英国历史与政治 wales, scotland and northern ireland-PPT精选文档

威尔士是英国的吗威尔士是英国的一部分。

威尔士（Wales）是一个位于大不列颠岛的行政区，与英格兰（England）、苏格兰（Scotland）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）共同组成了英国（United Kingdom）。

威尔士被英吉利海峡（English Channel）和爱尔兰海（Irish Sea）所环绕，地处大不列颠岛的西南部。

它的首府是卡迪夫（Cardiff），也是威尔士最大的城市，卡迪夫也是英国国内的商业、政治和文化中心之一。

作为英国的四个行政区之一，威尔士拥有自己的政府和议会。

威尔士议会（National Assembly for Wales）负责处理威尔士境内的特定事务，如教育、卫生、交通和经济发展等。

威尔士议会在立法和政府行政方面拥有一定的独立权力。

威尔士的历史悠久，自古以来就有人类在这片土地上居住。

在中世纪，威尔士是一个独立的国家，但在13世纪被英格兰吞并，成为英格兰的一部分。

尽管如此，威尔士仍然保持着独特的文化和传统。

威尔士语（Welsh）也是威尔士的官方语言之一，尽管大部分人口使用英语。

威尔士的地理环境多样，包括山脉、海岸线和乡村风光。

该地区有许多自然保护区和国家公园，如布雷肯比肯国家公园（Brecon Beacons National Park）和斯노드노스국립공원（Snowdonia National Park）。

这些地方吸引了很多游客来欣赏美丽的自然风光和体验户外活动。

威尔士还以其丰富的艺术和文化活动而闻名。

该地区有许多博物馆、音乐节和艺术展览，如国家矿业博物馆（National Museum Wales），威尔士国家歌剧院（Welsh National Opera）等。

此外，威尔士还有自己的传统音乐和舞蹈风格，如威尔士民间舞蹈和威尔士男声合唱团（Welsh Male Voice Choirs）。

总的来说，威尔士是英国的一部分，但它有自己的独特历史、文化和政府机构。

有关英国的知识英国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland）是欧洲国家之一，位于欧洲大陆西北部，主要由英格兰（England）、苏格兰（Scotland）、威尔士（Wales）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）四个地区组成。

英国是一个具有悠久历史的国家，其文化、艺术、体育、政治等方面都有着非常丰富的内涵，成为世界上最有影响力的国家之一。

1. 历史英国的历史可以追溯到公元前40世纪的新石器时代。

在这个时期，原始人类在英国定居和生活，后来又被凯尔特人、罗马人、盎格鲁-撒克逊人、挪威人、丹麦人等不同的民族征服和统治。

公元1066年，威廉-征服者征服了英格兰，建立了诺曼底王朝。

在此之后，英国通过一系列的历史事件，如文艺复兴、工业革命、二战等，逐渐成为一个强大的帝国和超级大国。

2. 政治英国的政治制度为君主立宪制，即国王（或女王）为名义上的国家元首，但实际上政治权利由议会掌握。

议会分为上下两院，下院为代表民意的众议院，上院为贵族院。

英国历史上有许多著名的政治事件，如麦戈文法案、迈格林案件、女王渎职案等，这些事件对英国政治和法律的发展产生了重要影响。

3. 经济英国是发达国家之一，是欧盟成员国之一。

英国的经济以服务业为主，金融、保险、医疗、教育、旅游等服务业占据了经济的主要地位。

此外，英国也是制造业大国和出口大国，在汽车、机械、化工等领域拥有较高的技术水平和竞争优势。

4. 文化英国是文学和艺术的宝库，英国文学史可以追溯到中世纪，有着许多杰出的作家、诗人和剧作家，如莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯汀、爱默生等。

