalregulatorsineukaryotes.miRNAsplayessentialrolesinregulatingplantgrowthanddevelopment.Inrecentyears,researchintothemechanismandconsequencesofmiRNAactionhasmadegreatprogress.WithwholegenomesequenceavailableinsuchplantsasArabidopsisthaliana,Oryzasativa,Populustrichocarpa,Glycinemax,etc.,itisdesirabletodevelopaplantmiRNAdatabasethroughtheintegrationoflargeamountsofinformationaboutpubliclydepositedmiRNAdata.TheplantmiRNAdatabase(PMRD)integratesavailableplantmiRNAdatadepositedinpublicdatabases,gleanedfromtherecentliterature,anddatageneratedin-house.Thisdatabasecontainssequenceinformation,secondarystruc-ture,targetgenes,expressionprofilesandagenomebrowser.Intotal,thereare8433miRNAscollectedfrom121plantspeciesinPMRD,includingmodelplantsandmajorcropssuchasArabidopsis,rice,wheat,soybean,maize,sorghum,barley,etc.ForArabidopsis,rice,poplar,soybean,cotton,medicagoandmaize,weincludedthepossibletargetgenesforeachmiRNAwithapredictedinter-actionsiteinthedatabase.Furthermore,weprovidedmiRNAexpressionprofilesinthePMRD,includingourlocalriceoxidativestressrelatedmicroarraydata(LCSciencesmiRPlants_10.1)andtherecentlypublishedmicroarraydataforpoplar,Arabidopsis,tomato,maizeandrice.ThePMRDdatabasewasconstructedbyopensourcetechnol-ogyutilizingauser-friendlywebinterface,andmultiplesearchtools.ThePMRDisfreelyavailableathttp://bioinformatics.cau.edu.cn/PMRD.WeexpectPMRDtobeausefultoolforscientistsin

themiRNAfieldinordertostudythefunctionofmiRNAsandtheirtargetgenes,especiallyinmodelplantsandmajorcrops.

INTRODUCTIONMicroRNAs(microRNA)are$21nucleotide-longendogeneticnon-codingsmallRNAsandfunctionaspost-transcriptionalregulatorsineukaryotes.Theprocess-ingofmiRNAiswellstudiedandiscomprisedofadiscreteseriesofsteps(1).miRNAgenesaretranscribedandexcisedintomiRNAs,thenmiRNAisrecruitedbyRISC(RNA-inducedsilencingcomplex,includingArgonauteandotherproteins)whichcombineswithmRNAtoinhibitordegradethetargetmRNA(1)andthustranslationisinterrupted.MiRNAsplayessentialrolesinregulatingplantgrowthanddevelopment(2).ResearchintomiRNAfunctionontargetgeneshasprogressedataveryrapidrateinplants.Asexamples,Archaketal.(3)discoveredthatmiRNAsmayparticipateindiversefunctionsincludingtran-scription,catalysis,bindingandtransporteractivity.SomemiRNAsrelatedtoabioticstressresponsessuchascoldstressandnutrientdeprivationwereidentifiedinArabidopsisthalianausingtranscriptomeanalysis(4,5);Luetal.(6)analyzedmiRNAregulatoryrolesintheresponseofPopulustrichocarpatothestressfulenvironmentincurredovertheirlong-termgrowth;Morinetal.conductedcomparativeanalysesonthecon-servationofmiRNAsbetweenPinuscontortaandOryzasativaanddiscoveredthatimportantRNAsilencingprocesseswerehighlydevelopedintheearliestspermatophytes(7).Recently,moreandmoremiRNAshavebeenidentifiedinplantgenomes.Jones-Rhoadesetal.(8)developedcomparativegenomicapproachestosystematicallyidentifybothmiRNAsandtargetgenes,whichenlargedthemiRNAsfamilyandthenumberoftargetgenesinA.thaliana.Usinghigh-throughputsequencing,Rajagopalanetal.(9)identified38newmiRNAsin

*Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Tel:+861062731380;Fax:+861062731214;Email:zhensu@cau.edu.cn

D806–D813NucleicAcidsResearch,2010,Vol.38,DatabaseissuePublishedonline6October2009doi:10.1093/nar/gkp818

ßTheAuthor(s)2009.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress.ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionNon-CommercialLicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/uk/)whichpermitsunrestrictednon-commercialuse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.A.thaliana.Usingasimilarapproach,alargenumberofmiRNAswererecentlyidentifiedinrice(10).Usingsupportvectormachineclassificationbasedonintra-genomicmatchingofpotentialmiRNAsandtheirtargets,Lindowetal.(11)predicted$1200,$2100and$2500miRNAcandidategenesinA.thaliana,O.sativaandP.trichocarpa,respectively.UsingESTanalysis,Zhangetal.(12,13)identifiednumerousnewmiRNAsinmanyspecies.Finally,RamanjuluSunkarandGuruJagadeeswaran(14)identifiedmiRNAsinalargenumberofplantspecies.WiththediscoveryofalargenumberofmiRNAsandtheirtargetgenes,somepublicresourceshavebeenconstructed:miRBase(http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/),providesasetofprecursorandmaturemiRNAsdis-coveredinmanyplants(15);ASRP(http://asrp.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/)listsmiRNAsandtheirtargetgenesinArabidopsis(16);CSRDB(http://sundarlab.ucdavis.edu/smrnas/)isacollectionofmiRNAsidentifiedinmaizeandrice(17);Rfam(http://rfam.sanger.ac.uk/)providessecondarystructuresofmiRNAprecursorsinmanyplantspecies(18,19).However,therearelimitationstothecurrentdatabasesinthisfield.Forexample,miRBaseonlyprovidesmiRNAsequencedataandanno-tationin25plantspecies;RfamonlycontainsmiRNAprecursorsequencesfromlessthan50plantspecies;theASRPintegratesmiRNAs,precursor,targetgenesandgenomebrowseronlyforArabidopsis.ItisnecessarytodevelopaplantmiRNAdatabasethroughintegrationofthelargeamountofinformationaboutplantmiRNAsavailabletothepublic.Forthispurpose,wedevelopedaplantmicroRNAdatabase(PMRD)tointegratetheavail-abledatapertinenttoplantmiRNAsavailablefrompublicresources.Uniquely,weprovidedmiRNAexpres-sionprofilesinthePMRD,includingourlocalgeneratedriceoxidativestressmicroarraydataandtherecentpublishedmicroarraydatageneratedfrompoplar,Arabidopsis,tomato,maizeandrice.