书面英语中语义的词汇衔接
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英语写作的过渡词和衔接词为了突出文章的层次感和逻辑性,文章应尽量使用过渡词,即表示起承转合的词汇。
过渡词有利于考生表达自己的思想,更有利于使阅卷老师顺畅地阅读考生的作文,制造清晰的得分机会。
考生绝不可轻视过渡词或衔接词的作用。
下面是店铺收集整理的英语写作的过渡词和衔接词,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。
一、表逻辑上的先后顺序(expressions enumerating or stressing facts)1) 首先first,firstly,in the first place,in the first instance,to begin with2) 其次secondly,in the second place3) 最后,最重要的是at last,finally,last,lastly,most importantly4) 最后但并非最不重要的(一点)是,最后要说的是last but not least二、表递进关系(addition expressions)1) (副词)也;而且,还also,too,besides2) (并列连接词)而且and3) 此外in addition to,apart from4) 此外furthermore,what’s more5) 不仅……而且……not only…but also…6) 既……又……,也both…and…,as well as三、表转折或比较关系(expressions of contrast or comparison)1) (并列连接词)但是but2) (副词)然而(and)yet,while,whereas3) (副词)然而nevertheless,however4) (从属连接词)尽管,虽然though,although5) 相反,正相反,恰恰相反to the contrary,on the contrary,quite the contrary6) 与……形成对比,与……截然不同in contrast with/to7) 相反(but)rather8) 反而,代替,而不是instead,instead of9) 毕竟after all10) 同样地equally,likewise,similarly四、表例证关系(exemplification expressions)1) 也就是说namely,that is,that is to say2) 例如for example,for instance3) 举例来说to illustrate4) 例如such as5) 以……为例(来说)take…as an example五、表因果关系(cause and effect expressions)1) (后接表原因的从句)因为because2) (后接表原因的并列分句)因为for3) 因为……because of…,,owing to…,on account of…4) 因为这个那个,这些那些原因for this(that,these,those)reason(s)5) (从句1)为了……in order that6) (副词)因此,所以thus,hence,therefore7) 那么then8) 结果(是)as a result;so that(后接表结果的从句)9) 因此,结果(是)consequently10) 因此,相应地(就)accordingly六、表观点(viewpoint expressions)1) 在我看来in my opinion,in my view2) 我本人认为,我个人的看法是personally,as far as Im concerned3) 我认为I think(that从句),as a rule4) 一般来说generally(speaking),in general5) 坦率地说frankly speaking,to be frank七、表强调(expressions stressing facts or adding force)1) 显而易见obviously,apparently,clearly,certainly2) 肯定地,当然surely,to be sure,of course3) 事实上,实际上,真正地actually,as a matter of fact,indeed4) 自然地naturally5) 毫无疑问no doubt,undoubtedly八、表时间关系(expressions of time references)1) 首先first2) 起初at first3) 然后,后来,在那之后,随后then,later,after that,afterwards,consequently4) 同时,与此同时at the same time,in the meantime,meanwhile5) 最后finally,at last6) 最终,最后eventually,ultimately7) 就在那以后(不久)just then,shortly after that,immediately after that8) 不久,很快before long,soon9) 从那以后from then on10) 从现在起from now on11) 暂时,暂且for the time being12) 在以后/未来的日子里in the days to come13) 在下星期/月in the coming week/month九、表空间位置(space expressions)1) 在……的`左/右边on the left/right of...2) 在……(的)旁边besides…3) 在……的前边in front of4) 在……(内部的)前面in the front of5) 在……的顶部at the top of6) 在……的底部at the bottom of7) 在……里面;在室内inside…,indoors8) 在……外面;在室外outside,outdoors9) 在附近nearby10) 在……附近,在……隔壁,靠近……next to十、表总结(summary expressions)1) 简而言之allin all,in brief,in short2) 总的说来,总之in conclusion,to sum up,to conclude,to summarize3) 总之,一句话in a word,in one word4) 长话短说,简而言之to make/cut a long story short5) 最后(要讲的是)finally,ultimately6) 从根本上来讲essentially【英语写作的过渡词和衔接词】。
英语作文常见衔接Common Linking Words and Phrases in English Writing。
