整版51

校样审读把关“四步法”20075■沈云才校样审读把关"四步法"报纸校样是编辑对稿件进行加工整合,并根据内容对版式进行设计编排而形成的,经过进一步检查,修改,完善,即成为值班领导签字付印的依据.校样及其审读把关的重要性,由此可见.审读把关的具体要求校样审读把关的基本原则就是力图使版面内容最大程度地符合报纸的办报理念和规范.校样审读把关的具体要求是,确保版面和稿件内容符合各项法律法规和党的方针政策,杜绝政治性差错;确保稿件内容符合党的宣传管理规定,言论观点正确,宣传时机适宜,有正确的逻辑性和导向性,消息,通讯类稿件内容准确,杜绝重要业务性差错;检查稿件中的字词标点,语法是否符合规范,数字,计量单位,人名,地名,专用名等有无差错,消灭一般性业务差错.尽管各报都十分重视办报质量,层层把关,然而各类差错总是不断.去年"全国报刊逻辑语言应用病例有奖征集活动"中,以7月14日出版的4份中央级报纸和24份省级报纸的1至8版正文为样本,共挑出逻辑和语言应用方面病例1289 个,平均每报46个,每版5.8个.可见,报纸出版中的把关形势不容乐观,报刊差错堪忧.在"厚报时代"里,如何兼顾质和量,切实做好版面的把关工作,是新闻工作者面临的新课题.笔者在此结合校样检查实际工作中"浏览,精读,核对,查证"四步法,从实际操作层面探讨校样审读把关的方式方法和值得注意的一些问题,希望起到抛砖引玉的作用.浏览之所以把浏览作为校样检查的一个环节提出来,是因为在实际操作中很容易忽视这一步.事实上,浏览是校样检查的开场白.拿到校样后花两三分钟浏览校样,其作用至少有以下几点:一是帮助看样者进入状态,为下一步精读做好情绪,心理上的准备和过渡;二是检查版式,看版式的安排是否符合审美要求,版面上有无与版面内容无关的线条,图案等"杂音",字体的使用,搭配是否符合习惯或版式设计要求,从版式语言角度检查文章及图片的搭配有无差错或矛盾(如图文之间,文文之间有无相冲相克之不和谐因素);三是检查版头(眉)版尾(脚)上的日期,版次等版面信息的内容和位置是否正确,一版还应核对报纸的刊头内容.精读精读是校样审读的重头戏,是发现稿件中隐含的各类差错的重要手段.先从标题着手,看标题行文有无语病,断行是否合理,有无歧义,内容与正文有无相悖,文字表述是否清晰精练等.稿件正文从大处看题文是否相符,稿件观点,中心思想是否符合有关宣传政策;从细处看,则要检查每个句子是否符合语法,有无用词不当,不合逻辑之处,每个标点是否合乎规范,每个细节是否符合实际,合乎常规.在精读稿件时,既要从采编者的角度去"审",看是否把新闻事实讲清讲透,是否准确表达了作者的观点和意图,更要从读者角度去"读",一篇好的新闻作品首先应该是一篇美文,文中观点事实一目了然,行文遣句严谨不失自然,读之让人赏心悦目.任何不符合以上要求之处,检查中均应提出修改意见,使之完善.校对核对是检查工作的重点之一.核对可以细化为题文核对,图片核对,观点提法核对,版次日期核对,人名地名专用名称核对,引文及数据核对,新闻事实核对等.题文,观点,版面信息的检查核对前文已有所及,不再赘述.人名核对很重要.校对中要注意两种情况:一是重要人物,如政要,名人,知名专家学者等的姓名,职务,应严格查证无误;二是同一篇报道中前后文多次出现的人名,地名,专用名,提法等要素,应做好前后的核对,防止笔误见报;有疑问时应进一步查证.图片的运用越来越受重视,审读时应检查图片内容是否健康(特别要看清图片中的背景,细节),图片有无倒置(艺术类图片容易发生),图文是否相符.数据失实是新闻稿件中常见的一类差错.差错一般有以下几种情况,一是单位差错,~fl360万美元错成360 万元或360美元;二是前后数据有矛盾,相关数据经演算无法达成一致;三是一般性数据不合逻辑和常理,如"代表政府奖给他2000元见义勇为基金"一句中就有两处不合逻辑常理,第一处是基金的钱不是政府的钱,因而不能"代表政府",第二处是钱奖给个人了就不再是"基金"了;四是数据所指内容表述不准确,如"包括省委办公厅,省高级人民法院等省级政府机关24 个职位"一句中,所举的单位有的并不属于"政府机关".新闻事实一般情况下是经过作者反复核实后才形成文字的,但其中也常会有一一嚣》(:～.》r.c》r～∞繁20075■李玲芝寻找城市的人文精神2005年5月,杭州日报西湖副刊创办了一个新的版面——《城纪》.这是一个讲述杭州历史文化的版面.在充满喧嚣的今天,报纸还需要这样一个沉静下来的版面吗?这样的版面该如何去办,才能适应今天的时代?一年多下来,有了下面一点体会.今天的城市需要读者需要改革开放以来,中国几乎所有的城市都在飞速发展,可是,一座城市的性格却不是一两句口号或振臂一呼就能确立的,城市性格是由历史和文化积累而成的,有历史有文化的城市才是一座有品质的城市.在今天的现代化建设中,许多城市在回望自己的历史.就像其他所有古城一样,杭州这座历史文化名城也在回头寻找, 挖掘那些被时间湮没的文化.其实, 这种寻找正是在寻找我们自己.这几年,杭州的城市建设里增添了很多人文的东西,不说那些大的城市项目,如西湖南线的建设,西湖西进等,都深挖了其中的人文内涵;即便是小街僻巷的改善工程,也是到处可见新建的人文小景.杭州自秦朝设县治,隋朝筑城郭,南宋建王城,两千多年的历史,层层叠叠地积累在这块土地上,甚至在近年风起云涌的建房工地上,稍稍一挖就是一件千年的物什,一块千年的遗址——报纸的新闻版上经常会出现这样的内容,也经常会引起全城市民的关注,可见历史的密度和厚度,也可知人们对历史对文化的关注度.这也解答了我们最初的困惑——读者需要吗?一张报纸,就是一张城市的名片,一座文化名城的名片应该有文化的质量.《贼纪》正是在这样的城市文化氛围中创办的.用故事来吸引今天的读者做传播历史文化的版面,很重要的一点是不能有陈旧感,要与社会前进的脚步合拍.这个版面应该"写什么","怎么写"?城纪,就是城市的纪录.我们的寻找就从街巷开始.城市历史不仅写在史书里,也写在许许多多的大街小巷里.这些大街小巷,就是城市历史的立足点.这些大街小巷就像城市的脉络,历史会改朝换代,居民会一代代老去,而街巷的改变是最缓慢的,至今仍有一些几百年的老巷老屋蛰伏在现代高楼的脚下.这些街巷像一张密密的网,将历史织进城市的身体,它就像一道道深深的皱折,里面掩藏了许许多多的故事.时间逝去了,历史走远了,可是这些街巷还在,今天我们还是每天与它们亲密接触.《贼纪》一个星期一期,每次一个整版,一个主题,或是一条线:一条街巷的前世今生;或是一个面:一片区域的古往今来;或是一个点:街上一座老屋的故事.一座古城自然有它非常庞杂的历史, 我们从街巷出发的文化寻觅,目标是杭州的人文精神和杭州的市井风情.人文精神决定了一座城市的性格和品质,市井风情则延续着这座城市的生活习惯及精神风貌,这些些细节上的差错需要在进一步的检查中去发现并纠正,如"今年以来……我省也是大灾之年,局部地区连续遭受地震,洪涝和台风袭击", 而事实上,当年全省范围并未发生地震.值得一提的还有时间的核对. 新闻稿件中会有很多关于时间(日期)的表述,分别会在标题,电头,正文中出现.在不同的地方出现,其表述也有所不同.标题中的时间应以见报日为参照;正文电头包含日期的,则新闻事件中时间表述应以电头(写作)时间为基准.查证查证是对核对进一步落实的工作,要求检查人员具备运用各类查证工具的能力.网络是最快捷的查证途径,但也存在着内容准确度不高的问题,容易造成以讹传讹,造成谬误的蔓延.因此,在利用互联网进行资料查证时,必须要有良好的辨别判断能力.对吃不准又比较重要的内容,应利用其他更权威的工具,如字,词,辞典,正规出版社的出版物,地图,政府部门的名册等.校样的审读虽然不是检查工作的全部,却是检查工作中最重要的一环.检查人员在对校样进行审读把关时,应该立足校样,做到"两个尊重":一要尊重同仁的劳动.一张看似普通的校样,事实上凝结着报社从一线采访记者直至编辑拼版各道环节许多同仁的智慧和劳动.纸是轻薄的,但其所承载的分量是厚重的,众多劳动的目的只有一个,那就是服务读者,为读者提供最丰富的信息和最完美的精神产品.因此,审读校样时还有一个无形的对象必须尊重,这个对象就是读者.只有把报社同仁的劳动以最完美的形式呈现在版面上,让读者朋友享受到丰富而完美的文化大餐, 才是我们工作的出发点和落脚点. (作者单位:浙江日报编辑中心)51搿》o0》r0c》r一∞黧。

作者：大海橡树前段时间给单片机写个跑马灯的程序，它是将单片机4组IO口全用了，一个引脚一个LED 一共32个，当初是拿出去当作品展用的，写了个程序，要求好几个花样，但是写程序的时候发现，单独控制一组端口还可以，要是同时控制4组IO口，并且显示的花样都不一样？该怎么办呢？这就要用的RTX51了，MCS-51单片机的RTOS（实时操作系统）。

RTX51简介：图（1）RTX51是德国KEIL公司开发的专门针对于8051内核兼容MCU所作的实时操作系统（RTOS），RTX51有两个版本：RTX51-FULL与RTX51-Tiny。

FULL版本支持四级任务优先级，最大256任务，它工作在类似于中断功能的状态下，同时支持抢占式与时间片循环调度、支持信号(signal)、消息队列、二进制信号量(semaphore)和邮箱(mailbox)，其功能强大，仅仅占用6~8KB的程序存储器空间。

RTX51_Tiny是RTX51FULL的子集，是一个很小的内核，只占用大约800byte的存储空间（主要程序RTX51TNY.A51仅有不足一千行）它适用于对实时性要求不非常严格的、仅要求多任务管理且任务间通信功能不要求非常强大的应用。

它仅使用51内部寄存器来实现所有功能，应用程序只需要以系统调用（system call）的方式引用RTX51中的函数即可，RTX51-Tiny可以支持16个任务，多个任务遵循时间片轮转的规则，任务间以信号signal的方式进行通信，任务可以等待另一任务给他发出signal然后再从挂起状态恢复运行，它并不支持抢占式任务切换的方式。

上面只是RTX51的简单介绍，具体的用法自己到百度文库下载RTX51实时操作系统的使用方法：/view/0902ce1755270722192ef70d.html。