现代的英国文学也有着许多著名作家如罗琳、艾林·莫尼昂等。

在艺术方面，英国也有着光辉的历史。

从莎士比亚时期的剧院到现代的音乐、电影、绘画等领域，英国一直保持着创新和领先的地位。

著名的文化机构包括大英博物馆、大英图书馆、泰特现代艺术画廊等。

英语国家概况英国--课后问答题[1]英语国家概况课后问答题Book 1Chapter 1 Questions for Thought:1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the ―Empire‖ still felt in Britainand in the international field?Key points:1. Before the end of WWII, the British Empire was one of the most powerful empires; it enjoyed the name of ―an empire on which the sun never set‖ due to its overseas colonies on the world.2. People of the British Empire are descendents of the Anglo-Saxons.3. A system of monarchy was observed still on today’s Britain, which went through the history. The Queen is still the Head of the Commonwealth.4. the ―Empire‖ still can be felt in the following ways:a. there are still close relationships between the UK and the fifty or more countries which used to be its former colonies, and which maintain links through a loose organization called the Commonwealth of Nations.b. it became one member of the European Union since 1973.c. the effect also lies in the makeup of the British population itself. Newly immigrants mainly came from the former colonies, specially from India and Caribbean area.d. today the Monarch represents the country in many occasions.e. class exists and lords and peers are obvious evident of the imperial past.2.Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the British people with a few simple phrases?Key points:Reasons: 1. regional differences---England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland 2. racial differences 3. class differences 4. cultural differences---Highland vs Lowland 5. religious differences---protestants vs Catholics (main in Northern Ireland) 3.―British history has been a history of invasion‖. Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text.How did each of the invasions influence English culture?Key points:4.What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of GreatBritain?Key points:1.The Celts originally lived on Scotland, they kept their own culture and language—the Gealic.2.Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west --- the lowland zone. They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name.3.The Scottish people have a strong sense of nationality and desire for cultural independence. They observed some old customs and tradition, like the Highland tradition. Today, bagpipe, and tartan are considered as the souvenir of the Scottish history.4.The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other.5.Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 《吉基尔医⽣与海德先⽣》shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity.Union with England in 17071. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England; uniting the two thrones2. Scotland maintained its separate political identity.3. In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments4. Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament.5.Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales’ unification with Great Britain.Characteristics:1. capital: Cardiff, on the south coast2. rich coal deposits3. attract foreign investment from Japan and U.S, etc.-- new industries to replace coal and steel4. smallest on the British mainland; close to central England; hilly and rugged5. retains a powerful sense of difference from England6. retains its own language; 19% population speaking GaelicUnification with Great Britain1. 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd(卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德), forced the English toacknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.2. 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the British nation.3. 1400, Owain Glyndwr(欧⽂·格林道⽡尔) led an unsuccessful rising against the English.4. 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of the British Parliament.5. Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from the Nationalist Party.6.Are there any differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition?Chapter 2 Northern Ireland Questions for Thought:1.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK? What is the political problem there?Keys:1. it is significant because of the political troubles there.2. the political troubleOriginal inhabitants were mainly descents of Celts; they believed in Catholics. The immigrants from Scotland and north England in the 17th c, sent by the English king for the sake of better control over Ireland, were mainly Protestants. Their arrival aroused local people’s hostility. They were pressured.In 1921 the Ireland got independence while in Northern Ireland, the majority was Protestant and loyalists to the British government, wanted to be separated from the rest parts of Ireland.Now in Northern Ireland, the minority—the Catholics found it difficult for them to find job. The conflicts between Protestants and Catholics got increased.To protect the local Catholics, the British soldiers stationed Northern Ireland in 1969, which later accelerated the conflicts between the local people and the British government.2.What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today? Keys:1. racial,2. religious3. immigration in 17th c.4. the British solders’ station in 1969Chapter 3 The Government of the United KingdomQuestions for Thought:1.What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchyevolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?1. the oldest institution of government2. King Egbert (埃格伯特国王): the ancestor of the present Queen Elizabeth II. United England under his rule in 829.3. divine right of kings (君权神授)---The ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. This was used by the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the p ower of the king and the parliament led to the civil war.4. the Civil war set the rights of the Parliament. The monarch was kept but his power was limited. The constitution was set up to guarantee rights of people. Monarch became a symbol of the country.2.How did the doctrine of the ―divine right of kings‖, according to the author, lead to the English Civil War?What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?King James I believed the divine right of kings, so did his descent---Charles I.Charles I called his t Parliament only when he needed to collect money.The Civil War was caused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican―roundheads‖, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abo lish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649.The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The Civil War was in essence a capitalist revolution because capitalism paved its way of development after the war.3. What is the history of English parliament? What role did the parliament play in the Civil War?In medieval times, a group of leading, wealthy barons who were summoned by the king several times a year to give the king some extra money. This was the Great Council. By the 13th C., representatives of counties, towns and cities were also included in order to raise more money. This was the beginning of what we know as Parliament today.In the Civil War, the parliament was opposite to the monarchy in their dispute over the power. The Republican―roundheads‖, led by Oliver Cromwel l, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament.4. Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the British constitution.Britain, like Israel, has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British State are laid out in statute law(成⽂法), which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws(普通法,判例法), which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions(习惯法), which are rules and practices not existing legally, but regarded as vital to the workings of government.5. Why the parliament is supreme in the British sate? What function does parliament have? What role does the Queen and the Prime Minister play in British government?Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone had the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change laws,functions:1) passes laws2) provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation3) scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.the roles of the Queen/King1. symbolize the tradition and unity of the British State2. legally head of the executive, (⾏政部)3. an integral part of the legislature(⽴法机关)4. head of the judiciary(司法部)5. commander in chief of the armed forces6. ―supreme governor‖ of the Church of England--- most Britons felt the Queen’s important jobs were:1. represent Britain at home and abroad2. set standards of good citizenship and family life3. a confidante(知⼰的⼥友) to the Prime Minister, offering valuable observations on the running of governmentRole of the Prime MinisterKing George I was ―imported‖ from Germany in 1714 and was not interested in politics, so he left the job of chairing cabinet meetings to one of his cabinet ministers, called the prime minister. Later in 1832, elections replaced appointment. The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government and the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.Today Prime Minister and his cabinet compose of the entity of the government.6. What kind of institution is the House of Lords? What role does it play in British government?It’s one house of the Parliament, but the power of making law and collecting taxes mainly resides on the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual(上议院的神职议员), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temp oral(上议院的世俗议员), which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers(called hereditary peers) or they have been appointed(by the sovereign, at the suggestion of the Prime Minister and were called life peers(终⾝贵族). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the publicChapter 4 PoliticsQuestions for Thought:1.Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are small parties and independent candidates powerlessin the election campaign for the formation of a government?Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.Because even they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties’representatives (p54, para1)2.What are three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the threeparties?They are the Labor party, the Conservative party and the Liberal Democratic party.the Labour party--- one of the 2 biggest parties in the UK. It is also the newest party, created by the trade union movement at the end of the 19th century. It is a socialist party, believing that a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and that the government should redistribute the wealth between the rich and the poor. It also thinks that the government should provide a range of public services for all the people.the Conservative party --- one of the 2 biggest parties in the UK. It is basically the party of the individual, protecting the individual’ s right to acquire wealth and to spend it as he/she wants. It advocates economic policies which are favourable to businessmen, such as low taxes. From 1979 to 1997, the Conservative party won 4 consecutive elections and was in power for quite a long period of time.the Liberal Democrats--- the 3rd biggest party and often seen as a party of the ―middle‖, occupying the ideological ground between the two major parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social. They emphasize the need to change the Britain’s constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.Similarities:1. they all support the capitalist system2. generally speaking, they all are the active participants and supporters of representative democracy3. they share some similar beliefs in their political and socioeconomic ideologyDissimilarities:1. they represent the interests of different social groups2. they have different opinions on the government’s role in social economy and they each take different economic policies during their administration3.What are some of the recent political trends in the UK? Are these trends more democratic or undemocratic?What is the author’s opinion?recent political trends--- The 1970s were a decade of problems in the UK. The economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. Big private companies started to go bankrupt, and the nationalized industries were seen as inefficient.--- In 1979, the Labour government faced a vote of no confidence, which it lost, causing a general election. This was won by the Conservative under their leader Margaret Thatcher, who became the UK’s first woman Prime Minister--- the policies of the Conservative:1. privatise nationalized industry (successful, companies become efficient and profitable * negative consequences of the policy: 1) Unemployment went up2) Poverty increased 3) Government welfare payments have become less generous. So the society became less equal---a time of ―private affluence and public squalor‖⼀部分个⼈富裕起来,⽽⼤部分百姓的⽣活却贫困化, 公众福利制度也处于困境)2. cut tax rates (a less re-distributive taxation system削弱再分配性质的税收制度)Summary of the political trend in the 1980s:British politics move to the ―right‖, away from the ―public‖ and toward the ―private‖; away from the ―social‖, and toward the ―individual‖.Chapter 5 The UK EconomyQuestions for Thought:1. Define ―absolute decline and relative decline‖ in the UK economy. How does the author explain the reason for absolute decline and relative decline?To be brief, absolute decline refers to all kinds of the indexes indicate economy declines, for example, the GDP and GNP declines, the currency devalued, unemployment increased, the economy retrogresses, the country’s economic status ranks behind its former rank. People’s living standard become lowered, and the comprehensive national strength falls behind others’. While relative decline refers to economy develops in a relatively low speed. Compared to its former economic strength and the index of GNP,GDP, the present economic development is relatively slower.Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy1. By the 1880s, dominant in the world--- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world2. By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany3. From 1945(the year when WWII ended) until present, thought of as relative decline because of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards and still remaining one of the Group of Seven industrial economies(七⼤⼯业国:US, UK. Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada), but other countries developed more rapidly, so it slip from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.4. causes for the relative decline1) gone into heavy debt to finance the war(selling many accumulated overseas assets, borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada)2) British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence —the end of the era of empire *Supplementary note: In the 17th C., trade between Britain and India started, which was undertaken by a trading company called the East India Company. In 1813, Britain took over the company. At that time, the company controlled nearly all the official and administrative work in the whole sub-continent of India. Then the British Empire’s rule began. In 1947, India,―The Jewel in the Crown‖ of the Briti sh Empire, gained its independence. So the UK lost the largest resource of raw materials and a big market for its goods.3) Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonisation. [It was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). And as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions (member of NA TO and UN Security Council).]4) lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products (Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected. It continued with its older factories and pre-war products. While the main losers in the war, Germany and Japan, had to startfrom nothing, so they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products, which was sufficient.)* low rates of domestic industrial investment; high rate of overseas investment* lack of a close relationship between industry and banks because the UK was the 1st economy to industrialise, and industrial firms grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. So banks looked overseas for investment opportunities.Summary of the decline:---The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. but this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.2. What did the Conservative party under Margret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? What was her radical reform programmer? Was the program successful?the Conservative party under Margret Thatcher promise to launch a radical program of reform.Thatcher’s radical reform:1. Reduce bureaucracy---limited government2. privatizationThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of he currency.(forced the Labour government to borrow money from IMF) Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses(such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. The author thinks that privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.* After the recession 1990-1992, the economy had a steady growth. The UK is the 2nd only to the U.S as a destination for international direct investment.3. what are the three main areas of national economies? Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy.1. primary industries, such as agriculture (crop and grazing)(small in relation to national health—1.4%, but efficient—producing 58% of the food need with 2% of the workforce; 3/4 of the land for agriculture—1/4 of that for crops, the rest for grazing animals of which sheep are the most numerous livestock), fishing(渔业), and mining [energy production: oil, gas, nuclear energy, coal mining etc. *3 of the 10 biggest companies in Britain: Shell(half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas英国三⼤能源公司:壳牌公司(与荷兰合资),英国⽯油公司,英国煤⽓天然⽓公司]; the world’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company]2. secondary industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products (producing 22% of the national wealth, particularly strong in pharmaceuticals药品—the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world; chemicals化⼯产品—ICI is the 2n largest paint manufacturer in the world; aerospace—the 3rd largest in the world inferior to the U.S and Russia, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines, producing 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods; when an Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first practical jet engine in 1937, the foundations had been laid for the 3 major branches of the aviation industry: aircraft, engines and aviation electronics, with British companies prominent in each field; The Comet was the world’s first jet- powered civil airliner; Lynx holds the world speed record for helicopters; and food and drink. Big electronics industry: the 4th largest in the world, but foreign-owned like car industry. High-technology engineering industry. British Steel is the world’s 4th largest steel company)3. tertiary industries (or service, producing 65% of the national health), such as banking, insurance, tourism, advertising and the selling of goods (financial sector is important with London as one of the top 3 financial centers in the world; the world’s largest foreign exchange market; one of the busiest share-dealing centers股票交易中⼼in the world— the London Stock Exchange )Chapter 7 British Education SystemQuestions for Thought:1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on these purp oses. What are the mainpurposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?---―the three R’s‖ (―reading, ’riting and ’rithmetic‖) — to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society and also to socilise children, teaching them rules and values needed to become good citizens, to participate in the community, an to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2. How does the British education system reflect social class?Class inequality can be erased or continued according to educational policy.Children from the lower-class families may have less chance of receiving education than those from middle-class or upper-class families. They may leave school for their families could not afford their tuition fees or for they have to work to support their families. They could not enjoy as excellent education as those from middle-class families, either. The unequal chances of education brought by social class may further influence one’s social bonds and opportunities of finding good jobs or getting rapid promotion on the social ladder.3. What are the major changes that have taken place since WWII? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Rick up some examples from the text to support your points.Major changes---to raise enrollment and ensure more equal opportunities of education(p105)1. 1944 education act2. 1960 comprehensive school---entrance examination abolished3. great education debate---1989 national curriculum established5. what is the open university in Britain? What do you think of this system?Keys (p115)。