Linking words and phrases are essential in English writing, as they help to connect ideas and make the text more coherent. Here are some of the most common linking words and phrases that you can use in your writing:1. Addition。
Additionally,…。
Furthermore,…。
Moreover,…。
In addition,…。
Also,…。
Likewise,…。
Similarly,…。
As well as,…。
Example: The company has not only increased its profits, but it has also expanded its business to new markets. Additionally, the company has hired more employees to manage its growing operations.2. Contrast。
However,…。
Nevertheless,…。
Nonetheless,…。
On the other hand,…。
In contrast,…。
Whereas,…。
While,…。
Although,…。
Even though,…。
Despite,…。
In spite of,…。
Example: The weather was hot and humid, but I decided to go for a run anyway. However, after just a few minutes, I realized that I was not prepared for the heat and had to stop.3. Cause and Effect。
英语作文几个方面的衔接词英文回答:Transition words and phrases are essential for creating a cohesive and well-structured essay. They help to connect ideas, clarify relationships, and guide the reader through the flow of your thoughts. Here are some of the most common types:Showing addition: and, again, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, too, what's more.Showing comparison: although, despite, in contrast, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, similarly, in the same way.Showing cause and effect: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, hence, since, so, therefore, thus.Showing conclusion or summary: all in all, finally, inbrief, in conclusion, overall, to sum up.Showing exemplification: for example, for instance, in particular, specifically, such as, to illustrate.Showing emphasis: certainly, indeed, in fact, it is worth noting, of course, undoubtedly.Showing time: after, before, later, meanwhile, next, now, then, until, when, while.Showing space: above, below, beyond, here, nearby, there, to the left/right.Transition words and phrases can be used either within sentences or between sentences. By using them effectively, you can improve the clarity and logical flow of your essays.中文回答:衔接词和短语对于创造一篇结构严谨的散文至关重要。
英语作文使用的衔接词Title: The Importance of Linking Words in English Writing。
Introduction:Linking words play a crucial role in English writing as they help connect ideas, improve coherence, and enhance the overall quality of the composition. This essay will discuss the significance of using linking words in English writing and provide examples to illustrate their effective usage.Body:1. Enhancing Coherence:Linking words serve as bridges between sentences and paragraphs, ensuring a smooth flow of ideas. For instance, words like "however," "in addition," and "on the other hand" help to contrast or add information, making the textmore coherent and logical. Without these linking words, the writing may appear disjointed and confusing.2. Expressing Cause and Effect:Linking words such as "because," "thus," and "consequently" are essential for indicating cause andeffect relationships. They help the reader understand the reasons behind certain events or actions, making