上面有详细的介绍，由于篇幅有限，这里就不做过多的介绍。

大家好好阅读文档上的内容，才知道怎么使用RTOS，刚开始接触的时候有点不好理解，多写几个程序练练手，就有点理解了，确实，要建立起操作系统的概念不是一两天的事情，其中要设计很多的抽象的概念，只有把他们完全理解了，才好应用。

《现代快报》
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原价格打6.5折
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原价格打7折
《湖南经济报》
《重庆青年报》
●指定版面＋10％
●套红＋20％
●彩色＋50％
《云南日报》
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原价格大6.5折
《安徽商报》
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《中国民航报》
《中国消费者报》
《上海青年报》
《中国经济导报》
《羊城晚报》
《新闻午报》
原价格打6折
《京华时报》
《新闻晨报》
《陕西日报》
《广西日报》
《当代生活报》
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《南宁晚报》
《华西都市报》
《江南都市报》
原价格打7折
《重庆晚报》
《贵阳晚报》
《华商报》
《昆明日报》
《重庆商报》
《广州日报》
《内蒙古日报》。

SFC 51常用功能使用入门Getting Start about SFC 51 Functions摘要 SFC51提供了丰富的功能，可以用来读取CPU的指示灯状态，Profibus DP从站，CPU 硬件的序列号、存储卡序列号等等功能，本文为这些功能进行简要介绍。

关键词 SFC 51,SSL_IDKey Words SFC 51,SSL_IDIA&DT&BT Service & Support Page 2-16目录1 SFC 51简介 (4)1．1 程序功能介绍 (4)2 读取CPU指示灯 (5)3 读取Profibus DP从站 状态 (7)3.1 编程 (7)4读取CPU的序列号 (9)4.1 编程 (9)5 读取存储卡的序列号 (13)5.1 编程 (13)IA&DT&BT Service & Support Page 3-161 SFC 51简介1．1 程序功能介绍通过系统功能SFC 51 "RDSYSST" (读取系统状态)，可以读取系统状态列表或部分系统状态列表，例如指示灯状态，序列号，从站状态等等。

调用SFC 51时，通过将值“1”赋给输入参数REQ来启动读取。

如果可以立即读取系统状态，则SFC将在BUSY输出参数中返回值0。

如果BUSY包含值1，则尚未完成读取功能。

表1 SFC51参数说明参数描述REQ 输入参数REQ = 1：启动处理SSL_ID 输入参数将要读取的系统状态列表或部分列表的ID号INDEX 输入参数部分列表中对象的类型或编号。

RET_VA L 输出参数如果执行SFC时出错，则RET_VAL参数将包含错误代码。

BUSY 输出参数 TRUE：尚未完成读取。

SSL_HE ADER 输出参数LENTHDR是SSL列表或SSL部分列表的数据记录的长度。

• 如果仅读取了SSL列表的标题信息，则N_DR包含属于它的数据记录数。

目录摘要 (3)Abstract (3)1绪论 (4)1.1背景 (4)1.2目的 (4)1.3 意义 (4)1.4基本理论依据和主要工作内容 (4)2 设计方案简述 (6)2.1键盘模块 (6)2.2发声模块 (6)2.3 8X8点阵显示模块 (6)2.4系统技术指标和预期功能 (7)3 详细设计 (8)3.1主要IC芯片介绍 (8)3.2硬件设计 (11)4 设计结果及分析 (19)4.1 测试 (19)5总结 (20)参考文献 (21)附录主要程序代码 (22)摘要单片机的应用已经越来越贴近生活，用单片机来实现一些电子设计也变得容易起来。

本设计阐述的主要内容是一种基于51 单片机的电子琴的设计，其核心芯片AT89S52 单片机，内部电路包括4X4行列式键盘模块、音频放大模块和8X8LED点阵显示模块，本系统运行稳定，功能较为完善，控制系统可靠，性价比较高等，具有一定的实用价值。

对于那些需要显示的信息量不是很大，分辨率不是很高，又需要制造成本相对比较低的场合，使用大、小屏幕LED点阵显示器是比较经济适用的，他可以显示字符、数字和简单图形，显示亮度较高，并且对环境条件要求比较低。

电子乐器的结构较为复杂，音源是由晶体管产生的电振动，并通过音色回路而产生各种音色；同时由周波数调制产生颤音效果，由振幅调制产生各种乐器的音效。

关键词：AT89S52单片机；音频放大模块；8X8点阵AbstractIts applications have become increasingly close to life, with a single chip to achieve a number of electronic design is becoming simpler. The main elements of the design described is based on 51 single-chip, the flower design, the core chip AT89S52 microcontroller Internal circuit including the 4X4 determinant keyboard module, audio amplifier module and 8X8LED dot matrix display module, the system is stable, function better, control system reliability, higher cost and so on, has some practical value. For those who need to display the amount of information is small, resolution is not high, they need to make the occasion a relatively low cost, using large and small screen, LED dot matrix display is more economical, and he can display characters, numbers and simple graphics, display brightness higher and lower demands on the environmental conditions. : The structure of more complex electronic instruments, the source is generated by the transistor electrical vibration, and sound loops generated by a variety of tone; also modulated by the frequency to produce vibrato effects, generated by the amplitude modulated sounds of various instruments.Keywords：AT89S52 Microcontroller；Audio Amplifier Module；8X8 matrix1绪论1.1背景单片机是随着大规模集成电路的出现极其发展，将计算机的CPU，RAM，ROM，定时/计数器和多种I/O接口集成在一片芯片上，形成了芯片级的计算机，因此单片机早期的含义称为单片微型计算机(single chipmicrocomputer).它拥有优异的性价比、集成度高、体积小、可靠性高、控制功能强、低电压、低功耗的显著优点.主要应用于智能仪器仪表、工业检测控制、机电一体化等方面,并且取得了显著的成果。

1999年1元错版纸币最新消息2019-07-27 04:21:51 333 人1999年1元错版纸币最新消息_告诉你什么是真正的错版人民币告诉你，什么是真正的错版人民币！...人民币在印刷过程中由于种种原因，而造成印刷错误的纸币或者硬币统称为错版人民币。

由于现代工业都是由机器生产，所以在人民币的印刷过程难免产生细小的一些差错。

什么是错版人民币错版是指在人民币的印刷过程中出现的错误导致人民币失真的情况，一般的情况会有图案颠倒，文集错误，编码重合等显现。

但要注意的是错版的人民币不是假币而是真币，一样可以作为货币流通。

错版人民币的另外一大功用就是收藏。

错版人民币收藏由于现代工业都是由机器生产，所以在人民币的印刷过程难免产生细小的一些差错。

从而产生了印刷错误，虽然经过人工或者机器的第二次检查排除，但是在成千万上亿的纸币或者硬币中发现那么十个几十个的错版实属难之又难，从而这些有印刷小错误的人民币就随着大军一起流入市场。

俗话说，越是稀少的人民越想得到到。

不错，错版人民币也是一样，成为当今收藏界的一个热门收藏了，一些错版的甚至被炒到几十上百万。

也许有人会觉得这个很傻很没必要，但是收藏界好的就是这一口，希望广大民众注意。

错版人民币怎么鉴定目前工业都是由机器生产的，人民币印刷时难免会产生细小的差错，从而印刷错误，即使经过机器的二次排除，量成千上万的纸币或硬币中发现那么十个几十个错版很难，这些印刷小错误的人民币就随着大军一起流入市场，然而，对于错版人民币怎么鉴定呢? 所谓错版人民币是相对于正常版别的，鉴定错版人民币有以下几点：1.有些品种发行后会出现文字类错误，或多横或少竖，或笔体不清，或与 LOGO 相异，或英文字母错误。

严格上说，此点可归为第二点(与现实内容不符)，但由于这类错误出现概率较大，只是单独提出来说明下;2.当国家规定了某一品种的标准，并有标准品(例如现行人民币)，发行后发现有个别异类，或漏印或颜色变异、或多了一截儿(俗称福耳) 等等，可称为错版。

