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Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar
1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with
the thing concerned.
e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)
2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)
2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating
another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.
e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)
2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)
3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same
letter or letters.
e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)
2)…make a point of protesting
4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so
on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.
e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)
a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)
5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases
opposite each other for emphasis.
e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather
bellows…(Para. 5)
2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone
wheels. (Para. 5)
6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with
human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.
e.g. 1)…as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)
2) Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam
sinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking
and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the
camels. (Para.9)
练习题：
1. … little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. (hyperbole)
2. The machine was operated by one man, who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone
vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes,… (transferred epithet)
3. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of
dancing flashes…. (personification)
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4. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way…
(onomatopoeia)
5. The dye-market ,the pottery-market ,and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in
the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. ( )
6. Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps
before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay,
while… ( )
Unit 2
Metaphor: 暗喻
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is
used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。
1). And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my
mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.
2). …I was again crushed by the thought…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
3). …At last the intermezzo came to an end and…(Page 13, Para. 4, Line 1)
4). …when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me…(Page 15, Para. 7,
Lines 1~3)
Synecdoche: 提喻
A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (a hand for sailor ), the
whole for a part (as the law for police officer ), the specific for the general (as
cutthroat for assassin ), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket ), or
the material for the thing from which it is made (as steel for sword ).
举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手 代表 水手 ），以整体代表局部（如用 法律 代表 警官 ），以特殊代表一般（如用 直柄剃刀 代表 杀人者 ），以一般代表特殊（如用 贼 代表 扒手 ），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用 钢 代表 剑 ）
e.g. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete
skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the
miniskirt. (Para. 7)
little old Japan: traditional Japanese houses
Metonymy: 换喻
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which
it is closely associated, as in the use of “Washington” for “the United States
government” or of “the sword” for “military power”.
换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿” 代替 “美政府” 或用 “剑” 代替 “军事力量” ,. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete
skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the
miniskirt. (Para. 7)
the kimono and the miniskirt: the Japanese culture and the western culture
Irony：反语
The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their
literal meaning to achieve the humorous and ironic effect.
反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。
e.g. Hiroshima—the “liveliest” City in Japan
This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good fortune that my
illness has brought me. (P. 17)
Climax: 层进法
A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity.
层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法
No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially the people who
were born here or who lived through it. (page 15~16, Para. 12, Lines 1~3)
Anti-climax: 渐降
Anti-climax, as used in the text, states one’s thoughts in a descending order
of
significance or intensity from strong to weak, from weighty to light. It has achieved a
humorous or surprised or even a sarcastic effect when the mayor was introducing his
city to the visitors, who were expecting his answer to have something to do with the
atom bomb, but who ironically heard “oysters” in the end.
渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。
e.g. “seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to
welcome you to Hiroshima,
a town known throughout the world for
its—oysters.”(p.15)
Simile 明喻 is an expression making a comparison in the imagination between two
things using the words as or like
e.g. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds
about them…
练习题：
1. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete
skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the
miniskirt. (metonymy /Synecdoche)
2. Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to
welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters.
(anti-climax)