thewriting more persuasive and convincing. Without these words, the writer may fail to establish a clear connection between different parts of the text.3. Demonstrating Similarity and Contrast:Linking words like "similarly," "likewise," and "on the contrary" are used to highlight similarities or differences between ideas, arguments, or examples. These words enable the writer to present a balanced view, showcasing various perspectives and enhancing the overall credibility of the text.4. Presenting Examples:Linking words such as "for example," "for instance," and "specifically" are crucial for providing examples and supporting evidence. They help to illustrate the writer's point of view and make the text more engaging and persuasive. Without these words, the writing may lack concrete evidence and appear vague or unconvincing.5. Sequencing Ideas:Linking words like "firstly," "secondly," and "finally" are used to organize ideas in a logical sequence. They provide a clear structure and enable the reader to follow the writer's thought process effortlessly. Without these words, the text may lack coherence and appear disorganized.Conclusion:In conclusion, the use of linking words is paramount in English writing as they enhance coherence, express cause and effect relationships, demonstrate similarity andcontrast, present examples, and sequence ideas. By incorporating these words effectively, writers can improve the overall quality of their compositions and ensure a smooth flow of ideas. Therefore, mastering the usage of linking words is essential for anyone aiming to excel in English writing.。
英语写作中推介语篇衔接与语义连贯应用作者:陈有明来源:《中学教学参考·语英版》2011年第11期背景:英语写作教学是英语教学的重点和难点。
学生写作只限于被动语言翻译,忽视句与句、内容、语言间的联系。
如何在写作中应用语篇衔接与连贯,使语言通顺自然,内容紧密且可读性强。
一、首先介绍语篇衔接与语义连贯(一)衔接。
语篇衔接通过单词或短语在句子间建立联系,把句子连成一定意义的文本。
常用方式有指代、替代、连接和词汇衔接。
1.指代:用代词表示语义,分为人称、指示、比较指代。
例:(1)I just meet your brother.He is a nice boy.(2)You failed the exam.This is bad news.(3)I asked for this bag,(4(He, This, the other, someone different为指代2.替代:指用某种形式替代文中词语,分为名词、动词和分句替代。
例:(1)My watch doesn’t work.(2)——(3)——I think so(one, does, so为名词替代、动词替代、分句替代3.连接:指两语段间联系。
通过表明两语段间关系预示另一语段的存在,从而建立衔接。
连接由连词、连接副词和介词来实现。
例:(1)We began to play football.However,it started to rain,so we went home.(however表示转折,so 表示因果)(2)I didn’t study.However, I still passed.(however表示转折)(3)The teacher blamed her.Because she was late for school.(because表示因果4.词汇衔接:通过重复上文出现的词实现语篇连贯。
包括两种,即复现和同现。
英语写作中过渡与衔接的常用方式书面表达的评分标准把衔接和连贯是作为核心标准来要求的。
之所以如此强调衔接和连贯,是因为这是构成语篇的最基本的条件。
语句间的连接成份是衡量衔接与连贯很重要的标准之一。
构成语篇连接成份的过渡词语,被称为“篇章纽带”,其语篇衔接作用是不言而喻的,学生要学会正确恰当地使用这些表示逻辑关系的关联词语,使文章前后连贯,结构紧凑,过渡自然。
表示顺序的:first, then, finally 等表示时间的:in the past, now, at present, in the future 等表示转折的:but, however; on the contrary, in the mean while, at the same time, instead, unfortunately, after all 等表示递进的:What's more, besides, even, moreover, furthermore 等表示并列的:as well as, both...and, neither...nor, either...or, some... some...等表示因果的:because, as, now that, so, therefore 等表示列举的:for example, for instance, such as 等表示总结的:in a word, in all, in short, in brief, in conclusion 等表示对比的:while, on one hand, on the other hand, in the same way, just as 等表示程度的:first of all, above all, again and again等表示强调的:indeed, certainly, of course, surely, above all 等。