Release Notes for C518051 Development Tool KitsThis file contains release notes and last minute changes that are not found in theprinted m anuals.Information in this file, the accompany manuals, and soft ware isCopyright © Keil Software, Inc and Keil Elektronik GmbH.All rights reserved.Contents1What's New in C512Example Program s3Device Database™4Peripheral Simulation5Technical Support6Contact DetailsWhat's New in C51The following sections list the changes instituted in each release of the C51 toolset.C51 Version 9.00 Release[µVision4]▪This C51 release com es with the new µVision4 IDE.[New Supported Devices]▪Evatronix R8051XC(1 DPTR), R8051XC2(1 DPT R), R8051XC2(2DPT R), R8051XC2(8 DPTR), R8051XC2-A(1 DPT R), R8051XC2-A(2DPT R), R8051XC2-A(8 DPTR), R8051XC2-AF, R8051XC2-B(1 DPTR),R8051XC2-B(2 DPT R), R8051XC2-B(8 DPT R), and R8051XC2-BFdevices.▪Nordic nRFLU1P-F16and nRFLU1P-F32 devices.▪NXP P89LPC9361device.▪Silabs C8051F580, C8051F581, C8051F582, C8051F583,C8051F584, C8051F585, C8051F586, C8051F587, C8051F588,C8051F589, C8051F590, and C8051F591 devices.[Device Support]▪Corrected:device settings for Infineon XC888-6FF, XC888CM-8FF,XC888LM-6FF, XC886-6FF, XC866L-1FR, XC866L-2FR, XC866L-4FR, andXC864-1FRI devices.▪Corrected: device settings for Nordic Semiconductor nRF24E1,nRF24E2, nRF9E5, nRF24LU1, and nRF24LE1 devices.▪Added: debug support for NXP P89LPC9361 and P89LPC954 devicesin the LPC900 EPM Emulator/Programmer.▪Updated: LPC900 EPM flash programmer configuration dialog tosupport devices with 16 flash sectors.[CX51 Compiler]▪Corrected: constant folding of two negative array index values. Forexample:unsigned char arr[512];unsigned int i;i = arr[i-1-5]; // incorrect in C51 V8: arr[i-4] instead of arr[i-6]▪Corrected: when using the NOAREGS directive, complex arithmeticwith nested calls m ay create incorrect results. For exam ple:#pragma NOAREGSint result;extern char f(unsigned char idx);result = (f(1)*0x100+f(0)) - (f(3)*0x100+f(2)); // incorrect result. POP destroys value in ACCLX51 Linker/Locater]▪Corrected: when using OPTIMIZE(10) or above, there was a potentialthat common code blocks are called incorrectly. Therefore programs m ayhave operated incorrectly.[BL51 Linker/Locater]▪Corrected: when using RTX51 user interrupt functions wereoverlapping with RTX ISR vectors which resulted in a linker warning.▪Corrected: data overlaying may not work when the last input modulecontains an interrupt function; the linker incorrectly issues WARNING 16:main uncalled.C51 Version 8.18 Release[Device Support]▪Added: debug support for NXP P89LPC9408in the LPC900 EPMEmulator/Programmer.[New Supported Devices]▪Nuvoton W681308device.▪NXP P89LPC9201, P89LPC9211, P89LPC922A1, P89LPC9241,P89LPC9251, P89LPC9301, P89LPC931A1, P89LPC9331, P89LPC9341,and P89LPC9351 devices.▪Silabs C8051F500, C8051F501, C8051F504, C8051F505,C8051F506, C8051F507, C8051F508, C8051F509, C8051F510,C8051F511, C8051F700, C8051F701, C8051F702, C8051F703,C8051F704, C8051F705, C8051F706, C8051F707, C8051F708,C8051F709, C8051F710, C8051F711, C8051F712, C8051F713,C8051F714, and C8051F715 devices.[ULINK2 Support]▪Corrected: potential deadlock on ST uPSD targets with ULINK2solved.[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: Infineon XC800 simulation of the MDU was incorrectlyimplem ented.▪Corrected: For C8051F12x/F13x devices the EXFn and TOGnbehavior matches with latest inform ation from SiLABS.▪Added: simulation for Atmel AT89C51RE2. The second UART is nowavailable for the simulation.[CX51 Compiler]▪Corrected: initialization failed on far addresses when the object islocated with _at_. For example:#pragma VARBANKING O2unsigned char far array[65530] _at_ 0x150006;unsigned long x1 = (unsigned long)(array); // incorrect address stored in 'x1'.C51 Version 8.17a Release[Device Support]▪Added: debug support for the follow devices from Analog DevicesADE5166, ADE5169, ADE5566,ADE5569, ADE7166F16, ADE7166F8,ADE169F16, ADE7566F16, and ADE7566F8 in the ADI Monitor Driver.▪Added: debug support for NXP P89LPC9321 and P89LPC9351devices in the LPC900 EPM Emulator/Programmer.[Device Support]▪Added: Nuvoton devices in the device database.▪Corrected: Port Pin P2.2 is available (instead of P2.5) on NXPP89LPC917 devices. This is now reflected in the peripheral dialogs.▪Corrected: UART0 baudrate is now correctly displayed whenTim er2/3/4 is used as baudrate generator on SiLabs C8051F13xdevices.[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: sim ulation of Reset Source Register (RSTSRC) and SFRPage Control Register (SFRPGCN) for SiLabs C8051Fxxx devices.▪Corrected: handling of Automatic Page Control Enable (SFRPGCN)and Reset Source Register (RSTSRC) for SiLabs C8051Fxxx devices.▪Corrected: sim ulation of PLLLCK (PLL Lock Flag) for SiLabsC8051F12x/13x devices. PLLLCK is now set when PLL is configuredcorrectly and frequency is locked.▪Added: support for V: user-defined memory area for NXP 80C51MXdevices.▪Corrected: sim ulation issues with the Evatronix R8051XC peripheralsDMA and interrupt.[CX51 Compiler]Corrected: when two long operands are loaded from com plex arrays (each with object size bigger than 256 bytes), there was a potential register overwrite in register R0. The result of the long operation was in such cases incorrect.Example:struct s2 { unsigned int idx : 1; } s2;struct s { unsigned long l1; unsigned char a[256]; unsigned long l2; } xdata sarr[2];unsigned long l;void main (void) {l = sarr[s2.idx].l1 + sarr[s2.idx].l2; // incorrect result of long addition }[A X51 Macro A ssembler]▪Corrected: in NXP 80C51MX m ode, DATA, IDATA, and EDATA can beplaced to absolute addresses 0x7F0000 and above. This is now accepted.▪Added: ECRM directive that allows to expand generic CALLinstructions to ECALL for NXP 80C51MX devices.C51 Version 8.16a Release[CX51 Compiler]▪Corrected: when int num bers are multiplied and assigned to long, theresult is potential incorrect. This problem has been introduced in V8.15.▪Corrected: C51 _at_ problem with linker code packing fixed.[A X51 Macro A ssembler]▪Enhanced: for the NXP MX devices, CALL/JMP instructions areencoded to ECALL/JMP when needed..[Device Support]▪Added: ULINK and Infineon DAS (Device Access Server) support forthe XC864 device.▪Enhanced: Evatronix R8051XC XDATA Banking example optimized.▪Enhanced: Infineon XC800 startup code.▪Added: Support for Infineon XC864 including a Blinky example.▪Added: Syntek Semiconductors STK6031and STK6032devices todevice database.[Device Simulation]▪Added: for SiLABS C8051F360/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9andC8051F410/1/2/3.C51 Version 8.15 Release[Cx51 Compiler]▪Corrected: interrupt functions com bined with NOINTVECTOR wherenot detected by the linker as new root and an incorrect linker warningwas reported.▪Corrected: when using Dallas 390 m ode with ROM(D512K) orROM(D16M), pdata arrays could not be located anywhere in m emory.▪Corrected: when using the XCROM directive in com bination withfunction pointers, constant initializations where omitted.▪Enhanced: long multiplication with two unsigned int/char argumentshas now a m uch higher performance.[Target Support]▪Added: support for the Infineon USCALE XC800 hardware via theInfineon DAS Client for XC800.[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: access to MACACC was not corrected simulated for SiLABSC8051F12x and C8051F13x devices.▪Added: device support and simulation for Infineon XC878.▪Added: simulation for new peripherals (Software Reset, RTC, DMA)on Evatronix R8051XC core.▪Added: xdata banking support for Evatronix R8051XC core.[LX51 Linker/Locater]▪Corrected: Linker Code Packing may com bine incorrectly blocks fromseveral code banks into common areas.[ULINK2 Support]▪Added: Debug and Flash-Programming support for NXP P89LPC952and P89LPC954.C51 Version 8.12 Release[Device Simulation]▪Added: device support and simulation for SiLABSC8051T600/1/2/3/4/5 and C8051T610/1/2/3/4/5/6/7.[Cx51 Compiler]▪Corrected: nested call with struct pointer arguments whereincorrectly processed.[LX51 Linker/Locater]▪Corrected: sfr16 definitions in assembly code and C source file maygenerate Warning L46: SFR SYMBOL HAS DIFFERENT VALUE.C51 Version 8.11a Release▪[Device Support]Added: support for Ram t ron VRS51L3072 and VRS51L3174.▪Added: support for Nordic Semiconductor nRF24LU1.[Device Simulation]▪Added: device support and simulation for SiLABS C8051F336,C8051F337, C8051F338, and C8051F339.▪Corrected: PORTx and PCA output pins on SiLABS C8051F12x d id notcorrectly update in simulation.C51 Version 8.10 Release▪[Device Support]Added: support for Megawin MPC82G516A and MPC82L54A.▪Enhanced: startup code for Infineon XC800 devices has nowselections for device variants. Infineon XC88x AC step devices requiresto set the device to VCO bypass m ode before PLL switching.▪Added: support for NXP P89V52X2.[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: simulation of MULRDY and OSCICL corrected for SiLABSC8051F3xx series.▪Enhanced: simulation of Evatronix R8051XC watchdog tim er withoptional prescaler. For details refer to Application Note 191: ToolchainExtensions for R8051XC Core.▪Corrected: DPTR simulation of Evatronix R8051XC; when 2 DPT Rwhere selected the auto-increm ent feature (DPC register) did not work.Two R8051XC devices are now in the device database: R8051XC (8DPTR) with simulation for 8 DPTR, R8051XC (2 DPTR) with simulationfor 2 DPTR.▪Corrected: SiLABS simulation for UART #1 had a problem with thetransmit interrupt bit (TI) when SFR page was set to 1.[Cx51 Compiler]▪Corrected: the MODC2 directive did not correctly save and restoremultiple DPTR registers on interrupt entry/exit.▪Corrected: Assem bler instructions inserted with #pragma ASMtrigger now register usage of all CPU registers and therefore avoidsregister clashes.▪Corrected: strcm p and strnc mp library functions changed fromsigned char to unsigned char com pare (ANSI requirement).▪Improved: detection of conflicting memory types when used incom bination with typedef's, for example:typedef char code CCHAR;typedef CCHAR xdata XCHAR; // generates now WARNING C185: different memory spaceCCHAR idata var2; // generates now WARNING C185: different memory space [LX51 Linker/Locater]▪Corrected: REMOVEDUNUSED did not correctly work with SROMsym bols and linker code packing.▪Corrected: debug sym bols of absolute bits generated in AX51 hadwrong offset.▪Corrected: segm ent locating with the LAST keyword generatedunnecessary m emory gaps when used with code banking.▪Corrected: when linker code packing is used, an address reference tofar variables with _at placem ent was wrong.[BL51 Linker/Locater]▪Corrected: segm ents with a AJMP instruction as last instructionwhere located at the end of a 2KB block which generated a linker error. [ULINK and ULINK2 Support]▪Corrected: Verify failed on µPSD devices when common segm entswhere located to code banks, but no bank 0 exists.C51 Version 8.09 Release[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: wrong timing of the Tim er 1 in the Infineon XC800devices.▪Corrected: clock cal culation of Infineon XC88x devices was incorrect.▪Corrected: Dallas D80C400 simulation did not correctly switch tocontiguous m ode.▪Added: Simulation for At m el AT89C51AC3.▪[Device Support]Corrected: when debugging Infineon XC800 Devices with the DASinterface data/idata variables where shown incorrect ly.▪[Target Debugging for A nalog Devices ADuC83x, A DuC84x, and ADE7xxx]Options - Project - Debug - Use: ADI Monitor Driver selects target driver for the Analog Devices ADuC834, ADuC84x, and ADE7xxx devices. This driver is now extended to support the 1-Pin Pod interface and the new ADE7xxx devices.[Monitor-51, Monitor-390]▪Corrected: potential communication problems with low-costUSB-COM adapters.[Cx51 Compiler]▪Corrected: a code generation problem with bit-field arrays when thearray index is a function return value.C51 Version 8.08a Release[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: the previous version had a delay when starting signalfunctions. This delay is now removed so that the startup behavior isidentical to releases before version 8.06.▪Corrected: the behavior of JBC instructions on I/O ports was not fullycorrect. JBC instructions now read the SFR register (Px) instead of theI/O port value (PORTx).[Cx51 Compiler]▪Corrected: integer promotion was m issing on com plex arithmeticwith char/unsigned char and multiplication or division.[A x51 Macro A ssembler]▪Enhanced: the _DATE2_ m acro is now defined also for the A51 andAX51 Macro Assembler.[uVision3 IDE]▪Corrected: potential crash in the project window on right mouse clickwhen no item was selected.[Device Support]▪Corrected: Peripheral display for Port 4 and Port 5 of the NXP89LPC952 device was m issing.▪Enhanced: on XC800 devices the dialog Project - Options - Debug- ULINK Settings - Disable interrupts during steps is implemented.This option disables interrupts during single-stepping and thereforeexecutes only instructions from the current function.▪Added support for Infineon TLE78xx series.▪Corrected: sim ulation for external interrupt inputs EINT0 and EINT1on Infineon XC800 devices.▪Corrected: debugger startup problem s with the Infineon DAS server.C51 Version 8.06 Release▪[Device Support]Infineon XC800 Devices: added debugging and flash programmingsupport for new Infineon XC800 devices (XC866-1FR, XC856) withULINK and Infineon DAS server.▪Enhanced: Infineon XC800 startup code START_XC.A51 V1.02 thatsupports pdata addressing (C51: USING PDATA VARIABLES ONINFINEON XC800).