Chapter 11.( )people in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to theircountry.英国不同地区的人们喜欢用这个名字英格兰引用他们的国家。

2.( )The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flowsthrough western England.塞文河是英国最长的河流,它起源于威尔士和英格兰西部流过。

3.( )Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.今天有一半以上的人仍然在威尔士说古代威尔士的语言。

4.( )In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.在人口和面积方面,北爱尔兰是英国第二大的一部分。

5.( )Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotlandoften falls below -10o C in January.虽然在英国通常是温和的气候,在苏格兰北部的温度经常低于-10年1月份oc6.( )The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.英国的大多数人是盎格鲁撒克逊人的后裔。

7.( )The Celtic people were earliest known inhabitants of Britain.英国凯尔特人们现知最早的定居者。

听见英国听力原文以下是“听见英国”的部分原文：I am British. I am a citizen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It's a complex name for a very simple idea - this is my home. It's where I was born and raised, and it's where I belong.The United Kingdom is made up of four distinct nations - England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Each has its own culture, identity and traditions, yet we share a common bond that runs deeper than the thread of history, language or geography.This is my United Kingdom. It's not perfect, but it's mine. It's not just a place, it's a idea - a belief in freedom, justice and the inherent worth of every single one of us. It's the belief that says we have the right to choose our own path in life, and the duty to stand up for those who cannot stand up for themselves.It's a country that has shaped me, but I also know that I have the ability to shape it. I have the power to make a difference, to be a voice for the voiceless, to stand up for what I believe in.This is my United Kingdom, my home. It may not be perfect, but it's mine, and I will cherish it always.以上是原文的一部分，若您想要获取完整的原文，可以访问官方网站或相关论坛。

介绍英国文化的英语作文Britain is a rich and varied, with international and multi-cultural society, to welcome students from all over the world come here to learn and to value their contributions.Britain is a tolerant, democratic society, where different political views and beliefs are respected. You will find many people wearing and eating habits and you do not have their own different major cities around the world have sales of snack food, meat from an Islamic shop, the Islamic meat from the shop. Asia to sell fruit and rice kind of Jewish food store to store, everything.In different towns and cities, the year has a variety of activities to celebrate the worlds major religious festivals and activities, for example, in the city of Leicester at the Stradivari outside the Indian sub-section is the most spectacular Festival of Lights.Britain itself from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, they have different characteristics and personality.Britain from all over the world to acceptimmigrants and refugees has a long history, many people have been here for permanent settlement. London may be the largest gathering of minority British city, other cities also have a large number of minority residents.All the worlds major religions are British. Mosques, Sikh temples, synagogues, churches and India Fodou together with a variety of Christian churches (Anglican and Roman Catholic from the Protestant and Orthodox) co-exist.This diversity means that you will come to Britain is easy to integrate into Britains multi-ethnic society. You will also come from different religious and ethnic groups and people contacts, enhance understanding of different cultures.【参考译文】英国是一个丰富多彩、充满国际和多元文化的国家，欢迎来自世界各地的学生来这里学习和珍惜他们的贡献。

英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。

地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。

大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。

政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。

我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。

联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。

大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。

因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。

不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。

二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。

英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。

英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。

（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。

其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。

英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。

地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。

大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。

政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。

我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。

联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。

大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。

因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。

不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。

二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。

英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。

英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。

（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。

其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。

英国概况地理和历史部分work Information Technology Company.2020YEARChapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names： the British Isles， Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name： the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain （the larger one） and Ireland， and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain： England， Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

（1） England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest， most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

（2） Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones （the Highlands in the north； the Central lowlands； the south Uplands） Capital： Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