2016.1~2黑龙江教育·理论与实践衔接(cohesion )指文章中从句、句子之间表达连接的方式,是区分孤立的句子与语篇的特质。
词汇衔接作为衔接的一种重要方式,在学术英语写作中起着十分重要的作用。
词汇衔接运用恰当与否直接影响文章的可读性、观点的可理解性及清晰性。
因此,学习者不仅要理解词汇衔接方法,还要能在写作实践中运用。
本文旨在提高英语学习者运用这一方法的自觉意识,认识它在学术英语写作中的重要作用,同时试图在教学方法和技巧上提出一些有助于克服写作困难的建议。
一、语篇衔接在写作中的重要性20世纪60年代,随着对语篇研究的进展,语篇衔接理论应运而生。
1976年,英国著名语言学家韩礼德和哈桑合著的《语篇的衔接》一书的出版,衔接一词正式成为语言学中一个重要的术语而被广泛地应用。
他们最先提出语篇中衔接系统分析法,认为语义关系是通过语法和词汇衔接建立起来,并把衔接分为指称、替代、省略、连接、词汇衔接5种。
策略性运用主题述位范式和时态之间应是衔接的。
然而,在学术英语写作教材中多数以提高语法衔接能力为目的的特色活动却常常被忽视。
因此当学生在学术英语写作中要将语法衔接运用到合理水平时,他们的词汇衔接应用能力就显得比较有限,有时甚至是偶然做到的。
二、词汇衔接的主要形式词汇衔接是实现衔接的另一种手法。
词汇衔接是通过对词义的选择来达到衔接的目的的一种衔接手法。
韩礼德、哈桑(1976)将词汇衔接分为两类:重复和搭配。
下面介绍词汇衔接的几种主要形式。
(一)重复重复可简单亦可复杂。
简单重复包括相同形式的重复单词,而复杂重复则运用派生形式。
这种衔接方法似乎在学术英语课文中占有最显著的地位,它使写作者将重要主题重新引入语篇中。
成功写作者通常在文章转折处重复写作提示语的关键词,如主题、事实支撑句。
这正好在提示语和回答之间建立词义联结,并使写作者表明他们在回答问题。
在运用重复时,学习者会遇到很多挑战。
首先,他们可能会在全文写作中,而不是在承上启下处过渡使用重复和复述单词,给人造成文章写得很单调的感觉。
初高中英语写作中常见的句子衔接与过渡技巧英语写作是学生们学习英语的重要环节之一。
在写作过程中,句子的衔接和过渡是非常关键的,它们可以使文章的逻辑更加清晰,内容更加连贯。
本文将介绍一些初高中英语写作中常见的句子衔接与过渡技巧,希望能对同学们的写作有所帮助。
一、顺承衔接在写作中,我们常常需要表达相似或相关的观点。
这时,我们可以使用顺承衔接词来连接句子,使文章更加连贯。
例如,我们可以使用“in addition”、“furthermore”、“moreover”等词来表示增加的观点。
另外,我们还可以使用“likewise”、“similarly”、“equally”等词来表示相似的观点。
通过使用这些词语,我们可以使文章的内容更加丰富,逻辑更加清晰。
二、转折衔接有时候,我们需要在文章中表达相反或对立的观点。
为了使文章的逻辑更加明确,我们可以使用转折衔接词来连接句子。
例如,我们可以使用“however”、“but”、“although”等词来表示转折的观点。
此外,我们还可以使用“on the other hand”、“in contrast”等词来表示对立的观点。
通过使用这些词语,我们可以使文章更加有层次感,读者也能更好地理解我们的观点。
三、因果衔接在写作中,我们常常需要表达因果关系。
为了使文章的逻辑更加严谨,我们可以使用因果衔接词来连接句子。
例如,我们可以使用“because”、“since”、“as a result”等词来表示因果关系。
此外,我们还可以使用“therefore”、“thus”等词来表示结果。
通过使用这些词语,我们可以使文章的逻辑关系更加明确,读者也能更好地理解我们的观点。
四、总结衔接在写作的结尾部分,我们常常需要对文章进行总结。
为了使总结更加自然流畅,我们可以使用总结衔接词来连接句子。
例如,我们可以使用“in conclusion”、“to sum up”、“in summary”等词来表示总结。
书面英语中语义的词汇衔接Lexical Cohesion of Meaning in Written English 一个段落,乃至一篇文章的内容除了在语义上应该保持连贯以外,还需要做到语义上的衔接(cohesion)。
连贯好比是钢筋混凝土浇铸成的楼房主体,人们看不出其组成成分。
衔接好比是砖与砖之间的砂浆,我们能看出它把砖连接在一起的情形。
连贯是目的,衔接是手段。
连贯避免逻辑混乱,衔接是消除前言不搭后语(incohesion)、繁复啰嗦(superfluous)、词语贫乏(flat or monotonous)和赘言(redundant)的有效方法。
请看下面三篇文章:(A) Diligence is one of the essentials for success. If a worker wants to make some achievements by trade, he must devote himself to his job and work hard. Practicing English, for example, needs much time and your energy. So if you want to speak well in English, you must be diligent…这个段落的主题句写得很好,紧接着的第一层支撑句也没问题,但是第二层支撑句的意思由于突如其来了一个第二人称代词“you”就和第一层意思有些脱节,衔接不上,前言不搭后语。
如果要把“学生”和“工人”进行类比,第三句里需要出现与上文语义相衔接的词语。
比如,我们把第三句和后面的句子改写成“Like a worker, a student also needs to make efforts in his studies. For example, practicing oral English needs his much time and energy. If he keeps practice every day, he will be sure to speak English well.”这样第三句“like a worker”里的“a worker”和第二句的“a worker”,“make efforts”和“work hard”形成了照应;第四句的“practice”和第三句中的“practicing”,“much…energy”和“make efforts”构成了衔接关系,整个语段的意思就连贯了。