▪SST Sm artCards: added core features for device sim ulation.[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: interrupt vector for 2nd UART on Philips P89LPC952 wasincorrectly configured in simulator and target dialog.▪Enhanced: VTREG PPAGE is initialized to 0 on all Philips LPC900devices to allow simulation of MOVX @Ri without configuration.▪Corrected: a problem with AT89S8252 EEPROM simulation.▪Corrected: a problem with the baudrate generation on At m el deviceswith X2 feature (the baudrate was displayed incorrect).▪Corrected: a problem with code banking on Mentor M8051EW core. [Cx51 Compiler]▪Corrected: code that is not used (i.e. with m acros) is removed, evenwhen it creates other side effects.▪Corrected: unexpected error m essage for syntactical correctstatem ent.struct st2 { unsigned char uc1; unsigned char uc2; };struct st1 { struct st2 st2; unsigned char u1; unsigned char u2; };struct st1 st;void main (void) {(&st.st2)->uc1 = 0; // gives error, but should be Ok.}▪Corrected: library function toint did no flag values 0x3A - 0x40 asincorrect.[ULINK and ULINK2 Support]▪Added: support for ULINK2 for the Infineon XC800 and ST uPSDseries.▪Added: device support for Infineon XC886, XC888, and XC856.C51 Version 8.05 Release▪[Device Simulation for Infineon XC88x Series]Added device sim ulation for Infineon XC886 and Infineon XC888.▪[Device Simulation for Philips P89LPC952/954]Corrected: the two serial windows did not work for the Philips P89LPC952/954 devices.▪[Device Simulation for M8051EW]Corrected: when M8051EW features were enabled, it was not possible to debug non-banking applications.▪[Device Simulation for R8051XC]Enhanced: som e features were not covered in the first revision of the simulator.Now the simulator also takes care about peripheral timing, and write operations to code m emory.▪[LX51 Linker/Locater]Corrected: when using interbank call table optim ization (?B_RST_BANK != 0xFF), the linker was optimizing too much.▪[ULINK Driver for ST uPSD]Corrected: flash programming did not work for uPSD3422 devices.[Cx51 Compiler]▪Enhanced: C51 did issue an error when accessing struc t m emberswith s->member instead of s.member.▪Corrected: using multiple dummy assignm ents to rem ove unusedvariables m ay cause register overwrites.▪Corrected: potential code problems when increm enting far pointerswith long constants.void func (void) {unsigned int i;long far* entry;while(i) {i--; // increment missingentry += 1L; // due to 'far' pointer increment with 1L}}▪Corrected: potential problem on SmartMX, when using Optimize level8 or 9 without OBJECTADVANCED.#pragma MXPint xdata x;char xdata * xdata p;void f1 (char *);void f2 (char *);void main (void) { // uses CMPW instruction that affects 'Z' flagif (x == 0xFFFF) f1 (p); // MOVX A,Rx,@DPTR destroys 'Z' flagelse f2 (p); // and cannot be combined}C51 Version 8.04 Release[Cx51 Compiler]▪Enhanced: The Warning C259: pointer: different mspace is im provedand covers now also situations where an address value is assigned.▪New: The Warning C289: converting non-pointer to pointer is issuedwhen a integer value is assigned to a pointer.▪Corrected: A problem with the SRC file output is wrong withoptimized address values.▪Corrected: dummy read to MD3 was missing for int*int m ultiplicationwhen using the Infineon/Evatronix MDU.▪Added: Support for the SiLABS Arithmetic Accelerator (available inC8051F12x and F13x devices) in the far banking library.▪[Device Support for Evatronix/Cast R8051XC Core]Added com plete sim ulation and com piler support for the features of theR8051XC core. Detailed information is provided in Application Note 191: Toolchain Extensions for the R8051XC Core.▪[Device Support for Mentor M8051EW Core]Enhanced simulation support for the Mentor M8051EW memory extension features. It is now possible to sim ulate code banking and far m emory applications and the address of the The address of the extension corefeatures of the R8051XC core. Detailed information is provided in Application Note 171: Using M8051EW Memory Extension.▪[Device Support for Infineon XC800 Series]Added ULINK debugging support and DAS driver for new Infineon XC800 devices (XC886, XC888). Detailed information is▪[BL51 and LX51 Linker/Locater]Corrected: there might be incorrect WARNING L15: MULTIPLE CALL TO FUNCTION messages when using syntax: OVERLAY (* ! (func1, func2,func3,...)) to group more than just two functions.C51 Version 8.02 Release▪[uVision Debugger]Added peripheral simulation support and target debugging dialogs for the following devices:▪Atm el AT89C51RE2, AT89C51IE2, AT89C51CC03, AT8xC51SND1,AT89S8253, AT89LP2052, AT89LP4052▪Revised: Atm el AT89C5131/AT89C5131A(added TWI), AT8xC5132(added TWI, ADC)▪Philips P89LPC9102, P89LPC9103, P89LPC9107. P89LPC9221,P89LPC9311, P89LPC932A1, P89LPC938,▪Philips P89LPC9401/P89LPC9408 (without LCD Driver), P89LPC952,P89LPC964, P89LPC966▪Philips P89V660, P90V662, P89V664[LX51 Linker/Locater]Corrected a problem with code banking, the linker reported incorrectly error L124: BANK SWITCH MODULE INCORRECT.▪[Cx51 Compiler]Corrected a m acro expansion problem, array index calculations with negative offset, and far access to absolute m emory locations.▪[Target Debugging Support for Infineon XC800 Series]Added ULINK debugging support and DAS driver for new Infineon XC800 devices (XC886, XC888).▪[ULINK Driver for ST uPSD]Added new JTAG device ID's for ST uPSD3212, uPSD3312, and uPSD3422.C51 Version 8.01 Release▪[uVision Debugger]Added peripheral simulation support and target debugging dialogs for the following devices:▪Silicon Labs C8051F120, Silicon Labs C8051F121, Silicon LabsC8051F122, Silicon Labs C8051F123,▪Silicon Labs C8051F124, Silicon Labs C8051F125, Silicon LabsC8051F126, Silicon Labs C8051F127,▪Silicon Labs C8051F130, Silicon Labs C8051F131, Silicon LabsC8051F132, Silicon Labs C8051F133[P89LPC952 and MCB950 Board Support]Added support for Philips P89LPC95x device series.▪[A X51 Macro A ssembler]Corrected a problem with forward references in sym bols which generates an error m essage.▪[LX51 Linker/Locater - Code Packing]Corrected a potential problem with code packing when modules are translated with different optimization levels (less than 8) but the OBJECTADVANCED directive.▪[L51_BA NK.A51 - Code Banking Configuration File]Changed behavior of the ?B_RESTORE_BANK entry with ?B_MODE=0 to avoid glitches when using the RTX51 or RTX51 Tiny operating system together with code banking.▪[Cx51 Compiler]Version number changed for logistic reasons. No other changes com pared to V8.00.C51 Version 8.00 Release▪[uVision3 IDE]The µVision3 IDE contains several enhancem ents orrected: the device simulation covers now the latest timing specification for Dallas DS89C420, DS89C430, DS89C440, and DS89C450 devices. The tim er simulation was previously based on a older data book and therefore incorrect.[Device Simulation]▪Corrected: the device sim ulation c overs now the latest tim ingspecification for Dallas DS89C420, DS89C430, DS89C440, andDS89C450 devices. The tim er simulation was previously based on a olderdata book and therefore incorrect.▪[Target Debugging for A nalog Devices ADuC83x and ADuC84x]Options - Project - Debug - Use: ADI Monitor Driver selects target driver for the Analog Devices ADuC834 and ADuC84x devices. This driver directly connects via a serial COM interface to the on-chip Download/Debug Kernel of the ADuC device. No specific monitor or firmware is required. A detaileddocum entation is available in the Analog Devices ADuC83x/84x Download/Debug Driver User's Guide (..\C51\HLP\MonADI.CHM).▪[Support for Infineon XC866]Added complete support for new Infineon XC800 Device series including device simulation, ULINK driver, and MCBXC866 Evaluation Board support.▪Example projects are provided in thefolder ..\C51\Examples\Infineon XC866.▪Complete docum entation is available in the MCBXC866 User'sGuide(..\C51\HLP\MCBXC866.CHM) which also explains the ULINKdriver.▪[Support for ST uPSD34xx Series]Added com plete ULINK support for new ST uPSD34xx device series.[C Library]▪Corrected: on Dallas 390, 400, 5240, and 5250 devices tan (INF)generated a wrong return, and printf ("%f")did not print the floatingpoint value INF and NaN.▪Corrected: the return value of scanf and sscanf was just 0xFF insteadof -1 when no arguments where processed.▪Corrected: the library takes care about the changed behavior of theMem ory Accelerator on Dallas DS80C390 Rev. C.▪Corrected: on Dallas 390, 400, 5240, and 5250 devices m emmove inxdata m emory failed when source buffer is overlapping destinationbuffer.C51 Version 7.50a Release▪[LX51 Linker/Locater]Corrected: potential problem with Linker Code Packing that m ight causein-efficient operation or a MEMORY SPACE OVERLAY warning.▪Corrected: fixup error messages when using the REMOVEUNUSEDdirective.▪Corrected: when using L51_BANK.A51 the far m emory addressingused a wrong offset (-64KB). Instead of X:0x20000 the X:0x10000 wasaddressed.▪[BL51 Linker/Locater]The new BL51 Linker/Locater was by accident not included in Version 7.50.▪[C Library]Corrected a problem on Dallas 390, 400, 5240, and 5250 devices with log and log10 when const data is not in stored in segm ent 0 (C:0x0000-C:0xFFFF).C51 Version 7.50 Release▪[uVision2 Debugger]Added Extended Memory Simulation for Mentor M8051EW. Refer to Application Note 171: Using M8051EW Memory Extension in the folder \C51\EXAMPLES\M8051EW.Added peripheral simulation support and target debugging dialogs for the following devices:▪Dallas Semiconductor DS89C420,▪Dallas Semiconductor DS89C430,▪Dallas Semiconductor DS89C440,▪Dallas Semiconductor DS89C450,▪Silicon Labs C8051F000,▪Silicon Labs C8051F001,▪Silicon Labs C8051F002,▪Silicon Labs C8051F005,▪Silicon Labs C8051F006,▪Silicon Labs C8051F007,▪Silicon Labs C8051F010,▪Silicon Labs C8051F011,▪Silicon Labs C8051F012,▪Silicon Labs C8051F015,▪Silicon Labs C8051F016,▪Silicon Labs C8051F017,▪Silicon Labs C8051F350,▪Silicon LabsC8051F351,▪Silicon LabsC8051F352,▪Silicon LabsC8051F353,▪SST SST89E554RC,▪SST SST89E564RD,▪SST SST89V554RC,▪SST SST89V564RD.▪[ISD51 In-System Debugger]Added example configuration for Dallas DS89C420, DS89C430, DS89C440, and DS89C450 devices. For details refer to Application Note 177: Using ULINK with STMicroelectronics Turbo µPSD 3300/3400 Devices and the sam ple projects in the folder ..\C51\EXAMPLES\ST uPSD.[C51 Compiler]▪Corrected a code generation issue for negative array index values.For example:signed int i = v1 - v2;value = table [i + 4]; // code works for 'signed char' index// but fails with 'signed int' index▪Added MODC2 Compiler Directive: enables use of dual datapointers available on the Cast and Evatronix R80515 core. Usingadditional data pointers improves the performance of the followinglibrary functions: memcpy, memmove, memcmp, strcpy, andstrcmp.▪Added MODH2 Compiler Directive: enables use of dual datapointers available on Hynix, ST uPSD 33xx, and ST uPSD 34xx devices.Using additional data pointers improves the performance of the followinglibrary functions: memcpy, memmove, memcmp, strcpy, andstrcmp.▪[CX51 Compiler]Corrected the following problem s for the Sm artMX instruction set:▪Switch/case with long types and ROM(HUGE).▪Over optimization with CMPW instruction.▪Stack adjust m ent failure with setjmp/longjmp library routines.▪[C Library]Corrected several library problems including:▪Corrected a problem on Dallas 390, 400, 5240, and 5250 deviceswith asin, acos, and atan when const data is not in stored in segment 0(C:0x0000-C:0xFFFF).▪The labs function has been optimized and is now fully reentrant.▪Added configuration symbol ?C?DPSEL that defines DPSEL SFRaddress for MOD517(NOAU)multiple DPTR support. May be used forMentor M8051EW based devices which have the Infineon m ethod formultiple DPT R but with a different DPSEL SFR address. The ?C?DPSELdefinition shown below m ay be included in a chip-specific Startup.A51 file.Without this definition, the DPSEL register is accessed at the defaultaddress 0x92.PUBLIC ?C?DPSEL?C?DPSEL DATA 0A2H ; define DPSEL address for Mentor M8051EW▪[LX51 Linker]Added the REMOVEUNUSED(abbreviation RU) directive which removes unused program and data segm ents provided that Data Overlaying is enabled.▪[ULINK]Added instruction trace support to the STMicroelectronics uPSD ULINK Driver.For details refer to Application Note 177: Using ULINK with STMicroelectronics Turbo µPSD 3300/3400 Devices and the sam ple projects in the folder ..\C51\EXAMPLES\ST uPSD.▪[BL51/LX51 Linker]Improved the OVERLAY directive. Now, using OVERLAY (* ! (func1, func2)), you m ay com bine the segm ents of several function call trees. This is useful for interrupt functions that have overlayable data but use the sam e interrupt level.Such interrupt functions cannot interrupt each other. Therefore, data overlaying of both call trees is possible. For example:void irq0 (void) interrupt 0 {unsigned char arr[10];arr[0] = 0;}void irq1 (void) interrupt 1 {unsigned char arr[10];arr[0] = 0;}If irq0 and irq1 are set to the sam e priority level their data areas m ay be overlaid. The OVERLAY directive m ay be specified to do that as follows:BL51 ... OVERLAY (* ! (irq0, irq1))The linker map file shows the following OVERLAY MAP.SEGMENT DATA_GROUP+--> CALLED SEGMENT START LENGTH----------------------------------------------?PR?IRQ1?I 0008H 000AH*** NEW ROOT *********************************?PR?IRQ0?I 0008H 000AHNote that both functions' call trees are overlaid.C51 Version 7.20 Release▪[uVision2 Debugger]。