英语作业答案Unit 1Ⅰ.Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are Trueor False.1. The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts:England, Scotland and Wales. T 英伦三岛包括英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士;2. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to referto their country. F British3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welshlanguage. F4. In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largestpart of the United Kingdom. F 英格兰是面积最大,人口最多的5. The longest river of Britain originates in Wales. T The River Severn:赛文河6. Because of political troubles,Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. TⅡ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1. The two main islands of the British Isles are .不列颠群岛是由两个大岛组成的：不列颠和爱尔兰Britain and Ireland Britain and ScotlandBritain and Wales Britain and England2. is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.B. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland4. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek5. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish6. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standardform of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation7. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate inEnglish.A. halfB. a quarterC. One thirdD. one fifthIII. Give brief answers to the following questions·1. What is the full name of the .The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to ScotlandThey like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsman wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are theyThe development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4. Why did English become more important after the Black Death黑死病The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French. Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions in about 100words.1. who are British peopleThe first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lots of immigrants from many former Commonwealth共和国 countries from every part of the world, and the British people are also composed of people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds.2. What is Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England; it is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. It is also the norm标准 carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.Unit 2I. Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False.1. The British history before 55 BC is basically undocumented. T2. The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC. T3. The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe— the Britons. T4. The Anglo—Saxons came to Britain in the mid-5th century. T 不考5. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will. F6. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century. T7. Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France T8. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople. F9. The Hundred Years’ War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans for trade and territory. F10. in an effort to make a compromise between different religiousfactions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation. TⅡ. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. 1．The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410．A．Norman B．DanishC．Celtic D．Germanic2．By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England．A．Celtic Christianity B．Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC．Germanic Christianity D．Roman Christianity3．Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂 was built at the time of .A．St．Augustine B．Edward the Confessor忏悔者爱德华 C．William the Conqueror D．Alfred the Great4．The marked the establishment of feudalism封建制度 in England．A．Viking invasion B．signing of the Magna CartaC．Norman Conquest D．Adoption of common law5．The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A．the House of Valois B．the House of YorkC．the House of Tudor都铎楼 D．the House of Lancaster出身于族徽为红玫瑰的兰开斯特家族的亨利·都铎结束了玫瑰战争,登上了英国王位,称亨利七世6．The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’S effortto .A．divorce his wife B．break with RomeC．support the Protestants D．declare his supreme power over the church7. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A．Protestants and Puritans B．Royalists and ParliamentariansC．nobles and peasants D．aristocrats and Christians8． was passed after the Glorious Revolution光荣革命．A．Bill of Rights B．Act of SupremacyC．Provisions of Oxford D．Magna CartaIndustrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century．A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20th 10．Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century．A．17th B．18th C．19th D．20th III. Give brief answers to the following questions.1. What are the two components of the British parliament2. What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements3. What were the two camps in Europe in World WarⅠ4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War ⅡAnswers:1. They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2. Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearlya quarter of the world’s l andmass.3. The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.Ⅳ. State your understanding of the following questions.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain2. The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireAnswers:1. The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed. The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians became the most important political issue.2. Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, Britain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World WarⅠ, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. M ost of Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall of the Empire.Unit 4 Politics and Government of UKI．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．1．Conventions党代会 are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government．F2．The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history．F3．In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers．F4．British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations 英联邦国家．F5．Lords Spiritual上议院神职议员 and Lords Temporal上议院世俗议员 are all members in the British Upper House上议院.T6．