Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar
1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.
e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)
2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)
2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.
e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)
2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)
3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.
e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)
2)…make a point of protesting
4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.
e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)
a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)
5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.
e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather
bellows…(Para. 5)
2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone
wheels. (Para. 5)
6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with
human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.
e.g. 1)…as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)
2) Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam
sinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels. (Para.9)
练习题：
1. … little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. (hyperbole)
2. The machine was operated by one man, who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes,… (transferred epithet)
3. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…. (personification)
4. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way… (onomatopoeia)
5. The dye-market ,the pottery-market ,and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. ( )
6. Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while… ( )
Unit 2
Metaphor: 暗喻
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。
1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.
2). …I was again crushed by the thought…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
3). …At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
4). …when the mean ing of these last words sank in,jolting me…(Page 15, Para. 7, Lines 1~3)
Synecdoche: 提喻
A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the whole for a part(as the law for police officer), the specific for the general(as cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ).
举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）
e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt. (Para. 7)
little old Japan: traditional Japanese houses
Metonymy: 换喻
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States government” or of “the sword” for “military power”.
换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替“美政府” 或用“剑” 代替“军事力量”