大学英语四级考试大纲词汇（完整版）a art.一(个)；每一(个)abandon vt.丢弃；放弃，抛弃ability n.能力；能耐，本领able a.有能力的；出色的abnormal a.不正常的；变态的aboard ad.在船(车)上；上船about prep.关于；在…周围above prep.在…上面；高于abroad ad.(在)国外；到处absence n.缺席，不在场；缺乏absent a.不在场的；缺乏的absolute a.绝对的；纯粹的absolutely ad.完全地；绝对地absorb vt.吸收；使专心abstract a.抽象的n.摘要abundant a.丰富的；大量的abuse vt.滥用；虐待n.滥用academic a.学院的；学术的academy n.私立中学；专科院校accelerate vt.(使)加快；促进acceleration n.加速；加速度accent n.口音，腔调；重音accept vt. vi.接受；同意acceptable a.可接受的，合意的acceptance n.接受，验收；承认access n.接近；通道，入口accessory n.同谋，从犯；附件accident n.意外的；事故accidental a.偶然的；非本质的accommodate vt.容纳；供应，供给accommodation n.招待设备；预定铺位accompany vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随accomplish vt.达到(目的)；完成accord vt.使一致；给予accordance n.一致；和谐；授予accordingly ad.因此，所以；照着account n.记述；解释；帐目accumulate vt.积累vi.堆积accuracy n.准确(性)；准确度accurate a.准确的，正确无误的accuse vt.指责；归咎于accustom vt.使习惯accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的ache vi.痛；想念n.疼痛achieve vt.完成，实现；达到achievement n.完成；成就，成绩acid n.酸；酸的，酸性的acquaintance n.认识；了解；熟人acquire vt.取得；获得；学到acre n.英亩(=6.07亩)across prep.横过；在…对面act vi.行动；见效n.行为action n.行动；作用；功能active a.活跃的；积极的activity n.活动；活力；行动actor n.男演员；演剧的人actress n.女演员actual a.实际的；现行的actually ad.实际上；竟然acute a.尖的，锐的；敏锐的ad n.广告adapt vt.使适应；改编add vt.添加，附加，掺加addition n.加，加法；附加物additional a.附加的，追加的address n.地址；演说；谈吐adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的adjective n.形容词a.形容词的adjust vt.调整，调节；校正administration n.管理；管理部门admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏admission n.允许进入；承认admit vt.承认；准许…进入adopt vt.收养；采用；采取adult n.成年人a.成年的advance vi.前进；提高n.进展advanced a.先进的；高级的advantage n.优点，优势；好处adventure n.冒险；惊险活动adverb n.副词advertisement n.广告；公告；登广告advice n.劝告；忠告；意见advisable n.明智的；可取的advise vt.劝告；建议；通知aeroplane n.飞机affair n.事情，事件；事务相信自己！！！！affect vt.影响；感动affection n.慈爱，爱；爱慕afford vt.担负得起…；提供afraid a.害怕的；担心的Africa n.非洲African a.非洲的n.非洲人after prep.在…以后；次于afternoon n.下午，午后afterward ad.后来，以后again ad.又一次；而且against prep.倚在；逆，对着age n.年龄；时代vt.变老agency n.经办；代理；代理处agent n.代理人，代理商aggressive a.侵略的；好斗的ago ad.以前agony n.极度痛苦agree vi.同意；持相同意见agreement n.协定，协议；同意agriculture n.农业，农艺；农学ahead ad.在前；向前；提前aid n.帮助，救护；助手aim vi.瞄准，针对；致力air n.空气；空中；外观aircraft n.飞机，飞行器airline n.航空公司；航线airplane n.飞机airport n.机场，航空站alarm n.惊恐，忧虑；警报alcohol n.酒精，乙醇alike a.同样的，相同的alive a.活着的；活跃的all a.全部的prep.全部allow vt.允许，准许；任alloy n.合金；(金属的)成色almost ad.几乎，差不多alone a.单独的ad.单独地along prep.沿着ad.向前aloud ad.出声地，大声地alphabet n.字母表，字母系统already ad.早已，已经also ad.亦，也；而且，还alter vt.改变，变更；改做alternative n.替换物；取舍，抉择although conj.尽管，虽然altitude n.高，高度；高处altogether ad.完全；总而言之aluminium n.铝always ad.总是，一直；永远a. m (缩)上午，午前amaze vt.使惊奇，使惊愕ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心ambulance n.救护车；野战医院America n.美洲；美国American a.美洲的n.美国人among prep.在…之中amongst prep在…之中(=among) amount n.总数；数量；和ampere n.安培amplify vt.放大，增强；扩大amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐analyse vt.分析，分解，解析analysis n.分析，分解，解析ancestor n.祖宗，祖先anchor n.锚vi.抛锚，停泊ancient a.古代的，古老的and conj.和，又，并，则angel n.天使，神差，安琪儿anger n.怒，愤怒vt.使发怒angle n.角，角度angry a.愤怒的，生气的animal n.动物，兽a.动物的ankle n.踝，踝节部announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表announcer n.宣告者；播音员annoy vt.使恼怒；打搅annual a.每年的n.年报another a.再一个的；别的answer vt.回答；响应；适应ant n.蚂蚁anticipate vt.预料，预期，期望anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的any a.什么，一些；任何的anybody prep.任何人anyhow ad.无论如何anyone pron.任何人anything pron.任何事物；一切anyway ad.无论如何anywhere ad.在什么地方apart ad.相隔；分开；除去apartment n.一套公寓房间相信自己！！！apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪apparatus n.器械，仪器；器官apparent a.表面上的；明显的appeal vi.&n.呼吁；申述appear vi.出现；来到；似乎appearance n.出现，来到；外观appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望apple n.苹果，苹果树appliance n.用具，器具，器械applicable a.能应用的；适当的application n.请求，申请；施用apply vt.应用，实施，使用appoint vt.任命，委任；约定appointment n.任命；约定，约会appreciate vt.欣赏；领会；感谢approach vt.向…靠近n.靠近appropriate a.适当的，恰当的approval n.赞成，同意；批准approve vt.赞成，称许；批准approximate a.近似的vt.近似approximately ad.近似地，大约April n.四月Arabian a.阿拉伯的arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的architecture n.建筑学；建筑式样area n.面积；地区；领域argue vi.争论，争辩，辩论argument n.争论，辩论；理由arise vi.出现；由…引起arithmetic n.算术，四则运算arm n.臂；臂状物；武器army n.军队；陆军around prep.在…周围arouse vt.引起，唤起；唤醒arrange vt.筹备；整理；调解arrangement n.整理，排列；安排arrest vt.逮捕，拘留；阻止arrival n.到达；到来；到达者arrive vi.到达；来临；达到arrow n.箭；箭状物art n.艺术，美术；技术article n.文章；条款；物品artificial a.人工的；娇揉造作的artist n.艺术家，美术家artistic a.艺术的；艺术家的as conj.当…的时候ash n.灰，灰末；骨灰ashamed a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的) Asia n.亚洲Asian a.亚洲的n.亚洲人aside ad.在旁边，到旁边ask vt.问；要求；邀请asleep a.睡着的，睡熟的aspect n.方面；样子，外表assemble vt.集合，召集；装配assembly n.集合；集会；装配assess vt.对(财产等)估价assign vt.指派；分配；指定assignment n.任务，指定的作业assist vt.援助，帮助；搀扶assistant n.助手，助理；助教associate vi.交往n.伙伴，同事association n.协会，团体；联合assume vt.假定；承担；呈现assure vt.使确信；向…保证astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut n.宇宙航行员，宇航员at prep.在…里；在…时athlete n.运动员；田径运动员Atlantic a.大西洋的n.大西洋atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛atmospheric a.大气的；大气层的atom n.原子；微粒；微量atomic a.原子的；原子能的attach vt.缚，系，贴；附加attack vt.&vi.&n.攻击，进攻attain vt.达到，获得，完成attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图attend vt.出席；照顾，护理attention n.注意，留心；注意力attentive a.注意的；有礼貌的attitude n.态度，看法；姿势attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attraction n.吸引；吸引力；引力attractive a.有吸引力的attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性audience n.听众，观众，读者August n.八月aunt n.伯母，婶母，姑母aural a.耳的，听觉的Australia n.澳大利亚相信自己！！！！Australian a.澳大利亚的author n.作者，作家authority n.当局，官方；权力auto n.(口语)汽车automatic a.自动的；机械的automation n.自动，自动化automobile n.汽车，机动车autumn n.秋，秋季auxiliary a.辅助的；附属的available a.可利用的；通用的avenue n.林荫道，道路；大街average n.平均数a.平均的aviation n.航空，航空学avoid vt.避免，躲开；撤消await vt.等候，期待awake a.醒着的vt.唤醒award n.奖，奖品；判定aware a.知道的，意识到的away ad.离开，远离；…去awful a.令人不愉快的awfully ad.令人畏惧的；很awkward a.笨拙的；尴尬的ax n.斧子axis n.轴，轴线；中心线baby n.婴儿；孩子气的人back ad.在后；回原处；回background n.背景，后景，经历backward a.向后的；倒的ad.倒bacteria n.细菌bad a.坏的，恶的；严重的badly ad.坏，差；严重地badminton n.羽毛球bag n.袋，包，钱包，背包baggage n.行李bake vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬balance vt.使平衡；称n.天平ball n.球，球状物；舞会balloon n.气球，玩具气球banana n.香蕉；芭蕉属植物band n.乐队；带；波段bang n.巨响，枪声；猛击bank n.银行；库；岩，堤banner n.旗，旗帜，横幅bar n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的；仅仅的bargain n.交易vi.议价；成交bark n.吠叫声vi.吠，叫barn n.谷仓；牲口棚barrel n.桶；圆筒；枪管barrier n.栅栏，屏障；障碍base n.基础，底层；基地basic a.基本的，基础的basically ad.基本上basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地basis n.基础，根据basket n.篮，篓，筐basketball n.篮球；篮球运动bat n.球拍；短棍；蝙蝠bath n.浴，洗澡；浴缸bathe vt.给…洗澡；弄湿bathroom n.浴室；盥洗室battery n.电池；一套，一组battle n.战役；斗争vi.作战bay n.湾；山脉中的凹处B. C. (缩)公元前be aux. v.&vi.是，在，做beach n.海滩，湖滩，河滩beam n.梁；横梁；束，柱bean n.豆，蚕豆bear n.熊；粗鲁的人bear vt.容忍；负担；生育beard n.胡须，络腮胡子beast n.兽，野兽；牲畜beat vt.&vi.打，敲；打败beautiful a.美的，美丽的beauty n.美，美丽；美人because conj.由于，因为become vi.变成；成为，变得bed n.床，床位；圃；河床bee n.蜂，密蜂；忙碌的人beef n.牛肉；菜牛beer n.啤酒before prep.在…以前；向…beg vt.&vi.乞求；请求beggar n.乞丐，穷人begin vi.开始vt.开始beginner n.初学者，生手beginning n.开始，开端；起源behalf n.利益，维护，支持相信自己！！！behave vi.表现，举止；运转behavior n.行为，举止，态度behind prep.在…后面being n.存在；生物；生命belief n.信任，相信；信念believe vt.相信；认为bell n.钟，铃，门铃；钟声belong vi.属于，附属beloved a.为…的爱的n.爱人below prep.在…下面(以下) belt n.带，腰带；皮带；区bench n.长凳，条凳；工作台bend vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲beneath prep.在…下方beneficial a.有利的，有益的benefit n.利益；恩惠；津贴berry n.浆果(如草莓等) beside prep.在…旁边besides ad.而且prep.除…之外best a.最好的；最大的bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌betray vt.背叛；辜负；泄漏better a.较好的ad.更好地between prep.在…中间beyond prep.在…的那边Bible n.基督教《圣经》bicycle n.自行车，脚踏车big a.大的，巨大的bike n.自行车vi.骑自行车bill n.账单；招贴；票据billion num.万亿(英)bind vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biology n.生物学；生态学bird n.鸟，禽birth n.分娩，出生；出身birthday n.生日，诞生的日期biscuit n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼bit n.一点，一些，小片bite vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿bitter a.痛苦的；严寒的bitterly ad.苦苦地；悲痛地black a.黑色的；黑暗的blackboard n.黑板blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blame vt.责备，把…归咎于blank a.空白的n.空白blanket n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯blast n.爆炸，冲击波vt.炸blaze n.火；闪光vi.燃烧bleed vi.出血，流血；泌脂blend vt.&vi.&n.混和bless vt.为…祝福blind a.瞎的；盲目的block n.街区vt.堵塞，拦阻blood n.血，血液；血统bloom n.花；开花，开花期blossom n.花，开花vi.开花blow vi.吹，吹动；吹响blue a.蓝色的n.蓝色board n.板vt.上(船、车等) boast vi.自夸vt.吹嘘boat n.小船，艇；渔船body n.身体；主体；尸体boil vi.沸腾；汽化vt.