The members in the House of Commons下议院 are appointed rather than elected．F上议院是指派的,下议院是选举的;7．The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament．T8．Cabinet members内阁阁员 are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament．FCabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from members of the winning political parties in Parliament9．British law consists of two parts, the civil law and the criminal law．T 10．The legal systems in England,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice．FII．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements．1．The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the . A．judiciary司法 B．Legislature立法C．monarchy D．executive 行政2．The importance of the British monarchy君主政体can be seen in its effect on .A．passing the bills B．advising the government C．political parties D．public attitude3．As a revising chamber审裁室,the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons．A．rival B．complement C．criticize D. inspect 检查4．British Cabinet works on the principle of .A．collective responsibility集体责任 B．individual responsibility C．defending the collectivism D．defending the individuals 5．The main duty of the British Privy Council枢密院 is to .A．make decisions B．give adviceC．pass bills D．supervise the Cabinet6．In Britain,the parliamentary general election is held every years.A．three B．four C．five D. six 7． has a distinct legal system based on Roman law．A．Wales B．EnglandC．Scotland D．Northern Ireland8．Generally speaking,the British Parliament operates on a system. A．single-party B．two-partyC．three-party D．multi-party9．The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism 实用主义and .A．government intervention B．nationalization of enterprisesC．social reform D．a belief in individualism 10．The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it .A．set up the National Health Service B．improved public transportationC．abolished the old tax system D．enhanced the economic developmentⅢ．Give brief answers to the following questions．1．What are the three functions of the House of CommonsThere are three main functions of the House of Commons. The first is to debate and vote upon legislation and the second is to give the chance for the opposition to question what the government is doing with legislation, the way it conducts itself, etc. The third function is private member's business where MP's may get up and make a speech in the House about an issue or event that he/she would like to draw attention to.2．What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats自由民主党 have in Britain张老师的答案：Liberal Democrats was founded in March, 1988. In public’s eyes, Liberal Democrats adopts more progress policy on the issue of public services, social equity and environmental protection etc. It continues to maintain the cooperation with Labor Party, and it is third party in UK with 100,000 party members.The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a social liberal political party in the United Kingdom. The party was formed in 1988 by a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two parties had formed the electoral SDP–Liberal Alliance for seven years before then. The current leader of the party is Nick Clegg. At the 2010 general election, 57 Lib Dem MPs were elected, making them the third-largest party in the House of Commons, behind the Conservative Party with 307 and the Labour Party with 258. The Liberal Democrats formed a coalition government with the Conservative Party, with Nick Clegg as Deputy Prime Minister and other Liberal Democrats in the cabinet.Promoting social liberalism, the Liberal Democrats voice strong support for constitutional and electoral reform, and civil liberties. The party president's book of office is John Stuart Mill's 1859 On Liberty, which defended individual rights while attacking the tyranny of the majority and the despotism of custom. The party objects to state limitations on individual rights and favours a welfare state that provides for the necessities and amenities of life.1213 They support multilateral foreign policy, opposing British participation in the War in Iraq and supporting the withdrawal of troops from the country.14 The Liberal Democrats are the most pro-European Union of the three main parties in the UK. The party has strong environmentalist values—favouring renewable energy and commitments to deeper cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Since their foundation, Lib Dems have advocated electoral reform to use proportional representation inelecting the House of Commons, also hoping to replace the House of Lords with an elected chamber.Unit 1 Geography and PeopleI．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．1．The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians阿巴拉契亚山脉 hold one third of the country’s continental territory．F 1/3-1/62．The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical亚热带的 and tropical热带的 zones．T3．New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States,and it is composed of five boroughs including Manhattan,Brooklyn,theBronx,Staten Island and Queens．T4．San Francisco旧金山 is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here．F 洛杉矶是第二大城市6．Half of the U．S．population lives in the western metropolitan centers．F 东部7．The Blacks brought from Africa to America usually worked on plantations or farms in the North．F在美国南部8．During the 1830s and 1840s,many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America．T10．Basic American cultural values are freedom,equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living．TII．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements. 1．The United States has________states on the continent．A．50 B．49 C．48 D．352．The state of_________ is the largest in area of all the states．A．Alaska B．Hawaii C．Texas D．Florida3．The U．S．lies in_______North America,with Canada to the north,Mexico to the south,the Atlantic 大西洋to its________ and the Pacific太平洋 to its________．A．northern,east,west B．central,east,westC．southern,west,east D．western,east,west4．The largest river in the U．S．is_________.A．the Missouri River B．the Mississippi RiverC．the Ohio River D．the Colorado River5．Some of the world famous universities like Harvard,Yale and MIT are locatedA．in the South B．along the Pacific Coast C．