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Lecture 4 词序的不同以及句法的不同
英汉句子中主要成分主语、谓语动词、宾语和表语的词序基本上是一致的。

但是这种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英汉两种语言中则有所不同,变化较多。

所以词序的比较,主要指定语、状语位置异同的比较。

一.定语的比较
1.单词做定语
英语中单词做定语,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前,汉语也大体如此。

有时英语也有后置的,但是汉语里一般都在前面。

A research-oriented hospital
Something important
The banker’s little garden.
The ancient Chinese painting.
如果原文中名词前的定语过多,译文中则不宜完全前置,因为汉语不习惯在名词前面用过多的定语,尤其在口语里。

A little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar
2.短语作定语
英语中修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后,汉语中则放在被修饰的名词之前,但也有放后面的,看汉语习惯而定。

A candidate with little chance of success.一个当选希望极微的候选人。

The decimal system of counting.十进制计算法
二.状语的位置
1.单词做状语
(1)英语中单词状语修饰形容词或其它状语时,常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面,这和汉语相同
John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class.
英语中单词状语修饰动词时,一般放在动词之后,而在汉语里则一般放在动词之前。

Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置,而在汉语中一般都前置。

He is running fast enough.
Extremely fast
2.短语作状语
(1)英语中短语作状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或者之后,译成汉语时,大多数放在被修饰的动词之前,但也有放后面的,视汉语习惯而定。

Then with a bag of toys and books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.
A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent.
英语中地点状语一般放在时间状语之前,而在汉语中时间状语一般放在地点状语之前。

He was born in Beijing on May 27,1923.
英语中时间短语状语之间的排列一般是从小到大,而在汉语中一般都是从大到小。

At eleven minutes past 1 A.M. on the 16th of October,1946.英语中地点短语状语之间的排列一般是从小到大,而在汉语中一般都是从大到小。

I was born in Jiujiang city, Jiangxi province.
三.句法的不同
1.句子结构
(1)英语简单句结构转换成汉语复合句结构。

His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free College of the city of New York.
The two countries-with all the talk of warmer relations-are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
(2)英语复合句结构转换成汉语简单句。

That he will come to the discussion is certain.
He doesn’t know what life means to him.
(3)英语主从复合句转换成汉语的并列句。

Hardly had I got aboard when the train started.
(4)英语的并列复合句转换成汉语偏正复合结构。

This place is really beautiful , and many people bring their wives and families out here to live.
It was a difficult task, but we accomplish it.英语倒装句转换成汉语正装句结构。

Here ends the diary of Dr. Watson.
英语倒装句主要出于上下文和语气上的需要,以使说话或者文章重点突出有力。

汉语一般不用倒装结构。

(5)英语的被动结构转换成主动结构,主动结构转换成被动结构。

Kissinger was so devastated by Rockefeller’s defeat that , according to one account, he wept.
But someone who has been out there in the floodlights as often as he has can not remain wholly undecipherable无法识破的.
2.句序
1)时间顺序
英语复合句中,表时间的从句可放主句前,也可放后。

但是汉语则先发生的事先叙述,后发生的事后叙述。

Nothing has happened since we parted.
After I had my dinner, I went out for a walk.
2)逻辑顺序
(1)表示因果的英语复合句中,顺序较灵活,汉语则多数因在前,果在后。

As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. He had to stay at home because he was ill.
(2)表条件,英语灵活,汉语则条件在前,结果在后。

Suppose we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?
He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event.如果(2)表目的,英语一般行动在前,目的在后,汉语也如此,但是汉语有时为了表强调,也可把目的放在行动之前。

Le t’s work harder so that we may fulfill our plan ahead of schedule.
He got up early in the morning in order that he might have time to fetch water for her aunt.
(4)表结果的,英汉多数情相同,理由在前,结果在后。

We work fast and well, so that we overfulfilled our production plan.
四.句子内容
英语句子汉译时需要根据汉语的习惯做些增补或省略,有事则要把正面的句子从反面来表达,或反面表达的句子从正面表达来忠实得反映原文的意思。

I just hate everybody. No, not you, Joy, but everybody else….
Make a quick decision
It wasn’t going to be easy.
He was the last man to do it.
五.练习。

脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是传自明朝的故事。

白蛇精和青蛇精化作美女来到人间。

白蛇精与一位书生相爱并生一子。

禅师法海认为他们的结合违反传统婚姻,伤风败俗,他气急败坏。

于是他派神兵神将前来捉拿白蛇精,并将她镇压在一座塔下面。

后来,青蛇精在深山中修炼,习武多年,终于砸烂了那座塔,救出白蛇精。

至此,白蛇精与丈夫、儿子又得团聚。

在《白》剧中,蛇被赋予了崇高的人性。

六.作业(翻译奥巴马胜选演讲的后两面)。