煮沸bold a.大胆的；冒失的bolt n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门bomb n.炸弹vt.轰炸bond n.联结，联系；公债bone n.骨，骨骼book n.书，书籍vt.预定boot n.靴子，长统靴booth n.货摊；公用电话亭border n.边，边缘；边界bore vt.使厌烦；钻，挖born a.天生的；出生的borrow vt.借，借用，借人bosom n.胸，胸部；内心boss n.老板，上司vt.指挥both pron.两者(都)bother vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦bottle n.瓶，酒瓶；一瓶bottom n.底，底部，根基bough n.树枝bounce vi.反跳，弹起；跳起bound a.一定的；有义务的boundary n.分界线，办界bow n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬bowl n.碗，钵；碗状物box n.箱，盒；包箱box vi.拳击，打拳boy n.男孩，少年；家伙brain n.脑，脑髓；脑力相信自己！！！！brake n.闸，刹车vi.制动branch n.树枝；分部；分科brand n.商品；烙印vt.铭刻brandy n.白兰地酒brass n.黄铜；黄铜器brave a.勇敢的，华丽的bread n.面包；食物，粮食breadth n.宽度，幅度；幅面break vt.打破；损坏；破坏breakfast n.早饭，早餐breast n.乳房；胸脯，胸膛breath n.气息，呼吸；气味breathe vi.呼吸vt.呼吸breed n.品种vt.使繁殖breeze n.微风，和风brick n.砖，砖块；砖状物bridge n.桥，桥梁；桥牌brief a.简短的；短暂的bright a.明亮的；聪明的brighten vt.使发光；使快活brilliant a.光辉的；卓越的brim n.边，边缘；帽沿bring vt.带来；引出；促使brisk a.活泼的；清新的bristle n.短而硬的毛；鬃毛Britain n.不列颠，英国British a.不列颠的，英联邦的brittle a.脆的；易损坏的broad a.宽的，阔的；广泛的broadcast n.广播，播音broken a.被打碎的，骨折的bronze n.青铜；青铜制品brood n.同窝幼鸟vt.孵(蛋) brook n.小河，溪流broom n.扫帚brother n.兄弟；同事，同胞brow n.额；眉，眉毛brown n.褐色，棕色bruise n.青肿，伤痕；擦伤brush n.刷子，毛刷；画笔brute n.禽兽，畜生bubble n.泡vi.冒泡，沸腾bucket n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗bud n.芽，萌芽；蓓蕾build vt.建筑；建立；创立building n.建筑物，大楼；建筑bulb n.电灯泡；球状物bulk n.物体，容积，大批bull n.公牛；雄的象bullet n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸bunch n.束，球，串；一群bundle n.捆，包，束；包袱burden n.担子，重担；装载量bureau n.局，司，处；社，所burn vi.烧，燃烧n.烧伤burst vt.使爆裂vi.&n.爆炸bury vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏bus n.公共汽车bush n.灌木，灌木丛，矮树business n.商业，生意；事务busy a.忙的，繁忙的but conj.但是，可是butcher n.屠夫；屠杀者butter n.黄油；奶油butterfly n.蝴蝶button n.扣子；按钮vt.扣紧buy vt.买，购买vi.买by prep.在…旁；被，由cabbage n.洋白菜，卷心菜cabin n.小屋；船舱，机舱cabinet n.橱，柜；内阁cable n.缆，索；电缆；电报cafe n.咖啡馆；小餐厅cafeteria n.自助食堂cage n.笼；鸟笼，囚笼cake n.饼，糕，蛋糕calculate vt.计算；估计；计划calculation n.计算，计算结果calculator n.计算器，计算者calendar n.日历，历书；历法call vt.把…叫做；叫，喊calm a.静的，平静的camel n.骆驼camera n.照相机，摄影机camp n.野营，营地，兵营campaign n.战役；运动campus n.校园，学校场地can aux. v.能，会，可能can n.罐头，听头；容器Canada n.加拿大相信自己！！！Canadian a.加拿大的canal n.运河；沟渠；管cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去cancer n.癌，癌症，肿瘤candidate n.候选人；投考者candle n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光candy n.糖果；砂糖结晶cannon n.大炮，火炮；榴弹炮canoe n.独木舟，皮艇，划子canteen n.小卖部；临时餐室canvas n.粗帆布；一块油画布cap n.帽子，便帽；帽状物capable a.有能力的，有才能的capacity n.容量；能力；能量capital n.资本，资金；首都captain n.陆军上尉；队长captive n.俘虏，被监禁的人capture vt.捕获，俘获；夺得car n.汽车，小汽车，轿车carbon n.碳card n.卡，卡片，名片care vi.关心，介意n.小心career n.生涯，职业，经历careful a.仔细的；细致的careless a.粗心的，漫不经心的cargo n.船货，货物carpenter n.木工，木匠carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carriage n.客车厢；四轮马车carrier n.运输工具；运载工具carrot n.胡罗卜carry vt.携带；运载；传送cart n.二轮运货马车carve vt.刻，雕刻；切开case n.情况；事实；病例case n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套cash n.现金，现款cassette n.盒式录音带；盒子cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸castle n.城堡；巨大建筑物casual a.偶然的；随便的cat n.猫，猫科，猫皮catalog n.目录，目录册catch vt.捉住；赶上；领会cathedral n.总教堂；大教堂cattle n.牛；牲口，家畜cause n.原因，理由；事业cave n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞cease vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息ceiling n.天花板，顶蓬celebrate vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美cell n.细胞；小房间cellar n.地窑，地下室cement n.水泥；胶泥vt.粘结cent n.分；分币；百centigrade a.百分度的centimetre n.公分，厘米central a.中心的；主要的centre n.中心；中枢vt.集中century n.世纪，百年ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节certain a.确实的；肯定的certainly ad.一定，必定；当然certainty n.必然；肯定certificate n.证书，证件，执照chain n.链，链条，项圈chair n.椅子；主席chairman n.主席；议长，会长chalk n.白垩；粉笔challenge n.挑战；要求，需要chamber n.会议室；房间；腔champion n.冠军，得胜者chance n.机会，机遇；可能性change n.改变，变化；零钱channel n.海峡；渠道；频道chapter n.章，回，篇character n.性格；特性；角色characteristic a.特有的n.特性charge vt.索价；控告n.费用charity n.施舍；慈善事业charming a.迷人的，可爱的chart n.图，图表；海图chase n.追逐，追赶，追求cheap a.廉价的；劣质的cheat vt.骗取；哄vi.行骗check vt.检查；制止n.检查cheek n.面颊，脸蛋cheer vt.使振作；欢呼cheerful a.快乐的，愉快的cheese n.乳酪，干酪chemical a.化学的n.化学制品chemist n.化学家；药剂师相信自己！！！！chemistry n.化学cheque n.支票cherry n.樱桃；樱桃树chess n.棋；国际象棋chest n.胸腔，胸膛；箱子chew vt.咀嚼，嚼碎chicken n.小鸡，小鸟；鸡肉chief a.主要的；首席的child n.小孩，儿童；儿子childhood n.童年，幼年；早期childish a.孩子的；幼稚的chill vt.使变冷n.寒冷chimney n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩chin n.颏，下巴China n.中国china n.瓷器，瓷料Chinese a.中国的n.中国人chocolate n.巧克力；巧克力糖choice n.选择，抉择choke vt.使窒息；塞满choose vt.选择，挑选；情愿chop vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍Christian n.基督教徒；信徒Christmas n.圣诞节church n.教堂，礼拜堂；教会cigarette n.香烟，纸烟，卷烟cinema n.电影院；电影，影片circle n.圆，圆周；圈子circuit n.电路；环行；巡行circular a.圆的；循环的circulate vt.使循环vi.循环circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线circumstance n.情况，条件；境遇citizen n.公民；市民，居民city n.城市，都市civil a.公民的；文职的civilization n.文明，文化；开化civilize vt.使文明；教育claim vt.声称，主张；索取clap vi.拍手vt.拍，轻拍clarify vt.澄清，阐明clasp n.扣子，钩子；别针class n.班，班级；阶级classical a.古典的；经典的classification n.分类；分级；分类法classify vt.把…分类classmate n.同班同学classroom n.教室，课堂claw n.爪，脚爪，螯clay n.粘土，泥土；肉体clean a.清洁的；纯洁的clear a.清晰的vt.清除clearly ad.明白地，清晰地clerk n.店员；办事员，职员clever a.聪明的；机敏的cliff n.悬崖，峭壁climate n.气候；风土，地带climb vi.攀登，爬vt.爬cloak n.斗篷；覆盖(物)clock n.钟，仪表close vt.关，闭；结束closely ad.紧密地，接近地cloth n.布；衣料；桌布clothe vt.给…穿衣服clothes n.衣服，服装；被褥clothing n.衣服，被褥cloud n.云；云状物；阴影cloudy a.多云的；云一般的club n.俱乐部，夜总会clue n.线索，暗示，提示clumsy a.笨拙的；愚笨的coach n.长途公共汽车coal n.煤，煤块coarse a.粗的，粗糙的coast n.海岸，海滨(地区)coat n.外套，上衣；表皮cock n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞code n.准则；法典；代码coffee n.咖啡，咖啡茶coil n.(一)卷；线圈vt.卷coin n.硬币；铸造(硬币)cold a.冷的；冷淡的n.冷collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解collar n.衣领，项圈colleague n.同事，同僚collect vt.收集vi.收款collection n.搜集，收集；收藏品collective a.集体的；集合性的college n.学院；大学collision n.碰撞；冲突colonel n.陆军上校；中校colony n.殖民地；侨居地相信自己！！！color n.颜色，彩色；颜料column n.柱，支柱，圆柱comb n.梳子vt.梳理combination n.结合，联合；化合combine vt.使结合；兼有come vi.来，来到；出现comfort n.舒适；安慰vt.安慰comfortable a.舒适的，安慰的command vt.命令，指挥；控制commander n.司令官，指挥员comment n.评论，意见；注释commerce n.商业，贸易；社交commercial a.商业的；商品化的commission n.委任状；委员会commit vt.犯(错误);干(坏事) committee n.委员会；全体委员common a.普通的；共同的commonly ad.普通地，一般地communicate vi.通讯；传达；传播communication n.通讯；传达；交通communism n.共产主义communist n.共产党员community n.社区；社会；公社companion n.同伴；共事者；伴侣company n.公司，商号；同伴comparative a.比较的，相对的compare vt.比较，对照；比作comparison n.比较，对照；比似compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规compel vt.强迫，迫使屈服compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competent a.有能力的；应该做的competition n.竞争，比赛compile vt.编辑，编制，搜集complain vi.抱怨，拆苦；控告complaint n.抱怨；怨言；控告complete a.完整的；完成的completely ad.十分，完全地complex a.结合的；复杂的complicate vt.使复杂；使陷入complicated a.复杂的，难懂的component n.组成部分；分；组件compose vt.组成，构成；创作composition n.构成；作品；写作compound n.化合物；复合词comprehension n.理解，理解力；领悟comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的compress vt.压紧，压缩comprise vt.包含，包括；构成compromise n.妥协，和解compute vt.计算，估计，估算computer n.计算机，电脑comrade n.同志，亲密的同伴conceal vt.把…隐藏起来concentrate vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩concept n.概念，观念，设想concern n.关心，挂念；关系concerning prep.关于concert n.音乐会，演奏会conclude vt.推断出；结束conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾concrete n.混凝土；具体物condemn vt.谴责，指责；判刑condense vt.压缩，使缩短condition n.状况，状态；环境conduct n.举止，行为；指导conductor n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conference n.会议，讨论会confess vt.供认，承认；坦白confidence n.信任；信赖；信心confident n.确信的，自信的confine vt.限制；禁闭confirm vt.证实，肯定；批准conflict n.争论；冲突；斗争confuse vt.使混乱，混淆confusion n.混乱；骚乱；混淆congratulate vt.祝贺，向…道喜congratulation n.祝贺；祝贺词congress n.大会；国会，议会conjunction n.接合，连接；连接词connect vt.连接，连结；联系connection n.连接，联系；连贯性conquer vt.征服，战胜；破除conquest n.攻取，征服；克服conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的consciousness n.意识，觉悟；知觉consent n.同意，赞成vi.同意consequence n.结果，后果consequently ad.因此，因而，所以conservation n.保存，保护；守恒相信自己！！！！conservative a.保守的n.保守的人consider vt.认为；考虑；关心considerable a.相当大的；重要的considerate a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴consist vi.由…组成；在于consistent a.坚持的，一贯的constant a.经常的；永恒的constitution n.章程；体质；构造construct vt.建造；建设；构筑construction n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult vt.请教，查阅consume vt.消耗，消费；消灭consumption n.消耗量；消耗contact vt.使接触；与…联系contain vt.包含，容纳；等于container n.容器；集装箱contemporary a.当代的，同时代的contempt n.轻蔑；藐视；受辱content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的contest vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continent n.