(B)Great changes have taken place in my old school. Pupils study in spacious and bright classrooms. The villages, who once prevented their children from going to school, now like to send their children to the new school. The pupils are very happy to listen to their teachers every day.本段第三句中的“children”和“the new school”,第四句中的“pupils”均表现出作者词汇的贫乏单调和语义的繁冗。
如果把第三句中的“children”改成“sons and daughters”,把“the new school”改为“it”,把第四句的“pupils”改为“boys and girls”语言就较为顺畅了。
解决上述问题,要靠用于衔接的照应(anaphora)手段。
照应可以分为前照应(anaphoric reference)和后照应(cataphoric reference),或称回指和下指。
例如:The teacher I like best is John, an American teacher.我们用得最多的是词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)和指称衔接(referential cohesion),本节先讨论词汇衔接。
词汇衔接主要通过替代(substitution)来实现。
在连贯的语篇(discourse)——任何意义完整的句群——中,如果前述内容在下文中再次或多次提及时,我们总是采取替代的方式予以照应。
就是说,改变一种说法来体现语义的衔接,否则就会过于繁冗。
例如:(C) Yesterday Mary bought three dresses. She bought a yellow dress, a green dress, and a white dress.在这个语段中,“dress”一共用了四次,很繁冗。
若做如下改动,就好多了:(C1) Yesterday Mary bought three garments: a yellow dress, a green skirt, and a white shirt.在书面表达中,我们经常用到的替代方式有:下义关系、同义关系、借代、提喻、重复关系等。
1. 下义关系下义关系(hyponym)是指词与词之间的一种语义关系,其中一个或多个词的意义包含在另一个词的意义之内。
例如:cat是animal的下义词,chair是furniture的下义词,各对之间的关系就是下义关系。
在写作时,人们可以利用下义关系使文章内容上下照应。
同时,还可以使文章生动、活泼、有趣。
例如:Model 1An EnjoymentOn the New Year’s Eve our family members got together to enjoy the evening party coming from CCTV.All my family burst into laughter while watching a short comic play. The play was chiefly performed by Zhao Lirong, a comic actress enjoying a nation-wide reputation. When she posed herself as a Chinese boxer, we all laughed. My younger sister giggled. My brother grinned. Mysister-in-law leered with a sneer. I myself guffawed, “What a fun!” My little nephew chortled very much. My mother smiled from ear to ear. Even my father gave a chuckle though he usually looks grave in his appearance as a judge.We all enjoyed ourselves very much throughout the party.Note: grin(露齿而笑),leer with a sneer(斜眼冷笑),guffaw(大笑着说),chortle(哈哈大笑),chuckle(窃笑)。
2. 同义关系两个意义相同(same/identical)或相近(similar)的词是同义词(synonym), 它们之间的关系成为同义关系(synonym)。
但是,这种关系是有条件的,即只有在某些语境或上下文中,两者才同义。
例如:I must buy/get some more stamps at the post office. I got/gained more stamps from my father as my birthday present.Model 2How to Overcome the Fear of DeathSome old people are oppressed by the fear of death. They are terribly wrong.The best way to overcome it—so that at least it seems to me—is to make your interest gradually wider and more impersonal. Thus, the walls of self will recede bit by bit, and your life will become increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should b like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks move back, the waters floe more quietly, and in the end without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do…Death, like birth, is a natural thing which nobody can escape from. If man all takes an active attitude toward it, he will bravely go to meet it when his life ends up with fulfillment.(根据New Concept English第四册短文改写) 这篇文章里有四组同义词:death,die,rest(长眠)和end up;recede和move back;existence 和being;interest和cares for。