in New England新英格兰 D．in the Midwest6．_________is located on the U． border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario．A．Yellowstone National Park B．The Grand Canyon C．Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布 D．The Great Salt Lake7．The native Alaskan population includes the following except the_________ A．Indians B．Eskimos C．Aleuts D．Blacks8．The largest minority in the United States is the ___________.A．Pacific Islanders B．BlacksC．Native Americans D．AsiansIII．Give brief answers to the following questions．1．How is the life of the Native Americans todayAbout million Native Americans live in the USA today. The biggest tribes are the Cherokee, Chippewa, Navajo and Sioux. About a third of the Indians in the US live on reservations. The rest live in cities or towns.Indian culture is still preserved on reservations. Here, Indians practice old traditions. However, they are worried that their traditions will disappear because more and more Indians are being integrated into society. Today, Native Americans are better off than they were at the beginning of the 20th century. They get better education; many go to high school and some to college. Many Native Americans work as lawyers, doctors or have other important jobs, like working for government companies.Some tribes get money from tourism or selling handicrafts. In 1988 the government allowed casinos and other gambling operations on reservations. Other tribes earn money from taxes on oil or gas that is produced on their land.Even though life has improved, Native Americans still face many problems in today’s America. Unemployment on reservations is about 50%. The income of an Indian family is much lower than that of a white family. Most Indians are badly paid and are unskilled workers. Suicide rates are also higher than in other places. Some Indians try to reduce their problems by drinking alcohol and taking drugs.Chapter 6 LiteratureI．Read the following statements carefully and decide whether they are True or False．1．The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 is a representative work of the Old English Period．F 中古英语的代表作2．Renaissance文艺复兴 is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics．T3．Hamlet depicts the hero’s struggle with two opposing forces：moral integrity and the need to avenge his father’s murder．T4．Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer’s Iliad 伊利亚特．T5．Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language,and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece．F by Daniel Defoe 6．William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to its height．F they are Keats, Byron, Shelley.7．Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems,such as “Ode to the West Wind"．F by Shelley8．Jane Austen was a well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school．F9．Joseph Conrad康纳德 is classified as a forerunner先驱 of Modernism,which prevailed before World War II．T10．．Naipaul奈保尔 detailed in his works the dual两部分的problems of the Third World：the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism 后殖民主义．TII．Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements．1．The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is . A．poetry B．drama C．novel D．pamphlet 2． is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of independence”．A．“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” B．Don JuanC．“Preface to Lyrical Ballads” D．Prometheus Unbound3．Of Dickens’ novels, is considered autobiographical自传的．A．A Tale of Two Cities B．David CopperfieldC．Oliver Twist D．Great Expectations 4． is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century．A．Robert Louis Stevenson B．John MiltonC．Joseph Conrad D．Thomas Hard托马斯.哈代5．Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms of Neo- Romanticism新浪漫主义．A．It prevailed at the end of the 19th century．B．The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality．C．The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”艺术至上主义．D．Treasure Island was a representative work．6． is NOT included in the modernist group．A．Oscar Wild奥斯卡·王尔德 B．Virginia WoolfC．William Butler Yeats D．T．S．Eliot 他是为艺术而艺术”的倡导者;7．Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy． A．Jude the Obscure B．Tess of theD’UrbervillesC．Adam BedeBY George Eliot D．The Return of the Native 8．Of the following statements, ＿＿＿＿is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫.A．She was a central figure of the’ Bloomsbury Group”．B．She experimented with stream of consciousness．C．She was an influential feminist．D．Her masterpiece was The Rainbow．rainbow is by D. H. Lawrence 9．Of the following writers,________ is NOT a Nobel Prize winner．不考A．Samuel Beckett B．James Joyce詹姆斯乔伊斯C．William Golding D．V S．Naipaul10．Waiting for Godot is written by不考A．Samuel Beckett B．George OrwellC．William Golding D．D．H．LawrenceIII．Give brief answers to the following questions．1．What are the three categories of Shakespeare’s plays and their representativesThree categories, namely, tragedies, comedies, and chroniclesComedies: as you like it, the twelfth night, a midsummer night’s dream Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, hamlet, king lear李尔王Chronicles: henry V, Richard III, Julius Caesar凯撒大帝2．Ⅵmat is Critical RealismCritical realism is a trend, or method, in realistic literature and art in the 19th and 20th centuries. The concept of critical realism was adopted by Soviet literary and art criticism from M. Gorky, who used the expression “critical realism” in 1934 to des cribe the stress on expose in realistic literature of the 19th century. However, the revelatory themes by no means exclude an element of reaffirmation in the realistic art of the 19th and 20th centuries.3．What are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of the 19th centuryNaturalism 自然主义New-romanticism 新浪漫主义4．What is stream of consciousnessStream of Consciousness is a literary technique which was pioneered by Dorthy Richardson, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce. Stream of consciousness is characterized by a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion. The plot line may weave in and out of time and place, carrying the reader through the life span of a character or further along a timeline to incorporate the lives and thoughts of characters from other time periods.。