大陆；陆地；洲continual a.不断的；连续的continue vt.继续，连续；延伸continuous a.连续不断的，持续的contract n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contrary a.相反的n.相反contrast n.对比，对照，悬殊contribute vt.捐献，捐助；投稿control vt.控制，克制n.控制convenience n.便利，方便；厕所convenient a.便利的；近便的convention n.习俗，惯例；公约conventional a.普通的；习惯的conversation n.会话，非正式会谈conversely ad.相反地conversion n.转变，转化；改变convert vt.使转变；使改变convey vt.传送；运送；传播convince vt.使确信，使信服cook vt.烹调，煮vt.烧菜cool a.凉的，冷静的cooperate vi.合作，协作；配合coordinate vt.使协调，调节cope vi.对付，应付copper n.铜；铜币，铜制器copy n.抄件vt.抄写，复制cord n.细绳，粗线，索cordial a.真诚的，诚恳的core n.果实的心，核心corn n.谷物；(英)小麦corner n.角；犄角；边远地区corporation n.公司，企业；社团correct a.正确的vt.纠正correction n.改正，纠正，修改correspond vi.相符合；相当correspondent n.通信者；通讯员corresponding a.相应的；符合的corridor n.走廊，回廊，通路cost n.价格，代价；成本costly a.昂贵的；价值高的cottage n.村舍，小屋cotton n.棉；棉线；棉布cough vi.咳，咳嗽n.咳嗽could aux. v.(can的过去式) council n.理事会，委员会count vt.计算vi.数，计数counter n.柜台；计数器country n.国家，国土；农村countryside n.乡下，农村county n.英国的郡，美国的县couple n.夫妇；(一)对；几个courage n.勇气，胆量，胆识course n.课程；过程；一道菜court n.法院，法庭；庭院cousin n.堂(或表)兄弟(姐妹) cover vt.盖，包括n.盖子cow n.母牛，奶牛；母兽coward n.懦夫；胆怯者crack n.裂缝，裂纹vi.爆裂craft n.工艺；手艺，行业crane n.起重机，摄影升降机crash vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞crawl vi.爬，爬行crazy a.疯狂的，荒唐的cream n.奶油，乳脂；奶油色create vt.创造；引起，产生creative a.创造性的，创作的creature n.生物，动物，家畜credit n.信用贷款；信用相信自己！！！creep vi.爬行；缓慢地行进crew n.全体船员cricket n.板球；蟋蟀crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯cripple n.跛子；残废的人crisis n.危机；存亡之际critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人critical a.决定性的；批评的criticism n.批评；批判；评论criticize vt.批评；评论；非难crop n.农作物，庄稼；一熟cross vt.穿过；使交叉crow n.鸦，乌鸦vi.啼crowd n.群；大众；一伙人crown n.王冠，冕；花冠crude a.简陋的；天然的cruel a.残忍的，残酷的crush vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压crust n.面包皮；硬外皮cry vi.哭，哭泣；叫喊crystal n.水晶，结晶体；晶粒cube n.立方形；立方cubic a.立方形的；立方的cucumber n.黄瓜cultivate vt.耕；种植；培养culture n.文化，文明；教养cunning a.狡猾的，狡诈的cup n.杯子；(一)杯；奖杯cupboard n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱cure vt.医治；消除n.治愈curiosity n.好奇，好奇心；珍品curious a.好奇的；稀奇古怪的curl n.卷毛；螺旋vi.卷曲current a.当前的；通用的curse n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴curtain n.帘，窗帘；幕(布) curve n.曲线；弯vt.弄弯cushion n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫custom n.习惯，风俗；海关customer n.顾客，主顾cut vt.切，割，剪；减少cycle n自行车，循环daily a.每日的n.日报dairy n.牛奶场；乳制品dam n.水坝，水堤；障碍物damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害damp a.潮湿的，有湿气的dance vi.跳舞；摇晃n.舞danger n.危险；危险事物dangerous a.危险的，不安全的dare vt.&aux. v.敢；竟敢daring a.大胆的，勇敢的dark a.暗的；黑色的darling n.亲爱的人；宠儿dash vt.使猛撞；溅n.猛冲data n.数据;资料date n.日期vt.注…日期daughter n.女儿dawn n.黎明；开端vi.破晓day n.(一)天，白昼，白天daylight n.白昼，日光；黎明dead a.死的，无生命的deadly a.致命的，死一般的deaf a.聋的；不愿听的deal n.买卖；待遇vt.给予dear a.亲爱的int.啊death n.死，死亡；灭亡debate n.&vi.争论，辩论debt n.债，债务，欠债decade n.十年，十年期decay vi.腐烂；衰败n.腐烂deceit n.欺骗，欺诈deceive vt.欺骗，蒙蔽，行骗December n.十二月decent a.正派的；体面的decide vt.决定，决心；解决decision n.决定，决心；果断deck n.甲板；舱面；层面declare vt.断言；声明；表明decorate vt.装饰，装璜，修饰decrease vi.&n.减少，减少deduce vt.演绎，推论，推断deed n.行为；功绩；契约deep a.深的；纵深的deepen vt.加深vi.深化deer n.鹿defeat vt.战胜，击败；挫败defect n.缺点，缺陷，欠缺defence n.防御；防务；辩护相信自己！！！！defend vt.保卫，防守define vt.给…下定义；限定definite a.明确的；肯定的definitely ad.一定地，明确地definition n.定义，释义；定界degree n.程度；度；学位delay vt.推迟；耽搁；延误delete vt.删除；擦掉delegation n.代表团delicate a.纤细的；易碎的delicious a.美味的，怡人的delight n.快乐vt.使高兴deliver vt.投递，送交；发表delivery n.投递；交付；分娩demand vt.要求；需要；询问democracy n.民主，民主制democratic a.民主的，民主政体的demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露dense a.密集的；浓厚的density n.密集，稠密；密度deny vt.否定；拒绝相信depart vi.离开，起程；出发department n.部，司，局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，起程depend vi.依靠，依赖；相信dependent a.依靠的，依赖的deposit vt.使沉淀；存放depress vt.使沮丧；按下depth n.深度；深厚；深处derive vt.取得vi.起源descend vi.下来，下降；下倾describe vt.形容；描写，描绘description n.描写，形容；种类desert n.沙漠vt.离弃；擅离deserve vt.应受，值得design vt.设计n.设计；图样desirable a.值得相望的；可取的desire vt.相望；要求n.愿望desk n.书桌，办公桌despair n.绝望vi.绝望desperate a.拼死的；绝望的despise vt.鄙视，蔑视despite prep.不管，不顾destination n.目的地，终点；目标destroy vt.破坏；消灭；打破destruction n.破坏，毁灭，消灭detail n.细节；枝节；零件detect vt.察觉，发觉；侦察detection n.察觉，发觉；侦察determination n.决心；决定；确定determine vt.决定；查明；决心develop vt.发展；形成；开发development n.发展；开发；生长device n.器械，装置；设计devil n.魔鬼，恶魔devise vt.设计，发明devote vt.将…奉献，致力于dew n.露，露水diagram n.图解，图表，简图dial n.钟面；拨号盘vt.拨dialect n.方言，土语，地方话dialog n.对话，对白diameter n.直径diamond n.金钢石，钻石；菱形diary n.日记，日记簿dictate vt.&vi.口授；命令dictation n.口授笔录，听写dictionary n.词典，字典die vi.死，死亡；灭亡differ vi.不同，相异difference n.差别；差；分歧different a.差异的；各种的difficult a.困难的；难对付的difficulty a.困难；难事；困境dig vt.掘，挖；采掘digest vt.消化；领会n.文摘digital a.数字的，计数的diligent a.勤勉的，勤奋的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的dimension n.尺寸，尺度；面积dinner n.正餐，主餐；宴会dip vt.浸，蘸vi.浸一浸direct a.直接的；直率的direction n.方向，方位；指导directly ad.直接地；立即director n.指导者；理事；导演dirt n.尘，土；污物，污垢dirty a.脏的；下流的disable vt.使无能，使伤残disadvantage n.不利，不利地位disagree vi.有分歧；不一致disappear vi.不见，失踪；消失相信自己！！！disappoint vt.使失望，使受挫折disaster n.灾难，灾祸；天灾disk n.圆盘，唱片；磁盘discard vt.丢弃，抛弃，遗弃discharge vt.释放；排出n.释放discipline n.纪律；训练vt.训练disclose vt.揭开，揭发；透露discourage vt.使泄气，使灰心discover vt.发现；暴露，显示discovery n.发现；被发现的事物discuss vt.讨论，谈论；论述discussion n.讨论，谈论；论述disease n.病，疾病；病害disguise vi.隐瞒，掩埋n.假装disgust n.厌恶，憎恶dish n.碟，盘子；菜肴dishonour n.不光彩；丢脸的人dislike vt.&n.不喜爱，厌恶dismiss vt.不再考虑；解雇disorder n.混乱，杂乱；骚乱display vt.陈列，展览；显示disposal n.丢掉，处理，销毁dispose vi.去掉，丢掉；销毁displease vt.使不愉快，使生气dispute vi.争论，争执n.争论dissatisfy vi.使不满，使不平dissolve vt.使溶解；解散distance n.距离，间距；远处distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinct a.与其他不同的distinction n.差别，不同，区分distinguish vt.区别，辨别，认别distress n.忧虑，悲伤；不幸distribute vt.分发，分送；分布distribution n.分发，分配；分布district n.区；地区，区域disturb vt.打扰，扰乱；弄乱ditch n.沟，沟渠，渠道dive vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲diverse a.不一样的，相异的divide vt.分；分配；分开division n.分，分配；除法divorce n.离婚，离异vi.离婚do aux. v. vt.做，干，办dock n.船坞；码头；船厂doctor n.医生，医师；博士document n.公文，文件；证件dog n.狗，犬，犬科动物dollar n.元(货币单位) domestic a.本国的；家庭的donkey n.驴；笨蛋door n.门，通道；一家dorm n.宿舍dormitory n.集体寝室；宿舍dose n.剂量，用量；一剂dot n.点，圆点vt.打点于double a.两倍的；双的doubt n.怀疑；疑虑vt.怀疑doubtful a.难以预测的；怀疑的doubtless ad.无疑地；很可能down ad.向下，在下面downstairs ad.在楼下a.楼下的downward a.向下的ad.向下地dozen n.一打，十二个draft n.草稿；汇票vt.起草drag vt.拖，拉；拖曳dragon n.龙；凶暴的人drain vt.排去；放水n.耗竭drama n.一出戏剧，剧本dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的draw vt.画，划；拖；拨出drawer n.抽屉drawing n.图画，素描；绘图dread n.畏惧；恐怖vt.惧怕dream n.梦；梦想vi.做梦dress n.女服，童装；服装drift vi.漂流，漂泊n.漂流drill n.钻头；操练vi.钻孔drink vt.饮vi.喝n.饮料drip vi.滴下；漏水n.水滴drive vt.驾驶；打入；驱driver n.驾驶员，司机drop vt.使落下；降低drought n.旱灾，干旱drown vi.淹死，溺死drug n.药，药物，药材drum n.鼓；鼓状物，圆桶drunk a.醉的；陶醉的dry a.干的，干燥的duck n.鸭，雌鸭；鸭肉due a.预期的；应给的dull a.枯燥的；不鲜明的相信自己！！！！dumb a.哑的；无言的dump vt.倾卸，倾倒；倾销durable a.耐久的，耐用的duration n.持续，持久during prep.在…期间dusk n.薄暮，黄昏，幽暗dust n.尘土，灰尘duty n.职责；责任；税dwelling n.住处，寓所dye vt.染n.染料；染色dying a.垂死的；临终的dynamic a.有活力的；动力的each pron.各，各自a.各eager a.渴望的，热切的eagle n.鹰ear n.耳朵；听力，听觉early ad.早a.早的，早期的earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得earnest a.认真的，诚恳的earth n.地球；陆地，地面earthquake n.地震；大震荡ease n.容易，舒适vt.缓和easily ad.容易地；舒适的east n.东；东部ad.在东方eastern a.东方的；朝东的easy a.容易的；安逸的eat vt.吃，喝vi.吃饭echo n.回声，反响vi.重复economic a.经济的，经济学的economical a.节约的；经济学的economy n.经济；节约，节省edge n.边缘，边；刀口edition n.版，版本，版次editor n.编辑，编者，校订者educate vt.教育；培养；训练education n.教育；训导；教育学effect n.结果；效果，效力effective a.有效的；有影响的efficiency n.效率；功效，效能efficient a.效率高的，有能力的effort n.努力；努力的成果egg n.蛋，鸡蛋，卵eight num.八，八个，第八eighteen num.十八，十八个eighth num.第八n.八分之一eighty num.八十，八十个either pron.(两者)任何一个elaborate a.复杂的；精心制作的elastic n.松紧带a.有弹性的elbow n.肘，肘部；弯管elder a.年龄较大的n.长者elect vt.选举，推选；选择election n.选举，选择权；当选electric a.电的，电动的electrical a.电的，电气科学的electricity n.电，电学；电流electron n.电子electronic a.电子的electronics n.电子学element n.成分；要素；元素elementary a.基本的；初级的elephant n.象elevator n.电梯；升降机eleven num.十一，十一个eleventh num.第十一(个) eliminate vt.消灭，消除，排除elimination n.消灭，排除，消除else ad.其它，另外a.别的elsewhere ad.在别处，向别处embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件emit vt.散发；发射；发表emotion n.情感，感情；激动emotional a.感情的，情绪的emperor n.皇帝emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize vt.强调，着重empire n.帝国employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employer n.雇佣者，雇主employment n.工业；雇用；使用empty a.空的；空洞的enable vt.使能够，使可能enclose vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇encourage vt.鼓励，支持，助长end n.末端；目标vt.结束相信自己！！！。

