第三章化学热力学基础优秀课件
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第三章化学热力学基础——反应方向与反应限度3.1 什么是化学热力学Fe 2O 3(s) + 3 CO(g) →2 Fe(l) + 3 CO 2(g)为什么不能用同样的方法进行高炉炼铝?NO ,CONO 和CO 是汽车尾气中的有毒成分,它们能否相互反应生成无毒的N 2和CO 2?2NO (g) + 2CO(g) →N 2(g) + 2CO 2 (g)石墨金刚石C (石墨) →C (金刚石)库里南1号?化学热力学的作用:●体系(System)●环境(Surrounding)(一)The system is the sample or reaction mixture in which we are interested. Outside the system are the surroundings. The system plus its surroundings is sometimes called the universe.体系环境能量敞开体系封闭体系孤立体系●封闭体系(closed system):●敞开体系(open system):●孤立体系(isolated system):(二)●热(heat, Q):Q的符号——体系吸热取正值,放热取负值。
●功(work, W):Work = (Force) ×(Distance)体积膨胀功W的符号——环境对体系做功取正值,体系对环境做功取负值。
●体积膨胀功:The gas does work as it expands isothermally, but heat flows in torestore the energy lost as work.The gas does no work as it expands isothermally into a vacuum.W = -F ⋅d =-(P ⋅A ) ⋅h = -P ⋅ΔV W =-P ext ⋅ΔV(三)——恒压反应热(Q p)和恒容反应热(Q v)铝热剂(thermite)可引发强烈的放热反应(Al + Fe2O3),其可熔化所产生的金属铁,并产生“铁花”。