keilc51简介，lx51与BL51，AX51与A51，CX51与C51区别简介Keil C51集成开发环境的主要功能有以下几点：1．RTX-51实时操作系统：简化了复杂的实时应用软件项目的设计。

2．C51国际际准化C交叉编译器：从C源代码产生就可以重定位的目标模块。

3．LIB51库管理器：从目标模块生成连接器可以使用的库文件。

4．BL51链接器/定位器：组合由C51和A51产生的可重定位的目标模块，生成绝对目标模块。

5．A51宏汇编器：从89C51汇编源代码产生可重定位的目标模块。

6．OH51目标文件至HEX格式的转换器，从绝对目标模块生成Intel Hex文件。

7．μVision4 for Windows：是一个集成开发环境，它将项目管理、程序调试、源代码编辑等组合在一个功能强大的环境中。

μVision4支持所有的Keil 89C51的工具软件，其中包括C51宏汇编器、编译器、链接器/定位器和目标文件至HEX格式转换器，μVision4可以自动地完成编译、汇编、链接程序等基本的操作。

还可以在编译之后进行模拟仿真调试，清楚的显示出每个变量的变化。

区别详见A51手册的附录D：汇编器的差异<br /><br />A51与BL51：<br />针对传统8051单片机的开发工具，最大支持32×64KB Code Bank。

<br /><br />AX51与LX51：<br />针对传统8051单片机以及部分衍生型号的开发工具，最大支持外扩16 MB的xdata或code。

AX51汇编器是A51汇编器的超集，两者的主要差异包括：<br />1.AX51中的数值默认为32位，A51是16位；<br />2.AX51不包含8051的默认SFR定义；<br />3.AX51支持更多的特殊符号，例如ECALL等；<br />4.生成的目标文件不同。